2013 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

求下式的值: 2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6\frac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \frac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}

What is the value of the following expression? 2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6\frac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \frac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}

1-1

536\dfrac{5}{36}

712\dfrac{7}{12}

4920\dfrac{49}{20}

433\dfrac{43}{3}

答案:C
知识点:分数
难度评级:560
小提示:

分别计算偶数和与奇数和。

Compute the even and odd sums separately

大提示:

化简后通分相减。

Convert both fractions to a common denominator after simplifying

解答:

2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6 =129912=4334=712 \begin{aligned} &\frac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \frac{1+3+5}{2+4+6} \\ \ &= \dfrac {12}9 - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &= \dfrac 43 - \dfrac 34 \\ &= \dfrac 7{12} \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 C

2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6 =129912=4334=712 \begin{aligned} &\frac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \frac{1+3+5}{2+4+6} \\ \ &= \dfrac {12}9 - \dfrac 9{12} \\ &= \dfrac 43 - \dfrac 34 \\ &= \dfrac 7{12} \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Green 先生通过走过矩形花园的两条边来测量花园,发现它是 1515 步乘 2020 步。Green 先生每一步长 22 英尺。他预计花园每平方英尺能收获半磅土豆。Green 先生预计能收获多少磅土豆?

Mr. Green measures his rectangular garden by walking two of the sides and finds that it is 1515 steps by 2020 steps. Each of Mr. Green’s steps is 22 feet long. Mr. Green expects a half a pound of potatoes per square foot from his garden. How many pounds of potatoes does Mr. Green expect from his garden?

600600

800800

10001000

12001200

14001400

答案:A
难度评级:560
小提示:

先把花园两边从步数换成英尺。

Convert each garden side from steps to feet

大提示:

面积再乘以每平方英尺半磅。

Multiply area by half a pound per square foot

解答:

花园尺寸为 215=302\cdot 15 = 30 英尺和 220=402\cdot 20=40 英尺,面积为 3040=120030\cdot 40 = 1200 平方英尺。

因此,预计收获 120012=6001200\cdot \dfrac 12 =600 磅土豆。

所以正确答案是 A

The dimensions of the garden are 215=30 2\cdot 15 = 30 feet by 220=402\cdot 20=40 feet. Thus, the square footage is 3040=1200.30\cdot 40 = 1200.

Therefore, there are 120012=6001200\cdot \dfrac 12 =600 pounds of potatoes.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

3.

一月的某一天,内布拉斯加州 Lincoln 的最高气温比最低气温高 1616 度,且最高气温和最低气温的平均值为 33 度。那天 Lincoln 的最低气温是多少度?

On a particular January day, the high temperature in Lincoln, Nebraska, was 1616 degrees higher than the low temperature, and the average of the high and low temperatures was 33 degrees. What was the low temperature in Lincoln that day (in degrees)?

13-13

8-8

5-5

3-3

1111

答案:C
难度评级:560
小提示:

最高温和最低温围绕平均温度等距分布。

The high and low temperatures are equally spaced around the average

大提示:

最低温比平均温度低 88 度。

The low temperature is 88 degrees below the average

解答:

设最低气温为 ll。则最高气温为 l+16l+16

平均值满足 l+l+162=l+8=3 \dfrac{l+l+16}2 = l+8 = 3\text{。} 因此 l=5l = -5

所以正确答案是 C

Let ll represent the low temperature. Then the high temperature is l+16.l+16.

The average satisfies l+l+162=l+8=3. \dfrac{l+l+16}2 = l+8 = 3. Therefore, l=5.l = -5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

33 数到 201201 时,5353 位于第 5151 位。从 201201 倒数到 33 时,5353 位于第 nn 位。求 nn

When counting from 33 to 201,201, the number 5353 is in position 51.51. When counting backward from 201201 to 3,3, the number 5353 is in position n.n. What is n?n?

146146

147147

148148

149149

150150

答案:D
难度评级:720
小提示:

倒数时,201201 是第 11 个数。

Count backward by using 201201 as position 11

大提示:

倒数时,数 xx 的位置是 202x202-x

A number xx is in backward position 202x202-x

解答:

倒数时,201201 是第一个数,200200 是第二个数;一般地,数 xx 是第 202x202-x 个数。

因此 5353 是第 20253=149202-53=149 个数。

所以正确答案是 D

When counting backward, 201201 is the first number, 200200 is the second, and in general xx is the 202x202-xth number.

Thus 5353 is the 20253=149202-53=149th number counted.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

5.

正整数 aabb 都小于 66。求下式的最小可能值: 2aab2 \cdot a - a \cdot b

Positive integers aa and bb are each less than 6.6. What is the smallest possible value of the following expression? 2aab2 \cdot a - a \cdot b

20-20

15-15

10-10

00

22

答案:B
难度评级:870
小提示:

把表达式因式分解为 a(2b)a(2-b)

Factor the expression as a(2b)a(2-b)

大提示:

2b2-b 尽可能负,同时让 aa 尽可能大。

Make 2b2-b as negative as possible while making aa large

解答:

2aab=a(2b)2a-ab=a(2-b)

为了使它最小,取 bb 尽可能大,使 2b2-b 最负,同时取 aa 尽可能大。因为 a,b<6a,b<6,可取 a=b=5a=b=5

此时 5(25)=155(2-5)=-15

所以正确答案是 B

The expression is 2aab=a(2b)2a-ab=a(2-b).

To make it as small as possible, choose bb as large as possible so that 2b2-b is most negative, and choose aa as large as possible. Since a,b<6a,b<6, take a=b=5a=b=5.

The minimum value is 5(25)=155(2-5)=-15.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

6.

3333 名五年级学生的平均年龄为 1111 岁。他们的 5555 位家长的平均年龄为 3333 岁。所有这些家长和五年级学生的平均年龄是多少?

The average age of 3333 fifth-graders is 11.11. The average age of 5555 of their parents is 33.33. What is the average age of all of these parents and fifth-graders?

