2021 AMC 12A Spring 真题

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1.

求下面这个表达式的值:21+2+3(21+22+23) 2^{1+2+3} - \left(2^1 + 2^2 + 2^3\right)\text{。}

What is the value of 21+2+3(21+22+23)? 2^{1+2+3} - \left(2^1 + 2^2 + 2^3\right)?

00

5050

5252

5454

5757

答案:B
知识点:指数运算顺序
难度评级:800
小提示:

先把指数相加:1+2+31+2+3

First add the exponents: 1+2+31+2+3

大提示:

分别计算 262^621+22+232^1+2^2+2^3,然后相减

Evaluate 262^6 and 21+22+232^1+2^2+2^3 separately, then subtract

解答:

第一项的指数是 1+2+3=61+2+3 = 6,所以第一项是 26=642^6 = 64。括号内的和是 2+4+8=142 + 4 + 8 = 14。因此原式的值为 6414=5064 - 14 = 50

因此,正确答案是 B

The exponent in the first term is 1+2+3=6,1+2+3 = 6, so the first term is 26=64.2^6 = 64. The parenthesized sum is 2+4+8=14.2 + 4 + 8 = 14. Therefore the value is 6414=50.64 - 14 = 50.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

2.

对实数 aabb 在什么条件下 a2+b2=a+b\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} = a + b 成立?

Under what conditions is a2+b2=a+b\sqrt{a^2 + b^2} = a + b true, where aa and bb are real numbers?

它永远不成立。

It is never true.

它成立当且仅当 ab=0ab = 0

It is true if and only if ab=0.ab = 0.

它成立当且仅当 a+b0a + b \ge 0

It is true if and only if a+b0.a + b \ge 0.

它成立当且仅当 ab=0ab = 0a+b0a + b \ge 0

It is true if and only if ab=0ab = 0 and a+b0.a + b \ge 0.

它总是成立。

It is always true.

答案:D
知识点:根式代数变形
难度评级:1200
小提示:

左边是平方根,所以不能为负;这要求 a+b0a + b \ge 0

The left side is a square root, so it can never be negative; this forces a+b0a + b \ge 0

大提示:

平方得到 a2+b2=a2+2ab+b2a^2 + b^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2,所以 2ab=02ab = 0

Squaring gives a2+b2=a2+2ab+b2,a^2 + b^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2, so 2ab=02ab = 0

解答:

因为 a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2} 从不为负,等式成立必须有 a+b0a + b \ge 0。两边平方得 a2+b2=(a+b)2a^2 + b^2 = (a+b)^2 =a2+2ab+b2= a^2 + 2ab + b^2,化简为 2ab=02ab = 0,即 ab=0ab = 0

反过来,如果 ab=0ab = 0,则 a2+b2=(a+b)2a^2 + b^2 = (a+b)^2;如果还满足 a+b0a + b \ge 0,那么 a2+b2=a+b=a+b\sqrt{a^2+b^2} = |a+b| = a+b。所以这两个条件合在一起正好是所需条件。

因此,正确答案是 D

Because a2+b2\sqrt{a^2+b^2} is never negative, equality requires a+b0.a + b \ge 0. Squaring both sides gives a2+b2=(a+b)2a^2 + b^2 = (a+b)^2 =a2+2ab+b2,= a^2 + 2ab + b^2, which simplifies to 2ab=0,2ab = 0, i.e. ab=0.ab = 0.

Conversely, if ab=0ab = 0 then a2+b2=(a+b)2,a^2 + b^2 = (a+b)^2, and if additionally a+b0a + b \ge 0 then a2+b2=a+b=a+b.\sqrt{a^2+b^2} = |a+b| = a+b. So both conditions together are exactly what is needed.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

两个自然数的和为 17,40217{,}402。其中一个数能被 1010 整除。如果擦去这个数的个位数字,就得到另一个数。这两个数的差是多少?

The sum of two natural numbers is 17,402.17{,}402. One of the two numbers is divisible by 10.10. If the units digit of that number is erased, the other number is obtained. What is the difference of these two numbers?

