1990 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

递增数列 223355667710101111\ldots 由所有既不是正整数的平方也不是正整数的立方的正整数组成。求此数列的第 500500 项。

The increasing sequence 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 10,10, 11,11, \ldots consists of all positive integers that are neither the square nor the cube of a positive integer. Find the 500500th term of this sequence.

知识点:区间内整数计数容斥原理完全平方数
难度评级:1800
小提示:

用容斥法数出不超过候选端点的完全平方数和完全立方数

Count squares and cubes up to a candidate endpoint by inclusion-exclusion

大提示:

同时是完全平方数和完全立方数的数是六次幂

Numbers that are both squares and cubes are sixth powers

解答:

不超过 529529 的完全平方数有 529=23\lfloor\sqrt{529}\rfloor=23 个,完全立方数有 88 个,并且有 22 个六次幂被两组重复计算。因此,不超过 529529 的合格项数为 529238+2=500529-23-8+2=500\text{。}但是 529=232529=23^2 应被排除,而 528528 既不是完全平方数也不是完全立方数。所以第 500500 项是 528528

Through 529,529, there are 529=23\lfloor\sqrt{529}\rfloor=23 squares, 88 cubes, and 22 sixth powers counted in both groups. Thus the number of allowed terms at most 529529 is 529238+2=500.529-23-8+2=500. But 529=232529=23^2 is excluded, while 528528 is neither a square nor a cube. Therefore the 500500th term is 528.528.

2.

求下式的值:(52+643)32(52643)32\begin{aligned}&(52+6\sqrt{43})^{\frac{3}{2}}\\&\quad-(52-6\sqrt{43})^{\frac{3}{2}}\end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the value of (52+643)32(52643)32.\begin{aligned}&(52+6\sqrt{43})^{\frac{3}{2}}\\&\quad-(52-6\sqrt{43})^{\frac{3}{2}}.\end{aligned}

难度评级:1750
小提示:

52±64352\pm6\sqrt{43} 表示为一对共轭根式的平方

Express 52±64352\pm6\sqrt{43} as squares of conjugate radical expressions

大提示:

32\frac{3}{2} 次幂后,对称地展开两个立方之差

After taking the 32\frac{3}{2} powers, expand the difference of the two cubes symmetrically

解答:

由于 52±643=(43±3)252\pm6\sqrt{43}=(\sqrt{43}\pm3)^243>3\sqrt{43}\gt3,原式为 (43+3)3(433)3(\sqrt{43}+3)^3-(\sqrt{43}-3)^3。在恒等式 (x+y)3(xy)3=6x2y+2y3(x+y)^3-(x-y)^3=6x^2y+2y^3 中取 x=43x=\sqrt{43}y=3y=3,得到 6(43)(3)+2(27)=774+54=828\begin{aligned}6(43)(3)+2(27)&=774+54\\&=828\end{aligned}\text{。}

Since 52±643=(43±3)252\pm6\sqrt{43}=(\sqrt{43}\pm3)^2 and 43>3,\sqrt{43}\gt3, the expression is (43+3)3(433)3.(\sqrt{43}+3)^3-(\sqrt{43}-3)^3. Using (x+y)3(xy)3=6x2y+2y3(x+y)^3-(x-y)^3=6x^2y+2y^3 with x=43x=\sqrt{43} and y=3y=3 gives 6(43)(3)+2(27)=774+54=828.\begin{aligned}6(43)(3)+2(27)&=774+54\\&=828.\end{aligned}

3.

P1P_1 是正 rr 边形,P2P_2 是正 ss 边形,且 (rs3)(r\geq s\geq3)。若 P1P_1 的每个内角都是 P2P_2 的每个内角的 5958\frac{59}{58} 倍,求 ss 的最大可能值。

Let P1P_1 be a regular rr-gon and P2P_2 be a regular ss-gon (rs3)(r\geq s\geq3) such that each interior angle of P1P_1 is 5958\frac{59}{58} as large as each interior angle of P2.P_2. What is the largest possible value of s?s?