2222

23.2523.25

24.7524.75

26.2526.25

2828

答案:C
知识点:平均数
难度评级:900
小提示:

使用总年龄,而不是直接平均两个平均数。

Use total age, not the average of the two averages

大提示:

计算 3311+553333\cdot11+55\cdot33,再除以 8888

Compute 3311+553333\cdot11+55\cdot33 and divide by 8888

解答:

所有五年级学生和家长的年龄总和为 3311+5533=663333\cdot 11+55\cdot 33 = 66\cdot 33\text{。}

平均年龄等于总年龄除以总人数,所以 663388=3433=24.75\dfrac{66\cdot 33}{88} = \dfrac 34 \cdot 33 = 24.75\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The sum of the ages of all the fifth-graders and their parents is: 3311+5533=6633.33\cdot 11+55\cdot 33 = 66\cdot 33.

Then, as the average is the sum divided by the number of people, the average age must be: 663388=3433=24.75.\dfrac{66\cdot 33}{88} = \dfrac 34 \cdot 33 = 24.75 .

Thus, the correct answer is C .

7.

半径为 11 的圆周上有六个等间距点。从中取三个点作为一个既不是等边也不是等腰的三角形的顶点。这个三角形的面积是多少?

Six points are equally spaced around a circle of radius 1.1. Three of these points are the vertices of a triangle that is neither equilateral nor isosceles. What is the area of this triangle?

33\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

32\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

11

2\sqrt{2}

22

答案:B
难度评级:1280
小提示:

六个等间距点中,唯一符合条件的是 3030-6060-9090 三角形

The only allowed non-isosceles triangle from six equally spaced points is a 3030-6060-9090 triangle

大提示:

用直径作为斜边。

Use the diameter as the hypotenuse

解答:

六个等间距点形成正六边形。只有角为 30,60,9030^\circ,60^\circ,90^\circ 的三角形既不是等边也不是等腰三角形。

斜边是单位圆的直径,长为 22。这个 3030-6060-9090 三角形的两条直角边为 113\sqrt3

面积为 1213=32\frac12\cdot1\cdot\sqrt3=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}

所以正确答案是 B

Six equally spaced points on the circle form a regular hexagon. A triangle using three of them is not equilateral or isosceles only when its angles are 30,60,9030^\circ,60^\circ,90^\circ.

The hypotenuse is a diameter of the unit circle, so it has length 22. The legs of the 3030-6060-9090 triangle are 11 and 3\sqrt3.

The area is 1213=32\frac12\cdot1\cdot\sqrt3=\frac{\sqrt3}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

8.

Ray 的汽车平均每加仑汽油行驶 4040 英里,Tom 的汽车平均每加仑汽油行驶 1010 英里。Ray 和 Tom 各自行驶相同的英里数。两辆车合在一起的平均每加仑行驶英里数是多少?

Ray’s car averages 4040 miles per gallon of gasoline, and Tom’s car averages 1010 miles per gallon of gasoline. Ray and Tom each drive the same number of miles. What is the cars’ combined rate of miles per gallon of gasoline?

1010

1616

2525

3030

4040

答案:B
知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:960
小提示:

让两辆车各自行驶一个方便的相同距离。

Let both cars drive a convenient common distance

大提示:

合并油耗率是总英里数除以总加仑数。

Combined miles per gallon is total miles divided by total gallons

解答:

令每辆车都行驶 4040 英里,则总路程为 8080 英里。

Ray 用 11 加仑,Tom 用 44 加仑,总共用 55 加仑。

合并油耗率为 80÷5=1680\div5=16 英里每加仑。

所以正确答案是 B

Let each car drive 4040 miles. Together they drive 8080 miles.

Ray uses 11 gallon, while Tom uses 44 gallons, so together they use 55 gallons.

The combined rate is 80÷5=1680\div5=16 miles per gallon.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

9.

三个正整数都大于 11,乘积为 2700027000 ,且两两互质。它们的和是多少?

Three positive integers are each greater than 1,1, have a product of 27000, 27000 , and are pairwise relatively prime. What is their sum?

100100

137137

156156

160160

165165

答案:D
难度评级:1140
小提示:

每个素数幂因子必须完整放入三个数中的某一个。

Put each prime-power factor wholly into one of the three numbers

大提示:

两两互质意味着同一个素数不能出现在两个不同的数中。

Pairwise relatively prime means no prime can appear in two different numbers

解答:

分解后可知质因数只有 223355。因为三个数两两互质,每个素数幂只能完整属于其中一个数。

又因为三个数都大于 11,所以每个数都必须含有其中一种质因数。

又因为 27000=23335327000=2^3\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^3\text{,} 所以三个数必为 23,33,532^3,3^3,5^3,和为 160160

所以正确答案是 D

Only one number is a multiple of 2,2, only one is a multiple of 3,3, and only one is a multiple of 5.5.

Since each positive integer is greater than 1,1, each must be a multiple of one of these primes.

Now 27000=233353.27000=2^3\cdot 3^3\cdot 5^3. Therefore, the numbers must be 23,33,53,2^3,3^3,5^3, and their sum is 160.160.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

一支篮球队两分球命中率为 50%50\%,三分球命中率为 40%40\%,共得到 5454 分。他们两分球出手次数比三分球多 50%50\%。他们出手了多少次三分球?

A basketball team’s players were successful on 50%50\% of their two-point shots and 40%40\% of their three-point shots, which resulted in 5454 points. They attempted 50%50\% more two-point shots than three-point shots. How many three-point shots did they attempt?

1010

1515

2020

2525

3030

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

设三分球出手次数为 xx

Let xx be the number of three-point attempts

大提示:

xx 表示两类投篮的总得分。

Translate made-shot percentages into total points in terms of xx

解答:

设三分球出手 tt 次。

三分球命中 0.4t0.4 t 次,得分为 1.2t1.2t

两分球出手 1.5t1.5t 次,命中 0.75t0.75t 次,得分为 1.5t1.5t

因此总分满足 2.7t=542.7t=54\text{,} 所以 t=20t=20

所以正确答案是 C

Let tt be the number of three-point attempts.

