1990 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
递增数列 、、、、、、、 由所有既不是正整数的平方也不是正整数的立方的正整数组成。求此数列的第 项。
The increasing sequence consists of all positive integers that are neither the square nor the cube of a positive integer. Find the th term of this sequence.
小提示:
用容斥法数出不超过候选端点的完全平方数和完全立方数
Count squares and cubes up to a candidate endpoint by inclusion-exclusion
大提示:
同时是完全平方数和完全立方数的数是六次幂
Numbers that are both squares and cubes are sixth powers
解答:
不超过 的完全平方数有 个,完全立方数有 个,并且有 个六次幂被两组重复计算。因此,不超过 的合格项数为 但是 应被排除,而 既不是完全平方数也不是完全立方数。所以第 项是 。
Through there are squares, cubes, and sixth powers counted in both groups. Thus the number of allowed terms at most is But is excluded, while is neither a square nor a cube. Therefore the th term is
2.
求下式的值:
Find the value of
3.
设 是正 边形, 是正 边形,且 。若 的每个内角都是 的每个内角的 倍,求 的最大可能值。
Let be a regular -gon and be a regular -gon such that each interior angle of is as large as each interior angle of What is the largest possible value of
小提示:
正 边形的内角为
Use for the interior angle of a regular -gon
大提示:
化简后令 ,并利用 为正数
After simplifying, set and use the positivity of
解答:
由内角条件可得 化简为 。令 ,则 特别地, 是 的正因数,而要使 最大,就要使 尽可能小。取 ,得到 和正整数 ,它也满足 。因此 的最大可能值为 。
The angle condition gives which simplifies to Put Then In particular, is a positive divisor of and maximizing means taking the least possible The choice gives and the positive integer which also satisfies Hence the largest possible is
4.
求下列方程的正数解:
Find the positive solution to
小提示:
令 ,使三个分母只相差常数
Set so the three denominators differ only by constants
大提示:
先合并前两个分数,再消去分母
Combine the first two fractions before clearing denominators
解答:
令 。合并前两个分数并消去非零分母,得到 与 相等。展开并约去 ,得到 。因此 ,即 。正数解为 。
Set Combining the first two fractions and clearing the nonzero denominators gives an equality between and Expanding and canceling yields Thus so The positive solution is
5.
设 是既为 的倍数又恰有 个正整数因数(包括 和它本身)的最小正整数。求 。
Let be the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of and has exactly positive integral divisors, including and itself. Find
小提示:
将 分解为若干可能的乘积,其中每个因数都比相应的质因数指数大一
Factor into possible products of numbers one greater than prime exponents
大提示:
指数模式 可以包含所需的因数 和 ,并把最大的指数分配给最小的质数
The exponent pattern can include the required factors and while assigning the largest exponents to the smallest primes
解答:
的乘法分拆给出指数模式 、、 和 。能被 整除的数必须同时含有质因数 和 ,所以只含一个质因数的模式不可能。两个质因数模式中的最小候选数分别是 和 。最小的三质因数候选数为 它有 个因数,而且每个二质因数候选数都更大,因为 以及 因此
The multiplicative partitions of give exponent patterns and A number divisible by needs both primes and so the one-prime pattern is impossible. The smallest candidates from the two-prime patterns are and respectively. The smallest three-prime candidate is It has divisors, and each two-prime candidate is larger because and Therefore
6.
一位生物学家想估算湖中的鱼数。她在五月 日随机捕获 条鱼,给它们做上标记后放回湖中。在九月 日,她随机捕获 条鱼,发现其中 条有标记。为估算五月 日湖中的鱼数,她假设到九月 日时这些鱼中有 已不在湖中(因为死亡或迁出),湖中有 的鱼在五月 日时尚不在湖中(因为出生或迁入),并且九月 日样本中有标记与无标记的鱼数能够代表总体。根据她的计算,五月 日湖中有多少条鱼?