难度评级:2040
小提示:

nn 边形的内角为 180(n2)n\frac{180(n-2)}{n}

Use 180(n2)n\frac{180(n-2)}{n} for the interior angle of a regular nn-gon

大提示:

化简后令 t=118st=118-s,并利用 tt 为正数

After simplifying, set t=118st=118-s and use the positivity of tt

解答:

由内角条件可得 r2rs2s=5958\frac{\frac{r-2}{r}}{\frac{s-2}{s}}=\frac{59}{58}\text{,}化简为 r(118s)=116sr(118-s)=116s。令 t=118st=118-s,则 r=13688t116r=\frac{13688}{t}-116\text{。}特别地,tt1368813688 的正因数,而要使 s=118ts=118-t 最大,就要使 tt 尽可能小。取 t=1t=1,得到 s=117s=117 和正整数 r=13572r=13572,它也满足 rsr\geq s。因此 ss 的最大可能值为 117117

The angle condition gives r2rs2s=5958,\frac{\frac{r-2}{r}}{\frac{s-2}{s}}=\frac{59}{58}, which simplifies to r(118s)=116s.r(118-s)=116s. Put t=118s.t=118-s. Then r=13688t116.r=\frac{13688}{t}-116. In particular, tt is a positive divisor of 13688,13688, and maximizing s=118ts=118-t means taking the least possible t.t. The choice t=1t=1 gives s=117s=117 and the positive integer r=13572,r=13572, which also satisfies rs.r\geq s. Hence the largest possible ss is 117.117.

4.

求下列方程的正数解:1x210x29+1x210x452x210x69=0\begin{aligned}&\frac1{x^2-10x-29}\\&\quad+\frac1{x^2-10x-45}\\&\quad-\frac2{x^2-10x-69}=0\end{aligned}\text{。}

Find the positive solution to 1x210x29+1x210x452x210x69=0.\begin{aligned}&\frac1{x^2-10x-29}\\&\quad+\frac1{x^2-10x-45}\\&\quad-\frac2{x^2-10x-69}=0.\end{aligned}

难度评级:1830
小提示:

y=x210xy=x^2-10x,使三个分母只相差常数

Set y=x210xy=x^2-10x so the three denominators differ only by constants

大提示:

先合并前两个分数,再消去分母

Combine the first two fractions before clearing denominators

解答:

y=x210xy=x^2-10x。合并前两个分数并消去非零分母,得到 (y37)(y69)(y-37)(y-69)(y29)(y45)(y-29)(y-45) 相等。展开并约去 y2y^2,得到 y=39y=39。因此 x210x39=0x^2-10x-39=0,即 (x13)(x+3)=0(x-13)(x+3)=0。正数解为 1313

Set y=x210x.y=x^2-10x. Combining the first two fractions and clearing the nonzero denominators gives an equality between (y37)(y69)(y-37)(y-69) and (y29)(y45).(y-29)(y-45). Expanding and canceling y2y^2 yields y=39.y=39. Thus x210x39=0,x^2-10x-39=0, so (x13)(x+3)=0.(x-13)(x+3)=0. The positive solution is 13.13.

5.

nn 是既为 7575 的倍数又恰有 7575 个正整数因数(包括 11 和它本身)的最小正整数。求 n75\frac{n}{75}

Let nn be the smallest positive integer that is a multiple of 7575 and has exactly 7575 positive integral divisors, including 11 and itself. Find n75.\frac{n}{75}.

难度评级:2100
小提示:

7575 分解为若干可能的乘积,其中每个因数都比相应的质因数指数大一

Factor 7575 into possible products of numbers one greater than prime exponents

大提示:

指数模式 (4,4,2)(4,4,2) 可以包含所需的因数 33525^2,并把最大的指数分配给最小的质数

The exponent pattern (4,4,2)(4,4,2) can include the required factors 33 and 525^2 while assigning the largest exponents to the smallest primes

解答:

7575 的乘法分拆给出指数模式 (74)(74)(24,2)(24,2)(14,4)(14,4)(4,4,2)(4,4,2)。能被 75=35275=3\cdot5^2 整除的数必须同时含有质因数 3355,所以只含一个质因数的模式不可能。两个质因数模式中的最小候选数分别是 324523^{24}5^2314543^{14}5^4。最小的三质因数候选数为 n=243452n=2^4\cdot3^4\cdot5^2\text{。}它有 (4+1)(4+1)(2+1)=75(4+1)(4+1)(2+1)=75 个因数,而且每个二质因数候选数都更大,因为 32452n=32016>1 \frac{3^{24}5^2}{n}=\frac{3^{20}}{16}\gt1 以及 31454n=3105216>1 \frac{3^{14}5^4}{n}=\frac{3^{10}5^2}{16}\gt1\text{。}因此 n75=243452352=2433=432\frac n{75}=\frac{2^4\cdot3^4\cdot5^2}{3\cdot5^2}=2^4\cdot3^3=432\text{。}