The number of made three-point shots is 0.4t,0.4 t, giving 1.2t1.2t points.

The number of two-point attempts is 1.5t,1.5t, so the number made is 0.75t,0.75t, giving 1.5t1.5t points.

Thus the total number of points satisfies 2.7t=54,2.7t=54, so t=20.t=20.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

11.

实数 xxyy 满足方程 x2+y2=10x6y34x^2+y^2=10x-6y-34\text{。}x+yx+y 的值。

Real numbers xx and yy satisfy the equation x2+y2=10x6y34.x^2+y^2=10x-6y-34. What is x+y?x+y?

11

22

33

66

88

答案:B
知识点:配方法
难度评级:1020
小提示:

把所有项移到一边并配方。

Move all terms to one side and complete two squares

大提示:

两个平方数之和为零时,每个平方数都必须为零。

A sum of squares equals zero only when both squares are zero

解答:

方程可化为 x210x+y2+6y+34=0x^2-10x+y^2+6y+34=0\text{。}

配方得 x210x+25+y2+6y+9x^2-10x+25+y^2+6y+9 =(x5)2+(y+3)2=(x-5)^2+(y+3)^2 =0=0\text{。} 两个平方项都非负,而它们的和为 00,所以两者都等于 00,即 (x5)2=(y+3)2=0(x-5)^2 = (y+3)^2=0\text{。}

因此 x=5,y=3x=5,y=-3,所以 x+y=2x+y=2

所以正确答案是 B

This can be rewritten as x210x+y2+6y+34=0.x^2-10x+y^2+6y+34=0.

Completing the square yields x210x+25+y2+6y+9x^2-10x+25+y^2+6y+9 =(x5)2+(y+3)2=(x-5)^2+(y+3)^2 =0.=0. Since both squared terms are nonnegative and their sum is 0,0, both must be 00. Thus (x5)2=(y+3)2=0.(x-5)^2 = (y+3)^2=0.

Therefore, x=5,y=3,x=5,y=-3, so x+y=2.x+y=2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

SS 为一个正五边形的边和对角线组成的集合。从 SS 中不放回随机选取两个元素。选出的两条线段长度相同的概率是多少?

Let S S be the set of sides and diagonals of a regular pentagon. A pair of elements of S S are selected at random without replacement. What is the probability that the two chosen segments have the same length?

25\dfrac{2}5

49\dfrac{4}9

12\dfrac{1}2

59\dfrac{5}9

45\dfrac{4}5

答案:B
难度评级:1220
小提示:

正五边形有五条等长边和五条等长对角线。

A regular pentagon has five equal sides and five equal diagonals

大提示:

第一条线段选定后,剩下九条中有四条与它同长。

After one segment is chosen, count same-length choices among the remaining nine

解答:

正五边形有 55 条边,长度相同;还有 55 条对角线,长度也相同。

选出第一条后,剩下 99 条线段,其中恰有 44 条与第一条同长。

因此概率为 49\frac49

所以正确答案是 B

A regular pentagon has 55 sides of one length and 55 diagonals of another length.

After the first segment is chosen, there are 99 segments left, and exactly 44 of them have the same length as the first chosen segment.

Therefore the probability is 49\frac49.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

13.

Jo 和 Blair 轮流报数,每次从 11 报到比对方上次报的最后一个数多一。Jo 先说“11”,于是 Blair 接着说“1122”。然后 Jo 说“112233”,依此类推。第 5353 个被说出的数是多少?

Jo and Blair take turns counting from 11 to one more than the last number said by the other person. Jo starts by saying “11”, so Blair follows by saying “1,1, 22”. Jo then says “1,1, 2,2, 33”, and so on. What number is spoken in position 5353?

22

33

55

66

88

答案:E
难度评级:1140
小提示:

找出小于 5353 的最大三角数。

Find the triangular number just before 5353

大提示:

下一段报数又从 11 开始。

The next spoken list starts again at 11

解答:

报完以 nn 结尾的这一轮时,说出的数的总个数为 1+2++n=n(n+1)2 1+2+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}2\text{。}

报完以 99 结尾的这一轮后,恰好说了 9102=45\frac{9\cdot10}{2}=45 个数。下一轮报的是 1,2,,101,2,\ldots,10,其中第八项就是总序列中的第 5353 个数,所以这个数是 88

所以正确答案是 E

Through the turn ending with nn, the total number of numbers spoken is 1+2++n=n(n+1)2. 1+2+\cdots+n=\frac{n(n+1)}2.

After the turn ending with 99, exactly 9102=45\frac{9\cdot10}{2}=45 numbers have been spoken. The next turn is the list 1,2,,101,2,\ldots,10, so its eighth entry is the 5353rd number spoken. That entry is 88.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

14.

定义 ab=a2bab2a\clubsuit b=a^2b-ab^2 。下列哪一项描述了满足 xy=yxx\clubsuit y=y\clubsuit x 的点 (x,y)(x, y) 的集合?

Define ab=a2bab2. a\clubsuit b=a^2b-ab^2 . Which of the following describes the set of points (x,y) (x, y) for which xy=yx? x\clubsuit y=y\clubsuit x ?

有限个点

A finite set of points

一条直线

One line

两条平行直线

Two parallel lines

两条相交直线

Two intersecting lines

三条直线

Three lines

答案:E
难度评级:1140
小提示:

展开自定义运算两边。

Expand both custom-operation expressions

大提示:

把得到的方程因式分解成直线因子。

Factor the resulting equation into line factors

解答:

条件 xy=yxx\clubsuit y=y\clubsuit x 展开为 x2yxy2=y2xyx2x^2y-xy^2=y^2x-yx^2

合并同类项并因式分解得 2x2y2xy2=2xy(xy)=02x^2y-2xy^2=2xy(x-y)=0

因此 x=0x=0y=0y=0x=yx=y,这是三条直线。

所以正确答案是 E

The condition is xy=yxx\clubsuit y=y\clubsuit x, so x2yxy2=y2xyx2x^2y-xy^2=y^2x-yx^2.