A biologist wants to calculate the number of fish in a lake. On May she catches a random sample of fish, tags them, and releases them. On September she catches a random sample of fish and finds that of them are tagged. To calculate the number of fish in the lake on May she assumes that of these fish are no longer in the lake on September (because of death and emigrations), that of the fish were not in the lake May (because of births and immigrations), and that the number of untagged fish and tagged fish in the September sample are representative of the total population. What does the biologist calculate for the number of fish in the lake on May
小提示:
先求原先有标记的鱼中有多少条在九月仍留在湖中
First determine how many of the original tagged fish remain in September
大提示:
用样本中有标记的比例估算九月的鱼数,再确定其中五月时已经存在的
Use the sample’s tagged fraction to estimate the September population, then identify the that were present in May
解答:
在 条有标记的鱼中, 到九月时仍在湖中,所以还剩 条有标记的鱼。由样本估计,有标记的鱼占九月鱼群的 ,因此九月鱼群总数为 其中有 在五月时已经存在,所以五月鱼群中仍存活的有 条。这些鱼占五月鱼群的 。因此估算出的五月鱼群总数为 。
Of the tagged fish, remain in September, so tagged fish remain. The sample estimates that tagged fish form of the September population, making that population Of those fish, were present in May, so surviving May fish remain. These are of the May population. Thus the estimated May population is
7.
一个三角形的顶点为 、 和 。 的角平分线方程可写成 的形式。求 。
A triangle has vertices and The equation of the bisector of can be written in the form Find
小提示:
求从 指向 和 的单位向量
Find the unit vectors from toward and
大提示:
内角平分线的方向是这两个单位向量之和
The internal angle-bisector direction is the sum of the two unit vectors
解答:
向量 的长度为 ,而 的长度为 。它们的单位向量之和为 所以角平分线的方向为 。一个法向量为 。该直线经过 ,所以方程为 即 。因此 。
We have with length and with length The sum of their unit vectors is so the angle bisector has direction A normal vector is Through its equation is or Hence
8.
在一场射击比赛中,八个泥靶排成三列悬挂:两列各有三个靶,另一列有两个靶。射手必须按以下规则击碎所有靶:
射手先选择一列,从中击碎一个靶。
射手必须击碎所选列中剩余的最低靶。
若遵守这些规则,八个靶可以按多少种不同的顺序被击碎?
In a shooting match, eight clay targets are arranged in two hanging columns of three targets each and one column of two targets. A marksman is to break all the targets according to the following rules:
The marksman first chooses a column from which a target is to be broken.
The marksman must then break the lowest remaining target in the chosen column.
If the rules are followed, in how many different orders can the eight targets be broken?
小提示:
每一列中,从下到上的顺序是固定的
Within each column, the bottom-to-top order is forced
大提示:
只用所选列的序列编码击碎顺序,三列的出现次数分别为 、 和
Encode an order only by the sequence of chosen columns, with multiplicities and
解答:
每一枪所选的列一旦确定,该列中要击碎的靶也就确定。因此,每个有效顺序对应于第一列的符号出现三次、第二列的符号出现三次、第三列的符号出现两次的一种排列。这样的排列数为
Once the chosen column is known at each shot, the target within that column is forced. Thus every valid order corresponds to an arrangement of three symbols from the first column, three from the second, and two from the third. The number of such arrangements is
9.
将一枚均匀硬币抛掷 次。设从不连续两次出现正面的概率化为最简分数后是 。求 。
A fair coin is to be tossed times. Let in lowest terms, be the probability that heads never occur on consecutive tosses. Find
小提示:
根据长度为 的抛掷序列以反面还是正面结尾,分别计算有效序列数
Count valid length- toss strings according to whether they end in tails or heads
大提示:
所得递推式类似斐波那契数列,初始计数为 和
The resulting recurrence is Fibonacci-like, with initial counts and
解答:
设 为不含连续正面的长度为 的抛掷序列数。任何有效的长度为 的序列后接 ,可得到以反面结尾的有效序列;任何有效的长度为 的序列后接 ,可得到以正面结尾的有效序列。因此 ,其中 ,且 。由此 。所求概率为 ,所以 。
Let be the number of length- toss strings with no consecutive heads. A valid string ending in tails is obtained by appending to any valid length- string, while one ending in heads is obtained by appending to any valid length- string. Hence with and This gives The probability is so
10.
集合 和 都是复单位根的集合。集合 也是复单位根的集合。 中有多少个不同的元素?
The sets and are both sets of complex roots of unity. The set is also a set of complex roots of unity. How many distinct elements are in
小提示:
将各个根写成指数形式,其辐角分别是 和 的整数倍
Write the roots as exponentials whose arguments are multiples of and
大提示:
这些辐角的和生成 的所有整数倍
The sums of those arguments generate all multiples of
解答:
中各乘积的辐角为 由于 , 的剩余类可生成模 的每个剩余类。因此 恰好是 次单位根的集合。等价地,其阶为 。
The arguments of products in are Since the residues generate every residue modulo Thus is precisely the set of th roots of unity. Equivalently, its order is
11.