The multiplicative partitions of 7575 give exponent patterns (74),(74), (24,2),(24,2), (14,4),(14,4), and (4,4,2).(4,4,2). A number divisible by 75=35275=3\cdot5^2 needs both primes 33 and 5,5, so the one-prime pattern is impossible. The smallest candidates from the two-prime patterns are 324523^{24}5^2 and 31454,3^{14}5^4, respectively. The smallest three-prime candidate is n=243452.n=2^4\cdot3^4\cdot5^2. It has (4+1)(4+1)(2+1)=75(4+1)(4+1)(2+1)=75 divisors, and each two-prime candidate is larger because 32452n=32016>1 \frac{3^{24}5^2}{n}=\frac{3^{20}}{16}\gt1 and 31454n=3105216>1. \frac{3^{14}5^4}{n}=\frac{3^{10}5^2}{16}\gt1. Therefore n75=243452352=2433=432.\frac n{75}=\frac{2^4\cdot3^4\cdot5^2}{3\cdot5^2}=2^4\cdot3^3=432.

6.

一位生物学家想估算湖中的鱼数。她在五月 11 日随机捕获 6060 条鱼,给它们做上标记后放回湖中。在九月 11 日,她随机捕获 7070 条鱼,发现其中 33 条有标记。为估算五月 11 日湖中的鱼数,她假设到九月 11 日时这些鱼中有 25%25\% 已不在湖中(因为死亡或迁出),湖中有 40%40\% 的鱼在五月 11 日时尚不在湖中(因为出生或迁入),并且九月 11 日样本中有标记与无标记的鱼数能够代表总体。根据她的计算,五月 11 日湖中有多少条鱼?

A biologist wants to calculate the number of fish in a lake. On May 11 she catches a random sample of 6060 fish, tags them, and releases them. On September 11 she catches a random sample of 7070 fish and finds that 33 of them are tagged. To calculate the number of fish in the lake on May 1,1, she assumes that 25%25\% of these fish are no longer in the lake on September 11 (because of death and emigrations), that 40%40\% of the fish were not in the lake May 11 (because of births and immigrations), and that the number of untagged fish and tagged fish in the September 11 sample are representative of the total population. What does the biologist calculate for the number of fish in the lake on May 1?1?

难度评级:1830
小提示:

先求原先有标记的鱼中有多少条在九月仍留在湖中

First determine how many of the original tagged fish remain in September

大提示:

用样本中有标记的比例估算九月的鱼数,再确定其中五月时已经存在的 60%60\%

Use the sample’s tagged fraction to estimate the September population, then identify the 60%60\% that were present in May

解答:

6060 条有标记的鱼中,75%75\% 到九月时仍在湖中,所以还剩 4545 条有标记的鱼。由样本估计,有标记的鱼占九月鱼群的 370\frac{3}{70},因此九月鱼群总数为 45(703)=105045\left(\frac{70}{3}\right)=1050\text{。}其中有 60%60\% 在五月时已经存在,所以五月鱼群中仍存活的有 630630 条。这些鱼占五月鱼群的 75%75\%。因此估算出的五月鱼群总数为 6300.75=840\frac{630}{0.75}=840

Of the 6060 tagged fish, 75%75\% remain in September, so 4545 tagged fish remain. The sample estimates that tagged fish form 370\frac{3}{70} of the September population, making that population 45(703)=1050.45\left(\frac{70}{3}\right)=1050. Of those fish, 60%60\% were present in May, so 630630 surviving May fish remain. These are 75%75\% of the May population. Thus the estimated May population is 6300.75=840.\frac{630}{0.75}=840.

7.

一个三角形的顶点为 P=(8,5)P=(-8,5)Q=(15,19)Q=(-15,-19)R=(1,7)R=(1,-7)P\angle P 的角平分线方程可写成 ax+2y+c=0ax+2y+c=0 的形式。求 a+ca+c

A triangle has vertices P=(8,5),P=(-8,5), Q=(15,19),Q=(-15,-19), and R=(1,7).R=(1,-7). The equation of the bisector of P\angle P can be written in the form ax+2y+c=0.ax+2y+c=0. Find a+c.a+c.