Combining like terms gives 2x2y2xy2=2xy(xy)=02x^2y-2xy^2=2xy(x-y)=0.

Thus x=0x=0, y=0y=0, or x=yx=y. These are three lines.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

15.

一根铁丝被剪成两段,长度分别为 aabb。长度为 aa 的一段弯成等边三角形,长度为 bb 的一段弯成正六边形。三角形和六边形面积相等。ab\frac{a}{b} 是多少?

A wire is cut into two pieces, one of length aa and the other of length b.b. The piece of length aa is bent to form an equilateral triangle, and the piece of length bb is bent to form a regular hexagon. The triangle and the hexagon have equal area. What is ab?\frac{a}{b}?

11

62\dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{2}

3\sqrt{3}

22

322\dfrac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1420
小提示:

把正六边形看成六个小等边三角形。

Compare the side length of the large equilateral triangle with the small equilateral triangles inside the hexagon

大提示:

面积按边长的平方缩放。

Areas scale as the square of side length

解答:

设等边三角形的边长为 ss,面积为 AA。则 a=3sa=3s

边长为 ss 的正六边形由 66 个边长为 ss 的等边三角形组成,面积为 6A6A

若正六边形面积也为 AA,它的边长应为 s6\dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} ,所以 b=6s6=s6b = 6\cdot \dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} = s\sqrt 6\text{。}

因此 ab=3ss6=366=62\dfrac ab = \dfrac{3s}{s\sqrt 6} = \dfrac{3 \sqrt 6}6 = \dfrac{\sqrt 6} 2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let ss be the side length of the equilateral triangle and AA its area. Then a=3s.a=3s.

A regular hexagon of side length ss consists of 66 equilateral triangles of side length s,s, so its area is 6A.6A.

Therefore, a regular hexagon of area AA has side length s6.\dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} . Hence b=6s6=s6.b = 6\cdot \dfrac{s}{\sqrt 6} = s\sqrt 6 .

It follows that ab=3ss6=366=62.\dfrac ab = \dfrac{3s}{s\sqrt 6} = \dfrac{3 \sqrt 6}6 = \dfrac{\sqrt 6} 2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,中线 ADADCECE 交于 PP,且 PE=1.5PE=1.5PD=2PD=2DE=2.5DE=2.5。四边形 AEDCAEDC 的面积是多少?

In triangle ABC,\triangle ABC, medians ADAD and CECE intersect at P,P, PE=1.5,PE=1.5, PD=2,PD=2, and DE=2.5.DE=2.5. What is the area of AEDC?AEDC?

1313

13.513.5

1414

14.514.5

1515

答案:B
难度评级:1600
小提示:

在两条中线上使用重心的二比一比例。

Use the centroid ratio on both medians

大提示:

1.5,2,2.51.5,2,2.5 构成直角三角形。

The 1.5,2,2.51.5,2,2.5 triangle is right

解答:

因为 PE:PD:DE=1.5:2:2.5PE:PD:DE=1.5:2:2.5 =3:4:5=3:4:5,所以三角形 DPEDPEPP 处为直角,即两条中线 ADADCECE 互相垂直。

重心把每条中线按 2:12:1 分割,所以 CE=3PE=4.5CE=3\cdot PE=4.5AD=3PD=6AD=3\cdot PD=6

四边形 AEDCAEDC 的对角线 ADADCECE 垂直,面积为 12(AD)(CE)=1264.5=13.5\frac12(AD)(CE)=\frac12\cdot6\cdot4.5=13.5

所以正确答案是 B

Since PE:PD:DE=1.5:2:2.5PE:PD:DE=1.5:2:2.5 =3:4:5=3:4:5, triangle DPEDPE is right at PP. Thus medians ADAD and CECE are perpendicular.

The centroid divides each median in a 2:12:1 ratio, so CE=3PE=4.5CE=3\cdot PE=4.5 and AD=3PD=6AD=3\cdot PD=6.

Quadrilateral AEDCAEDC has perpendicular diagonals ADAD and CECE, so its area is 12(AD)(CE)=1264.5=13.5\frac12(AD)(CE)=\frac12\cdot6\cdot4.5=13.5.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

17.

Alex 有 7575 个红色代币和 7575 个蓝色代币。有一个摊位可以用两个红色代币换一个银色代币和一个蓝色代币;另一个摊位可以用三个蓝色代币换一个银色代币和一个红色代币。Alex 一直交换,直到不能再交换为止。最后 Alex 有多少个银色代币?

Alex has 7575 red tokens and 7575 blue tokens. There is a booth where Alex can give two red tokens and receive in return a silver token and a blue token, and another booth where Alex can give three blue tokens and receive in return a silver token and a red token. Alex continues to exchange tokens until no more exchanges are possible. How many silver tokens will Alex have at the end?

6262

8282

8383

102102

103103

答案:E
难度评级:1970
小提示:

设两类交换次数分别为 mmnn

Let mm and nn be the numbers of the two exchange types

大提示:

不能再交换意味着红色少于 22 个且蓝色少于 33 个。

No more moves means fewer than 22 red and fewer than 33 blue tokens

解答:

设红色摊位交换 mm 次,蓝色摊位交换 nn 次。

最后红色和蓝色代币数分别为 752m+n75-2m+n75+m3n75+m-3n。结束时必须红色少于 22 个、蓝色少于 33 个。

求解这些终止情况,只得到两组候选终态:(1,2)(1,2),对应 (m,n)=(59,44)(m,n)=(59,44);或 (0,0)(0,0),对应 (m,n)=(60,45)(m,n)=(60,45)

终态 (0,0)(0,0) 不可能,因为最后一次交换一定会产生一个蓝色或一个红色代币。

终态 (1,2)(1,2) 可以达到。从红、蓝代币数 (75,75)(75,75) 开始,先在蓝色摊位交换 2525 次,再在红色摊位交换 5050 次,接着依次在蓝色摊位交换 1616 次、红色摊位交换 88 次、蓝色摊位交换 33 次,最后在红色摊位交换 11 次。每个阶段的红、蓝代币数依次为 (100,0),(0,50),(16,2),(0,10),(3,1),(1,2) \begin{aligned} &(100,0),(0,50),(16,2),\\ &(0,10),(3,1),(1,2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 Alex 最后有 59+44=10359+44=103 个银色代币,正确答案是 E

Suppose Alex makes mm exchanges at the red-token booth and nn exchanges at the blue-token booth.