有人注意到 。求最大的正整数 ,使得 可以表示为 个连续正整数的乘积。
Someone observed that Find the largest positive integer for which can be expressed as the product of consecutive positive integers.
小提示:
将 与分别从 和 开始的 个连续整数之积比较
Compare with products of consecutive integers beginning at and at
大提示:
从 开始的乘积等于
The product beginning at equals
解答:
从 开始的 个连续整数之积为 而从 开始的乘积为 当 时,后一个乘积等于 ,所以 可行。对于每个 ,从 开始的乘积小于 ,从 开始的乘积大于 ,并且乘积随首项严格增大。因此没有 可行,最大可能值为 。
The consecutive integers beginning at have product while those beginning at have product For the latter product equals so works. For every the product beginning at is below the product beginning at is above and the product strictly increases with its initial term. Hence no works, and the largest possible value is
12.
一个正 边形内接于半径为 的圆。该正 边形所有边和对角线的长度之和可写成 其中 、、 和 均为正整数。求 。
A regular -gon is inscribed in a circle of radius The sum of the lengths of all sides and diagonals of the -gon can be written in the form where and are positive integers. Find
小提示:
按弦跨过的顶点步数 分组,其中 为 、、 或
Group the chords by the number of vertex steps where is or
大提示:
当 时,有 条长度为 的弦;此外还有 条直径
For there are chords of length while there are diameters
解答:
当 分别等于 、、 和 时,每种都有 条长度为 的弦;另有 条长度为 的直径。这五种弦长为 它们的和 为 因此总长度为 所以 ,且 ,从而 。
For equal to and there are chords of length and there are diameters of length The five chord lengths are Their sum is Therefore the total is Hence and so
13.
设 是由幂 组成的集合,其中 是满足 的整数。已知 有 位,且首位(最左边的一位)是 。 中有多少个元素的首位是 ?
Let be the set of powers where is an integer with Given that has digits and that its first (leftmost) digit is how many elements of have as their leftmost digit?
小提示:
比较 与 的位数
Compare the number of digits of with that of
大提示:
乘以 后,恰好在位数不增加时,结果的首位为
A multiplication by produces a leading exactly when the digit count does not increase
解答:
当 时, 的首位是 ,当且仅当它与 的位数相同。事实上,若 有 位,乘以 后位数不增加,则 ,所以它的首位是 。若位数增加,则 ,所以它的首位至多为 。
从一位数 开始,经过 次乘法后,位数达到 。因此位数在 步中增加,并在 步中保持不变。由于 的首位不是 ,所以 中恰有 个元素满足这一条件。
For the number begins with exactly when it has the same number of digits as Indeed, if has digits and multiplication by creates no new digit, then so its leading digit is If multiplication does create a new digit, then so its leading digit is at most
Starting from the one-digit number the digit count reaches after multiplications. Thus it increases on steps and stays unchanged on steps. Since does not begin with exactly elements of do.
14.
下图中的矩形 满足 和 。对角线 与 相交于 。若剪下并移除三角形 ,将边 与 接合,再沿线段 和 折叠,就得到一个四个面均为等腰三角形的三棱锥。求该三棱锥的体积。
The rectangle below has dimensions and Diagonals and intersect at If triangle is cut out and removed, edges and are joined, and the figure is then creased along segments and we obtain a triangular pyramid, all four of whose faces are isosceles triangles. Find the volume of this pyramid.
小提示:
与 接合后,顶点 和 合为一个顶点;求四面体的全部六条棱长
After and are joined, vertices and become one vertex; determine all six edge lengths of the tetrahedron
大提示:
将 、 和接合后的顶点置于同一坐标平面,再利用 到另外三个顶点的距离相等来确定它的位置
Place and the joined vertex in one coordinate plane, then locate from its equal distances to the other vertices
解答:
折叠后, 与 合为一个顶点 。矩形的每条半对角线长为 。因此 而 ,且 。
取 并令 。这些坐标使 到 和 的距离符合要求。因为 到 与 的距离相等,设 。令 与 相等,得到 再由 得 所以 。
底面三角形 的面积为 因此三棱锥的体积为
After folding, and become one vertex Each half-diagonal of the rectangle has length Thus while and
Place and These coordinates give the required lengths from to and Because is equidistant from and write Equating and gives Then yields so
The base triangle has area Therefore the pyramid’s volume is
15.
若实数 、、 和 满足下列方程,求 的值:
Find if the real numbers and satisfy the equations