难度评级:2100
小提示:

求从 PP 指向 QQRR 的单位向量

Find the unit vectors from PP toward QQ and RR

大提示:

内角平分线的方向是这两个单位向量之和

The internal angle-bisector direction is the sum of the two unit vectors

解答:

向量 PQ=(7,24)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(-7,-24) 的长度为 2525,而 PR=(9,12)\overrightarrow{PR}=(9,-12) 的长度为 1515。它们的单位向量之和为 v=(725,2425)+(35,45)=125(8,44)\begin{aligned}v&=\left(-\frac7{25},-\frac{24}{25}\right)\\&\quad+\left(\frac35,-\frac45\right)\\&=\frac1{25}(8,-44)\end{aligned}\text{,}所以角平分线的方向为 (2,11)(2,-11)。一个法向量为 (11,2)(11,2)。该直线经过 P=(8,5)P=(-8,5),所以方程为 11(x+8)+2(y5)=011(x+8)+2(y-5)=0\text{,}11x+2y+78=011x+2y+78=0。因此 a+c=11+78=89a+c=11+78=89

We have PQ=(7,24)\overrightarrow{PQ}=(-7,-24) with length 25,25, and PR=(9,12)\overrightarrow{PR}=(9,-12) with length 15.15. The sum of their unit vectors is v=(725,2425)+(35,45)=125(8,44),\begin{aligned}v&=\left(-\frac7{25},-\frac{24}{25}\right)\\&\quad+\left(\frac35,-\frac45\right)\\&=\frac1{25}(8,-44),\end{aligned} so the angle bisector has direction (2,11).(2,-11). A normal vector is (11,2).(11,2). Through P=(8,5),P=(-8,5), its equation is 11(x+8)+2(y5)=0,11(x+8)+2(y-5)=0, or 11x+2y+78=0.11x+2y+78=0. Hence a+c=11+78=89.a+c=11+78=89.

8.

在一场射击比赛中,八个泥靶排成三列悬挂:两列各有三个靶,另一列有两个靶。射手必须按以下规则击碎所有靶:

(1)(1) 射手先选择一列,从中击碎一个靶。

(2)(2) 射手必须击碎所选列中剩余的最低靶。

若遵守这些规则,八个靶可以按多少种不同的顺序被击碎?

In a shooting match, eight clay targets are arranged in two hanging columns of three targets each and one column of two targets. A marksman is to break all the targets according to the following rules:

(1)(1) The marksman first chooses a column from which a target is to be broken.

(2)(2) The marksman must then break the lowest remaining target in the chosen column.

If the rules are followed, in how many different orders can the eight targets be broken?

难度评级:1800
小提示:

每一列中,从下到上的顺序是固定的

Within each column, the bottom-to-top order is forced

大提示:

只用所选列的序列编码击碎顺序,三列的出现次数分别为 333322

Encode an order only by the sequence of chosen columns, with multiplicities 3,3, 3,3, and 22

解答:

每一枪所选的列一旦确定,该列中要击碎的靶也就确定。因此,每个有效顺序对应于第一列的符号出现三次、第二列的符号出现三次、第三列的符号出现两次的一种排列。这样的排列数为 8!3!3!2!=560\frac{8!}{3!\,3!\,2!}=560\text{。}

Once the chosen column is known at each shot, the target within that column is forced. Thus every valid order corresponds to an arrangement of three symbols from the first column, three from the second, and two from the third. The number of such arrangements is 8!3!3!2!=560.\frac{8!}{3!\,3!\,2!}=560.

9.

将一枚均匀硬币抛掷 1010 次。设从不连续两次出现正面的概率化为最简分数后是 ij\frac{i}{j}。求 i+ji+j

A fair coin is to be tossed 1010 times. Let ij,\frac{i}{j}, in lowest terms, be the probability that heads never occur on consecutive tosses. Find i+j.i+j.