He then has 752m+n75-2m+n red tokens and 75+m3n75+m-3n blue tokens. At the end he must have fewer than 22 red tokens and fewer than 33 blue tokens.

Solving these terminal possibilities gives only two candidate final token counts: (1,2)(1,2), which comes from (m,n)=(59,44)(m,n)=(59,44), or (0,0)(0,0), which comes from (m,n)=(60,45)(m,n)=(60,45).

The final count (0,0)(0,0) is impossible, because the last exchange would always create either one blue token or one red token.

The final count (1,2)(1,2) is attainable. Starting from (75,75)(75,75) red and blue tokens, make 2525 blue-booth exchanges, then 5050 red-booth exchanges, then 1616 blue-booth exchanges, then 88 red-booth exchanges, then 33 blue-booth exchanges, and finally 11 red-booth exchange. The red-blue counts become (100,0),(0,50),(16,2),(0,10),(3,1),(1,2). \begin{aligned} &(100,0),(0,50),(16,2),\\ &(0,10),(3,1),(1,2). \end{aligned}

Therefore Alex ends with 59+44=10359+44=103 silver tokens, and the correct answer is E .

18.

20132013 有这样的性质:它的个位数字等于其他数字之和,即 2+0+1=32+0+1=3。大于 10001000 且小于 20132013 的整数中,有多少个具有这个性质?

The number 20132013 has the property that its units digit is the sum of its other digits, that is 2+0+1=3.2+0+1=3. How many integers less than 20132013 but greater than 10001000 have this property?

3333

3434

4545

4646

5858

答案:D
难度评级:1420
小提示:

按个位数字统计 1001100119991999 的数。

Count numbers from 10011001 to 19991999 by their units digit

大提示:

再单独处理 2000200020122012 的小范围。

Handle the small range from 20002000 to 20122012 separately

解答:

给定前三位数字时,如果它们的和不超过 99,就能确定一个满足条件的数。

按千位数字分类讨论。

如果千位是 11,那么百位和十位数字之和必须不超过 88。设其和为 ss,则有 s+1s+1 种取法,因为百位数字可以从 00ss

因此这一情形给出第九个三角数: 9102=45\dfrac{9\cdot 10}2 =45\text{。}

如果千位是 22,那么小于 20132013 的数中只有 20022002 满足条件,所以总数为 4646

所以正确答案是 D

Once the first three digits are given, their sum determines the units digit, provided that the sum is at most 9.9.

We separate the possibilities according to the thousands digit.

If the thousands digit is 1,1, then the sum of the hundreds and tens digits must be at most 8.8. For each possible sum s,s, there are s+1s+1 choices, because the hundreds digit can range from 00 to s.s.

Thus, this case gives the ninth triangular number: 9102=45.\dfrac{9\cdot 10}2 =45.

If the thousands digit is 2,2, the only qualifying number below 20132013 is 2002,2002, giving 4646 cases in total.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

实数 ccbbaa 构成等差数列,且 abc0a \geq b \geq c \geq 0。二次式 ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c 恰好有一个根。这个根是什么?

The real numbers c,c, b,b, aa form an arithmetic sequence with abc0.a \geq b \geq c \geq 0. The quadratic ax2+bx+cax^2+bx+c has exactly one root. What is this root?

743-7-4\sqrt{3}

23-2-\sqrt{3}

1-1

2+3-2+\sqrt{3}

7+43-7+4\sqrt{3}

答案:D
难度评级:1790
小提示:

把等差数列写成 bd,b,b+db-d,b,b+d

Write the arithmetic sequence as bd,b,b+db-d,b,b+d

大提示:

使用判别式为零的条件。

Use the zero discriminant condition

解答:

设公差为 dd,则 c=bdc=b-da=b+da=b+d

二次式恰好有一个实根,所以判别式为 00,即 b24ac=0b^2-4ac=0。代入得 b2=4(b+d)(bd)=4b24d2b^2=4(b+d)(b-d)=4b^2-4d^2,因此 4d2=3b24d^2=3b^2

由于 b,d0b,d\ge0,由上式得 2d=3b2d=\sqrt3 b。重根为 b2a=b2(b+d)=12+3=2+3\frac{-b}{2a}=\frac{-b}{2(b+d)}=\frac{-1}{2+\sqrt3}=-2+\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 D

Let the common difference be dd, so c=bdc=b-d and a=b+da=b+d.

A quadratic with exactly one real root has discriminant 00, so b24ac=0b^2-4ac=0. Substituting gives b2=4(b+d)(bd)=4b24d2b^2=4(b+d)(b-d)=4b^2-4d^2, hence 4d2=3b24d^2=3b^2.

Since b,d0b,d\ge0, 2d=3b2d=\sqrt3 b. The double root is b2a=b2(b+d)=12+3=2+3\frac{-b}{2a}=\frac{-b}{2(b+d)}=\frac{-1}{2+\sqrt3}=-2+\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

20.

20132013 被表示为 2013=a1!a2!am!b1!b2!bn!2013 = \frac {a_1!a_2!\cdots a_m!}{b_1!b_2!\cdots b_n!}\text{,} 其中 a1a2ama_1 \ge a_2 \ge \cdots \ge a_mb1b2bnb_1 \ge b_2 \ge \cdots \ge b_n 都是正整数,并且 a1+b1a_1 + b_1 尽可能小。求 a1b1|a_1 - b_1|

The number 20132013 is expressed in the form 2013=a1!a2!am!b1!b2!bn!,2013 = \frac {a_1!a_2!\cdots a_m!}{b_1!b_2!\cdots b_n!}, where a1a2ama_1 \ge a_2 \ge \cdots \ge a_m and b1b2bnb_1 \ge b_2 \ge \cdots \ge b_n are positive integers and a1+b1a_1 + b_1 is as small as possible. What is a1b1?|a_1 - b_1|?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:2060
小提示:

分子必须含有因子 6161

The numerator must include a factor of 6161

大提示:

小于 6161 的不需要素数,尤其是 5959,必须由分母抵消。

Any unwanted prime below 6161, especially 5959, must be canceled from the denominator

解答:

2013=311612013=3\cdot11\cdot61,所以分子必须含因子 6161,从而 a161a_1\ge61

61!61! 还含有素因子 5959,而 20132013 中没有这个因子,所以分母必须含因子 5959,从而 b159b_1\ge59

因此 a1+b1120a_1+b_1\ge120。这个下界可以达到:2013=61!11!3!59!10!5!2013=\frac{61!\,11!\,3!}{59!\,10!\,5!}

所以 a1b1=6159=2|a_1-b_1|=61-59=2,正确答案是 B

The prime factorization is 2013=311612013=3\cdot11\cdot61, so the numerator must contain a factor of 6161. Hence a161a_1\ge61.

But 61!61! also contains the prime factor 5959, which is not in 20132013, so the denominator must contain a factor of 5959. Hence b159b_1\ge59.

The lower bound a1+b1120a_1+b_1\ge120 is attainable because 2013=61!11!3!59!10!5!2013=\frac{61!\,11!\,3!}{59!\,10!\,5!}.

Thus a1b1=6159=2|a_1-b_1|=61-59=2, and the correct answer is B .

21.

两个非递减的非负整数数列首项不同。每个数列都满足从第三项开始,每一项等于前两项之和,并且两个数列的第七项都等于 NNNN 的最小可能值是多少?

Two non-decreasing sequences of nonnegative integers have different first terms. Each sequence has the property that each term beginning with the third is the sum of the previous two terms, and the seventh term of each sequence is N.N. What is the smallest possible value of NN ?

5555

8989

104104

144144

273273

答案:C
难度评级:2010
小提示:

用前两项表示第七项。

Write the seventh term in terms of the first two terms

大提示:

利用被 8855 的整除关系,迫使最小的不同首项。

Use divisibility by 88 and 55 to force the smallest distinct starts

解答:

若数列前两项为 u,vu,v,则第七项为 5u+8v5u+8v

设两个数列前两项分别为 (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2)(b1,b2)(b_1,b_2),且 a1<b1a_1\lt b_1。因为两者第七项相同,5a1+8a2=5b1+8b25a_1+8a_2=5b_1+8b_2,所以 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2)5(b_1-a_1)=8(a_2-b_2)

由于 5588 互质,b1a1b_1-a_1 至少为 88。非递减要求 b2b1a1+8b_2\ge b_1\ge a_1+8

a1=0a_1=0b1=b2=8b_1=b_2=8a2=13a_2=13 可达到最小值,得到 N=50+813=104N=5\cdot0+8\cdot13=104

所以正确答案是 C

A sequence starting with u,vu,v has seventh term 5u+8v5u+8v.

For two sequences (a1,a2)(a_1,a_2) and (b1,b2)(b_1,b_2) with different first terms, assume a1<b1a_1\lt b_1. Then 5a1+8a2=5b1+8b25a_1+8a_2=5b_1+8b_2, so 5(b1a1)=8(a2b2)5(b_1-a_1)=8(a_2-b_2).

Since 55 and 88 are relatively prime, b1a1b_1-a_1 is at least 88, and then nondecreasing order gives b2b1a1+8b_2\ge b_1\ge a_1+8.

The smallest construction is a1=0a_1=0, b1=b2=8b_1=b_2=8, and a2=13a_2=13. This gives N=50+813=104N=5\cdot0+8\cdot13=104.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

22.

正八边形 ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH 的中心为 JJ。要把数字 1199 分别填在八个顶点和中心上,每个数字用一次,使得直线 AJEAJEBJFBJFCJGCJGDJHDJH 上三个数的和都相等。有多少种填法?

The regular octagon ABCDEFGHABCDEFGH has its center at J.J. Each of the vertices and the center are to be associated with one of the digits 11 through 9,9, with each digit used once, in such a way that the sums of the numbers on the lines AJE,AJE, BJF,BJF, CJG,CJG, and DJHDJH are all equal. In how many ways can this be done?

384384

576576

11521152

16801680

34563456

答案:C
难度评级:2060
小提示:

中心数字会出现在四条线的和中。

The center digit contributes to all four line sums

大提示:

选定中心后,把剩下的数字配成和相等的相对点对。

After choosing the center, pair the remaining digits into equal-sum opposite pairs

解答:

设每条线的公共和为 SSS=A+J+E=B+J+F=C+J+G=D+J+H \begin{aligned} S &= A+J+E \\ &=B+J+F \\ &=C+J+G \\ &=D+J+H \end{aligned} 4S=A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+4J \begin{aligned} 4S &= A+B+C+D+E \\ &\quad+F+G+H+4J \end{aligned} 4S=45+3J4S = 45+3J 45+3J0mod445+3J \equiv 0 \mod 4 3J3mod43J \equiv 3 \mod 4 J1mod4J \equiv 1 \mod 4

四条线的和相加后可知中心数字只能为 J=1,5,9J=1,5,9。先看 J=1J=1 的情况。

J=1J=1 时,满足条件的数对为 2+9=3+8=4+7=5+62+9 = 3+8 = 4+7 = 5+6 四对可分配给四条直线,有 4!4! 种,每对内部可交换,有 242^4 种,其中 2+9    9+22+9\iff 9+2 表示同一对的两种顺序。

J=5J=5J=9J=9 也同理,因此总数为 34!24=11523\cdot 4! \cdot 2^4 = 1152 种。

所以正确答案是 C

Let SS be defined as: S=A+J+E=B+J+F=C+J+G=D+J+H \begin{aligned} S &= A+J+E \\ &=B+J+F \\ &=C+J+G \\ &=D+J+H \end{aligned} 4S=A+B+C+D+E+F+G+H+4J \begin{aligned} 4S &= A+B+C+D+E \\ &\quad+F+G+H+4J \end{aligned} 4S=45+3J4S = 45+3J 45+3J0mod445+3J \equiv 0 \mod 4 3J3mod43J \equiv 3 \mod 4 J1mod4J \equiv 1 \mod 4

This means that J=1,5,9.J=1,5,9. From here, let’s assume J=1.J=1. We will see that the other cases are similar enough to omit.