难度评级:2000
小提示:

根据长度为 nn 的抛掷序列以反面还是正面结尾,分别计算有效序列数

Count valid length-nn toss strings according to whether they end in tails or heads

大提示:

所得递推式类似斐波那契数列,初始计数为 2233

The resulting recurrence is Fibonacci-like, with initial counts 22 and 33

解答:

unu_n 为不含连续正面的长度为 nn 的抛掷序列数。任何有效的长度为 (n1)(n-1) 的序列后接 T\mathrm{T},可得到以反面结尾的有效序列;任何有效的长度为 (n2)(n-2) 的序列后接 TH\mathrm{TH},可得到以正面结尾的有效序列。因此 un=un1+un2u_n=u_{n-1}+u_{n-2},其中 u1=2u_1=2,且 u2=3u_2=3。由此 u10=144u_{10}=144。所求概率为 144210=964\frac{144}{2^{10}}=\frac{9}{64},所以 i+j=9+64=73i+j=9+64=73

Let unu_n be the number of length-nn toss strings with no consecutive heads. A valid string ending in tails is obtained by appending T\mathrm{T} to any valid length-(n1)(n-1) string, while one ending in heads is obtained by appending TH\mathrm{TH} to any valid length-(n2)(n-2) string. Hence un=un1+un2,u_n=u_{n-1}+u_{n-2}, with u1=2u_1=2 and u2=3.u_2=3. This gives u10=144.u_{10}=144. The probability is 144210=964,\frac{144}{2^{10}}=\frac{9}{64}, so i+j=9+64=73.i+j=9+64=73.

10.

集合 A={z:z18=1}A=\{z:z^{18}=1\}B={w:w48=1}B=\{w:w^{48}=1\} 都是复单位根的集合。集合 C={zw:zA, wB}C=\{zw:z\in A,\ w\in B\} 也是复单位根的集合。CC 中有多少个不同的元素?

The sets A={z:z18=1}A=\{z:z^{18}=1\} and B={w:w48=1}B=\{w:w^{48}=1\} are both sets of complex roots of unity. The set C={zw:zA, wB}C=\{zw:z\in A,\ w\in B\} is also a set of complex roots of unity. How many distinct elements are in C?C?

难度评级:2270
小提示:

将各个根写成指数形式,其辐角分别是 2π18\frac{2\pi}{18}2π48\frac{2\pi}{48} 的整数倍

Write the roots as exponentials whose arguments are multiples of 2π18\frac{2\pi}{18} and 2π48\frac{2\pi}{48}

大提示:

这些辐角的和生成 2πlcm(18,48)\frac{2\pi}{\operatorname{lcm}(18,48)} 的所有整数倍

The sums of those arguments generate all multiples of 2πlcm(18,48)\frac{2\pi}{\operatorname{lcm}(18,48)}

解答:

CC 中各乘积的辐角为 2π(a18+b48)=2π(8a+3b)1442\pi\left(\frac a{18}+\frac b{48}\right)=\frac{2\pi(8a+3b)}{144}\text{。}由于 gcd(8,3)=1\gcd(8,3)=18a+3b8a+3b 的剩余类可生成模 144144 的每个剩余类。因此 CC 恰好是 144144 次单位根的集合。等价地,其阶为 lcm(18,48)=144\operatorname{lcm}(18,48)=144

The arguments of products in CC are 2π(a18+b48)=2π(8a+3b)144.2\pi\left(\frac a{18}+\frac b{48}\right)=\frac{2\pi(8a+3b)}{144}. Since gcd(8,3)=1,\gcd(8,3)=1, the residues 8a+3b8a+3b generate every residue modulo 144.144. Thus CC is precisely the set of 144144th roots of unity. Equivalently, its order is lcm(18,48)=144.\operatorname{lcm}(18,48)=144.

11.

有人注意到 6!=89106!=8\cdot9\cdot10。求最大的正整数 nn,使得 n!n! 可以表示为 n3n-3 个连续正整数的乘积。

Someone observed that 6!=8910.6!=8\cdot9\cdot10. Find the largest positive integer nn for which n!n! can be expressed as the product of n3n-3 consecutive positive integers.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

n!n! 与分别从 4455 开始的 n3n-3 个连续整数之积比较

Compare n!n! with products of n3n-3 consecutive integers beginning at 44 and at 55

大提示:

55 开始的乘积等于 (n+1)!4!\frac{(n+1)!}{4!}

The product beginning at 55 equals (n+1)!4!\frac{(n+1)!}{4!}

解答:

44 开始的 n3n-3 个连续整数之积为 45n=n!64\cdot5\cdots n=\frac{n!}{6}\text{,}而从 55 开始的乘积为 56(n+1)=(n+1)!24=n+124n!\begin{aligned}5\cdot6\cdots(n+1)&=\frac{(n+1)!}{24}\\&=\frac{n+1}{24}n!\end{aligned}\text{。}n=23n=23 时,后一个乘积等于 n!n!,所以 2323 可行。对于每个 n24n\geq24,从 44 开始的乘积小于 n!n!,从 55 开始的乘积大于 n!n!,并且乘积随首项严格增大。因此没有 n24n\geq24 可行,最大可能值为 2323