If J=1,J=1, then we know that the pairs of numbers that satisfy the equality above are: 2+9=3+8=4+7=5+62+9 = 3+8 = 4+7 = 5+6 There are 4!4! ways to distribute the pairs over the four groups, and then 242^4 ways for these groups to swap elements (i.e. 2+9    9+22+9\iff 9+2).

Now, if we look at the J=5J=5 and J=9J=9 cases, we see a similar pattern in the number of groupings and swaps. As such, we have: 34!24=11523\cdot 4! \cdot 2^4 = 1152 possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

23.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=13AB=13BC=14BC=14CA=15CA=15。不同的点 DDEEFF 分别在 BC\overline{BC}CA\overline{CA}DE\overline{DE} 上,且 ADBC\overline{AD}\perp\overline{BC}DEAC\overline{DE}\perp\overline{AC}AFBF\overline{AF}\perp\overline{BF}。线段 DF\overline{DF} 的长度可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 为互质正整数。求 m+nm+n

In triangle ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=13,AB=13, BC=14,BC=14, and CA=15.CA=15. Distinct points D,D, E,E, and FF lie on segments BC,\overline{BC}, CA,\overline{CA}, and DE,\overline{DE}, respectively, such that ADBC,\overline{AD}\perp\overline{BC}, DEAC,\overline{DE}\perp\overline{AC}, and AFBF.\overline{AF}\perp\overline{BF}. The length of segment DF\overline{DF} can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m+n?

1818

2121

2424

2727

3030

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

1313-1414-1515 三角形的面积信息求高的垂足。

Use the 1313-1414-1515 area data to find the altitude foot

大提示:

用圆内接四边形或相似三角形确定 FFDEDE 上的位置。

Use the cyclic quadrilateral or similar triangles to locate FF on DEDE

解答:

BD=xBD=x,则 CD=14xCD=14-x。分别对直角三角形 ABDABDACDACD 应用勾股定理,得到 132x2=152(14x)2 13^2-x^2=15^2-(14-x)^2\text{。}因此 BD=5BD=5CD=9CD=9,且 AD=12AD=12

得到下图:

因为 ADBCAD\perp BCDEACDE\perp AC,所以 ADE=ACD\angle ADE=\angle ACD。又有 AFB=ADB=90\angle AFB=\angle ADB=90^\circ,故 A,B,D,FA,B,D,F 四点共圆。因此 ABF=ADF=ACD \angle ABF=\angle ADF=\angle ACD\text{。}在直角三角形 ACDACD 中,cos(ACD)=35\cos(\angle ACD)=\frac35,且 sin(ACD)=45\sin(\angle ACD)=\frac45。所以在直角三角形 ABFABF 中,BF=1335,AF=1345 \begin{aligned} BF&=13\cdot\frac35,\\ AF&=13\cdot\frac45 \end{aligned}\text{。}

由托勒密定理,ABDF+DBAF=BFAD \begin{aligned} &AB \cdot DF + DB \cdot AF \\ &= BF\cdot AD \end{aligned}\text{。}因此,13DF+5(1345)=12(1335) \begin{aligned} 13\cdot DF&+5\left(13\cdot\frac45\right)\\ &=12\left(13\cdot\frac35\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

两边除以 1313,得 DF+4=365DF+4=\frac{36}{5},所以 DF=165DF=\frac{16}{5}。于是 m+n=21m+n=21,正确答案是 B

Let BD=xBD=x, so CD=14xCD=14-x. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to right triangles ABDABD and ACDACD gives 132x2=152(14x)2. 13^2-x^2=15^2-(14-x)^2. Thus BD=5BD=5, CD=9CD=9, and AD=12AD=12.

This yields the following diagram:

Because ADBCAD\perp BC and DEACDE\perp AC, we have ADE=ACD\angle ADE=\angle ACD. Also, AFB=ADB=90\angle AFB=\angle ADB=90^\circ, so A,B,D,FA,B,D,F are concyclic. Hence ABF=ADF=ACD. \angle ABF=\angle ADF=\angle ACD. In right triangle ACDACD, cos(ACD)=35\cos(\angle ACD)=\frac35 and sin(ACD)=45\sin(\angle ACD)=\frac45. Therefore, in right triangle ABFABF, BF=1335,AF=1345. \begin{aligned} BF&=13\cdot\frac35,\\ AF&=13\cdot\frac45. \end{aligned}

By Ptolemy’s Theorem, we get ABDF+DBAF=BFAD. \begin{aligned} &AB \cdot DF + DB \cdot AF \\ &= BF\cdot AD . \end{aligned} Therefore, 13DF+5(1345)=12(1335). \begin{aligned} 13\cdot DF&+5\left(13\cdot\frac45\right)\\ &=12\left(13\cdot\frac35\right). \end{aligned}

Dividing by 1313 gives DF+4=365DF+4=\frac{36}{5}, so DF=165DF=\frac{16}{5}. Thus m+n=21m+n=21, and the correct answer is B .

24.

若存在一个正整数 mm,它恰好有四个正因数(包括 11mm),且这四个因数之和等于正整数 nn,则称 nn 为“好数”。集合 {2010,2011,2012,,2019}\{ 2010,2011,2012,\dotsc,2019 \} 中有多少个好数?