The n3n-3 consecutive integers beginning at 44 have product 45n=n!6,4\cdot5\cdots n=\frac{n!}{6}, while those beginning at 55 have product 56(n+1)=(n+1)!24=n+124n!.\begin{aligned}5\cdot6\cdots(n+1)&=\frac{(n+1)!}{24}\\&=\frac{n+1}{24}n!.\end{aligned} For n=23,n=23, the latter product equals n!,n!, so 2323 works. For every n24,n\geq24, the product beginning at 44 is below n!,n!, the product beginning at 55 is above n!,n!, and the product strictly increases with its initial term. Hence no n24n\geq24 works, and the largest possible value is 23.23.

12.

一个正 1212 边形内接于半径为 1212 的圆。该正 1212 边形所有边和对角线的长度之和可写成 a+b2+c3+d6a+b\sqrt2+c\sqrt3+d\sqrt6\text{,}其中 aabbccdd 均为正整数。求 a+b+c+da+b+c+d

A regular 1212-gon is inscribed in a circle of radius 12.12. The sum of the lengths of all sides and diagonals of the 1212-gon can be written in the form a+b2+c3+d6,a+b\sqrt2+c\sqrt3+d\sqrt6, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers. Find a+b+c+d.a+b+c+d.

难度评级:2380
小提示:

按弦跨过的顶点步数 kk 分组,其中 kk1122\ldots66

Group the chords by the number of vertex steps k,k, where kk is 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, or 66

大提示:

k<6k\lt6 时,有 1212 条长度为 24sin(kπ12)24\sin(\frac{k\pi}{12}) 的弦;此外还有 66 条直径

For k<6k\lt6 there are 1212 chords of length 24sin(kπ12),24\sin(\frac{k\pi}{12}), while there are 66 diameters

解答:

kk 分别等于 1122\ldots55 时,每种都有 1212 条长度为 24sin(kπ12)24\sin(\frac{k\pi}{12}) 的弦;另有 66 条长度为 2424 的直径。这五种弦长为 6(62),12,122,123,6(6+2)\begin{gathered}6(\sqrt6-\sqrt2),\quad12,\quad12\sqrt2,\\12\sqrt3,\quad6(\sqrt6+\sqrt2)\end{gathered}\text{。}它们的和 UUU=12+122+123+126\begin{aligned}U&=12+12\sqrt2\\&\quad+12\sqrt3+12\sqrt6\end{aligned}\text{。}因此总长度为 12U+6(24)=288+1442+1443+1446\begin{aligned}12U+6(24)&=288+144\sqrt2\\&\quad+144\sqrt3\\&\quad+144\sqrt6\end{aligned}\text{。}所以 a=288a=288,且 b=c=d=144b=c=d=144,从而 a+b+c+d=720a+b+c+d=720

For kk equal to 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, and 5,5, there are 1212 chords of length 24sin(kπ12),24\sin(\frac{k\pi}{12}), and there are 66 diameters of length 24.24. The five chord lengths are 6(62),12,122,123,6(6+2).\begin{gathered}6(\sqrt6-\sqrt2),\quad12,\quad12\sqrt2,\\12\sqrt3,\quad6(\sqrt6+\sqrt2).\end{gathered} Their sum UU is U=12+122+123+126.\begin{aligned}U&=12+12\sqrt2\\&\quad+12\sqrt3+12\sqrt6.\end{aligned} Therefore the total is 12U+6(24)=288+1442+1443+1446.\begin{aligned}12U+6(24)&=288+144\sqrt2\\&\quad+144\sqrt3\\&\quad+144\sqrt6.\end{aligned} Hence a=288a=288 and b=c=d=144,b=c=d=144, so a+b+c+d=720.a+b+c+d=720.

13.

TT 是由幂 9k9^k 组成的集合,其中 kk 是满足 0k40000\leq k\leq4000 的整数。已知 940009^{4000}38173817 位,且首位(最左边的一位)是 99TT 中有多少个元素的首位是 99

Let TT be the set of powers 9k,9^k, where kk is an integer with 0k4000.0\leq k\leq4000. Given that 940009^{4000} has 38173817 digits and that its first (leftmost) digit is 9,9, how many elements of TT have 99 as their leftmost digit?

难度评级:2230
小提示:

比较 9k9^k9k19^{k-1} 的位数

Compare the number of digits of 9k9^k with that of 9k19^{k-1}

大提示:

乘以 99 后,恰好在位数不增加时,结果的首位为 99

A multiplication by 99 produces a leading 99 exactly when the digit count does not increase

解答:

k1k\geq1 时,9k9^k 的首位是 99,当且仅当它与 9k19^{k-1} 的位数相同。事实上,若 9k19^{k-1}dd 位,乘以 99 后位数不增加,则 9k910d19^k\geq9\cdot10^{d-1},所以它的首位是 99。若位数增加,则 9k<910d9^k\lt9\cdot10^d,所以它的首位至多为 88

从一位数 909^0 开始,经过 40004000 次乘法后,位数达到 38173817。因此位数在 38163816 步中增加,并在 40003816=1844000-3816=184 步中保持不变。由于 90=19^0=1 的首位不是 99,所以 TT 中恰有 184184 个元素满足这一条件。

For k1,k\geq1, the number 9k9^k begins with 99 exactly when it has the same number of digits as 9k1.9^{k-1}. Indeed, if 9k19^{k-1} has dd digits and multiplication by 99 creates no new digit, then 9k910d1,9^k\geq9\cdot10^{d-1}, so its leading digit is 9.9. If multiplication does create a new digit, then 9k<910d,9^k\lt9\cdot10^d, so its leading digit is at most 8.8.

Starting from the one-digit number 90,9^0, the digit count reaches 38173817 after 40004000 multiplications. Thus it increases on 38163816 steps and stays unchanged on 40003816=1844000-3816=184 steps. Since 90=19^0=1 does not begin with 9,9, exactly 184184 elements of TT do.

14.

下图中的矩形 ABCDABCD 满足 AB=123AB=12\sqrt3BC=133BC=13\sqrt3。对角线 ACACBDBD 相交于 PP。若剪下并移除三角形 ABPABP,将边 APAPBPBP 接合,再沿线段 CPCPDPDP 折叠,就得到一个四个面均为等腰三角形的三棱锥。求该三棱锥的体积。

The rectangle ABCDABCD below has dimensions AB=123AB=12\sqrt3 and BC=133.BC=13\sqrt3. Diagonals ACAC and BDBD intersect at P.P. If triangle ABPABP is cut out and removed, edges APAP and BPBP are joined, and the figure is then creased along segments CPCP and DP,DP, we obtain a triangular pyramid, all four of whose faces are isosceles triangles. Find the volume of this pyramid.

难度评级:2560
小提示:

APAPBPBP 接合后,顶点 AABB 合为一个顶点;求四面体的全部六条棱长

After APAP and BPBP are joined, vertices AA and BB become one vertex; determine all six edge lengths of the tetrahedron

大提示:

CCDD 和接合后的顶点置于同一坐标平面,再利用 PP 到另外三个顶点的距离相等来确定它的位置

Place C,C, D,D, and the joined vertex in one coordinate plane, then locate PP from its equal distances to the other vertices

解答:

折叠后,AABB 合为一个顶点 XX。矩形的每条半对角线长为 9392\frac{\sqrt{939}}{2}。因此 XP=CP=DP=9392XP=CP=DP=\frac{\sqrt{939}}2\text{,}XC=XD=133XC=XD=13\sqrt3,且 CD=123CD=12\sqrt3

C=(63,0,0),D=(63,0,0)\begin{aligned}C&=(-6\sqrt3,0,0),\\D&=(6\sqrt3,0,0)\end{aligned}\text{,}并令 X=(0,399,0)X=(0,\sqrt{399},0)。这些坐标使 XXCCDD 的距离符合要求。因为 PPCCDD 的距离相等,设 P=(0,u,h)P=(0,u,h)。令 PC2PC^2PX2PX^2 相等,得到 u=2912399u=\frac{291}{2\sqrt{399}}\text{。}再由 PC2=9394PC^2=\frac{939}{4}h2=5074u2=9801133h^2=\frac{507}{4}-u^2=\frac{9801}{133}\text{,}所以 h=99133h=\frac{99}{\sqrt{133}}

底面三角形 XCDXCD 的面积为 12(123)(399)=18133\frac12(12\sqrt3)(\sqrt{399})=18\sqrt{133}\text{。}因此三棱锥的体积为 13(18133)(99133)=594\frac13(18\sqrt{133})\left(\frac{99}{\sqrt{133}}\right)=594\text{。}

After folding, AA and BB become one vertex X.X. Each half-diagonal of the rectangle has length 9392.\frac{\sqrt{939}}{2}. Thus XP=CP=DP=9392,XP=CP=DP=\frac{\sqrt{939}}2, while XC=XD=133XC=XD=13\sqrt3 and CD=123.CD=12\sqrt3.