A positive integer nn is “nice” if there is a positive integer mm with exactly four positive divisors (including 11 and mm) such that the sum of the four divisors is equal to n.n. How many numbers in the set {2010,2011,2012,,2019}\{ 2010,2011,2012,\dotsc,2019 \} are nice?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:A
难度评级:2180
小提示:

恰好有四个因数的数形如 p3p^3pqpq

Four-divisor numbers are either p3p^3 or pqpq

大提示:

pqpq 的情况,把因数和写成 (p+1)(q+1)(p+1)(q+1)

Convert the divisor sum for pqpq into (p+1)(q+1)(p+1)(q+1)

解答:

恰好有四个正因数的数是 p3p^3pqpq,其中 ppqq 是不同素数。

m=p3m=p^3,因数和为 1+p+p2+p31+p+p^2+p^3p=11p=11p=13p=13 的对应值分别低于 20102010 和高于 20192019,所以这种情况没有解。

m=pqm=pq,因数和为 1+p+q+pq=(p+1)(q+1)1+p+q+pq=(p+1)(q+1)。若其中一个素数为 22,和可被 33 整除;候选只有 2010201020162016,但 201031=669\frac{2010}{3}-1=669201631=671\frac{2016}{3}-1=671 都不是质数。

若两个素数都是奇数,和可被 44 整除,候选为 20122012201620162012=45032012=4\cdot503 会给出 33502502,不可行;而 2016=45042016=4\cdot504 =(3+1)(503+1)=(3+1)(503+1) 可行。

所以恰有一个好数,正确答案是 A

An integer with exactly four positive divisors is either p3p^3 or pqpq, where pp and qq are distinct primes.

If m=p3m=p^3, the divisor sum is 1+p+p2+p31+p+p^2+p^3. The values for p=11p=11 and p=13p=13 fall below and above the interval 20102010 to 20192019, so this case gives none.

In the m=pqm=pq case, the divisor sum is 1+p+q+pq=(p+1)(q+1)1+p+q+pq=(p+1)(q+1). If one prime is 22, the sum is divisible by 33; only 20102010 and 20162016 qualify, but 201031=669\frac{2010}{3}-1=669 and 201631=671\frac{2016}{3}-1=671 are not prime.

If both primes are odd, then the sum is divisible by 44, leaving 20122012 and 20162016. The factorization 2012=45032012=4\cdot503 would give primes 33 and 502502, impossible, while 2016=45042016=4\cdot504 =(3+1)(503+1)=(3+1)(503+1) works.

Thus exactly one number is nice, and the correct answer is A .

25.

Bernardo 选择一个三位正整数 NN,并把它的以 55 为底和以 66 为底的表示都写在黑板上。后来 LeRoy 看到这两个数,把它们当作以 1010 为底的整数相加,得到整数 SS

例如,若 N=749N = 749,Bernardo 写下 1010 ⁣444\!44433 ⁣245\!245,LeRoy 得到 S=13S = 13 ⁣689\!689。有多少个 NN 的选择,使得 SS 的最右两位数字按顺序与 2N2N 的最右两位数字相同?

Bernardo chooses a three-digit positive integer NN and writes both its base-55 and base-66 representations on a blackboard. Later LeRoy sees the two numbers Bernardo has written. Treating the two numbers as base-1010 integers, he adds them to obtain an integer S.S.

For example, if N=749,N = 749, Bernardo writes the numbers 10,10,  ⁣444\!444 and 3,3,  ⁣245,\!245, and LeRoy obtains the sum S=13,S = 13,  ⁣689.\!689. For how many choices of NN are the two rightmost digits of S,S, in order, the same as those of 2N?2N?

55

1010

1515

2020

2525

答案:E
难度评级:2440
小提示:

用同余跟踪以 55 为底和以 66 为底的表示的最后两位。

Track the last two base-55 and base-66 digits with congruences

大提示:

分别在模 2525、模 3636、模 100100 下工作。

Work modulo 2525, 3636, and 100100

解答:

只需在模 900=lcm(25,36,100)900=\operatorname{lcm}(25,36,100) 下分析,因为 55 进制、66 进制和以十为底表示时的末两位都以此为周期。

55 进制末两位为 a1a0a_1a_066 进制末两位为 b1b0b_1b_0。个位条件给出 a0+b02N2a0(mod10)a_0+b_0\equiv2N\equiv2a_0\pmod{10},所以 a0=b0a_0=b_0

写作 N=150N3+30a1+a0N=150N_3+30a_1+a_066 进制十位条件给出 N3a1+b1(mod6)N_3\equiv a_1+b_1\pmod6,所以 N=900N4+180a1N=900N_4+180a_1 +150b1+a0+150b_1+a_0

比较 SS2N2N 的十位条件,化简得 5a1b1(mod10)5a_1\equiv b_1\pmod{10}。在 0a140\le a_1\le40b150\le b_1\le5 下,可行对为 (0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5)(0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5)

a0=b0a_0=b_055 种选择,所以共有 55=255\cdot5=25NN

所以正确答案是 E

It is enough to work modulo 900=lcm(25,36,100)900=\operatorname{lcm}(25,36,100), because the last two base-55, base-66, and decimal digits repeat with that period.

Let the last two base-55 digits be a1a0a_1a_0 and the last two base-66 digits be b1b0b_1b_0. The units digit condition gives a0+b02N2a0(mod10)a_0+b_0\equiv2N\equiv2a_0\pmod{10}, so a0=b0a_0=b_0.

Writing N=150N3+30a1+a0N=150N_3+30a_1+a_0, the base-66 tens digit condition gives N3a1+b1(mod6)N_3\equiv a_1+b_1\pmod6, so N=900N4+180a1N=900N_4+180a_1 +150b1+a0+150b_1+a_0.

The tens digit condition for SS and 2N2N reduces to 5a1b1(mod10)5a_1\equiv b_1\pmod{10}. With 0a140\le a_1\le4 and 0b150\le b_1\le5, the valid pairs are (0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5)(0,0),(2,0),(4,0),(1,5),(3,5).

There are 55 choices for a0=b0a_0=b_0, so there are 55=255\cdot5=25 choices of NN.

Thus, the correct answer is E .