Place C=(63,0,0),D=(63,0,0),\begin{aligned}C&=(-6\sqrt3,0,0),\\D&=(6\sqrt3,0,0),\end{aligned} and X=(0,399,0).X=(0,\sqrt{399},0). These coordinates give the required lengths from XX to CC and D.D. Because PP is equidistant from CC and D,D, write P=(0,u,h).P=(0,u,h). Equating PC2PC^2 and PX2PX^2 gives u=2912399.u=\frac{291}{2\sqrt{399}}. Then PC2=9394PC^2=\frac{939}{4} yields h2=5074u2=9801133,h^2=\frac{507}{4}-u^2=\frac{9801}{133}, so h=99133.h=\frac{99}{\sqrt{133}}.

The base triangle XCDXCD has area 12(123)(399)=18133.\frac12(12\sqrt3)(\sqrt{399})=18\sqrt{133}. Therefore the pyramid’s volume is 13(18133)(99133)=594.\frac13(18\sqrt{133})\left(\frac{99}{\sqrt{133}}\right)=594.

15.

若实数 aabbxxyy 满足下列方程,求 ax5+by5ax^5+by^5 的值:ax+by=3,ax2+by2=7,ax3+by3=16,ax4+by4=42\begin{aligned}ax+by&=3,\\ax^2+by^2&=7,\\ax^3+by^3&=16,\\ax^4+by^4&=42\end{aligned}\text{。}

Find ax5+by5ax^5+by^5 if the real numbers a,a, b,b, x,x, and yy satisfy the equations ax+by=3,ax2+by2=7,ax3+by3=16,ax4+by4=42.\begin{aligned}ax+by&=3,\\ax^2+by^2&=7,\\ax^3+by^3&=16,\\ax^4+by^4&=42.\end{aligned}

难度评级:2270
小提示:

Sk=axk+bykS_k=ax^k+by^k,并利用 x+yx+yxyxy 推导递推式

Let Sk=axk+bykS_k=ax^k+by^k and derive a recurrence using x+yx+y and xyxy

大提示:

先用 S3S_3S4S_4 求出两个递推系数,再计算 S5S_5

Use S3S_3 and S4S_4 to solve for the two recurrence coefficients before computing S5S_5

解答:

Sk=axk+bykS_k=ax^k+by^kp=x+yp=x+yq=xyq=xy。由于 xxyy 都满足 t2=ptqt^2=pt-q,所以 Sk+2=pSk+1qSkS_{k+2}=pS_{k+1}-qS_k\text{。}代入 S1=3S_1=3S2=7S_2=7S3=16S_3=16S4=42S_4=42,得到 7p3q=16,16p7q=42\begin{aligned}7p-3q&=16,\\16p-7q&=42\end{aligned}\text{。}解得 p=14p=-14,且 q=38q=-38。因此 S5=pS4qS3=14(42)+38(16)=20\begin{aligned}S_5&=pS_4-qS_3\\&=-14(42)+38(16)\\&=20\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let Sk=axk+byk,S_k=ax^k+by^k, p=x+y,p=x+y, and q=xy.q=xy. Since xx and yy each satisfy t2=ptq,t^2=pt-q, Sk+2=pSk+1qSk.S_{k+2}=pS_{k+1}-qS_k. Using S1=3,S_1=3, S2=7,S_2=7, S3=16,S_3=16, and S4=42S_4=42 gives 7p3q=16,16p7q=42.\begin{aligned}7p-3q&=16,\\16p-7q&=42.\end{aligned} Solving yields p=14p=-14 and q=38.q=-38. Therefore S5=pS4qS3=14(42)+38(16)=20.\begin{aligned}S_5&=pS_4-qS_3\\&=-14(42)+38(16)\\&=20.\end{aligned}