10,27210{,}272

11,70011{,}700

13,36213{,}362

14,23814{,}238

15,42615{,}426

答案:D
知识点:位值一次方程
难度评级:1120
小提示:

擦去 1010 的倍数末尾的数字 00,相当于把它除以 1010

Erasing the units digit 00 of a multiple of 1010 divides it by 1010

大提示:

若较小的数为 xx,较大的数就是 10x10x,所以 11x=17,40211x = 17{,}402

If the smaller number is x,x, the larger is 10x,10x, so 11x=17,40211x = 17{,}402

解答:

较大的数末尾是 00,擦去这个数字会除以 1010 得到较小的数。因此较大的数是较小数的 1010 倍。设较小的数为 xx,则两数之和为 x+10x=11x=17,402x + 10x = 11x = 17{,}402,得 x=1,582x = 1{,}582

两个数是 1,5821{,}58215,82015{,}820,它们的差为 15,8201,582=14,23815{,}820 - 1{,}582 = 14{,}238

因此,正确答案是 D

The larger number ends in 0,0, and erasing that digit divides it by 1010 to give the smaller number. So the larger number is 1010 times the smaller. Writing the smaller number as x,x, the sum is x+10x=11x=17,402,x + 10x = 11x = 17{,}402, giving x=1,582.x = 1{,}582.

The two numbers are 1,5821{,}582 and 15,820,15{,}820, whose difference is 15,8201,582=14,238.15{,}820 - 1{,}582 = 14{,}238.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

Tom 收藏了 1313 条蛇,其中 44 条是紫色的,55 条是开心的。他观察到

• 所有开心的蛇都会加法,

• 没有紫色的蛇会减法,并且

• 所有不会减法的蛇也不会加法。

关于 Tom 的蛇,可以推出下列哪个结论?

Tom has a collection of 1313 snakes, 44 of which are purple and 55 of which are happy. He observes that

• all of his happy snakes can add,

• none of his purple snakes can subtract, and

• all of his snakes that can’t subtract also can’t add.

Which of these conclusions can be drawn about Tom’s snakes?

紫色的蛇会加法。

Purple snakes can add.

紫色的蛇是开心的。

Purple snakes are happy.

会加法的蛇是紫色的。

Snakes that can add are purple.

开心的蛇不是紫色的。

Happy snakes are not purple.

开心的蛇不会减法。

Happy snakes can’t subtract.

答案:D
知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1200
小提示:

串联这些蕴含关系:紫色 \Rightarrow 不会减法 \Rightarrow 不会加法

Chain the implications: purple \Rightarrow can’t subtract \Rightarrow can’t add

大提示:

开心的蛇会加法,但紫色的蛇不会加法;比较这两个事实

Happy snakes can add, but purple snakes cannot add; compare these two facts

解答:

紫色的蛇不会减法,而任何不会减法的蛇也不会加法。所以每条紫色的蛇都不会加法。

每条开心的蛇都会加法。由于紫色的蛇不会加法,没有开心的蛇可能是紫色的;也就是说,开心的蛇不是紫色的。

因此,正确答案是 D

A purple snake cannot subtract, and any snake that cannot subtract also cannot add. So every purple snake cannot add.

Every happy snake can add. Since purple snakes cannot add, no happy snake can be purple; that is, happy snakes are not purple.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

一名学生把数 6666 乘以循环小数 1.ab=1.ababab 1.\overline{ab} = 1.ababab\ldots\text{,} 其中 aabb 是数字。他没有注意到循环记号,只是计算了 6666 乘以有限小数 1.ab1.ab。后来他发现自己的答案比正确答案小 0.50.5

两位整数 ab\overline{ab} 是多少?

When a student multiplied the number 6666 by the repeating decimal 1.ab=1.ababab, 1.\overline{ab} = 1.ababab\ldots, where aa and bb are digits, he did not notice the notation and just multiplied 6666 by the terminating decimal 1.ab.1.ab. Later he found that his answer was 0.50.5 less than the correct answer.

What is the two-digit integer ab?\overline{ab}?

1515

3030

4545

6060

7575

答案:E
难度评级:1370
小提示:

n=abn = \overline{ab},则 1.ab=1+n991.\overline{ab} = 1 + \dfrac{n}{99},而 1.ab=1+n1001.ab = 1 + \dfrac{n}{100}

Write n=ab.n = \overline{ab}. Then 1.ab=1+n991.\overline{ab} = 1 + \dfrac{n}{99} and 1.ab=1+n1001.ab = 1 + \dfrac{n}{100}

大提示:

两个乘积的差是 66(n99n100)=0.566\left(\dfrac{n}{99} - \dfrac{n}{100}\right) = 0.5

The difference of the two products is 66(n99n100)=0.566\left(\dfrac{n}{99} - \dfrac{n}{100}\right) = 0.5

解答:

n=abn = \overline{ab} 为这个两位整数。则 1.ab=1+n991.\overline{ab} = 1 + \dfrac{n}{99},而有限小数为 1.ab=1+n1001.ab = 1 + \dfrac{n}{100}。正确乘积减去学生的乘积为 66(n99n100)=66n9900=n150 \begin{aligned} &66\left(\frac{n}{99} - \frac{n}{100}\right) \\ &= 66 \cdot \frac{n}{9900} = \frac{n}{150} \end{aligned}\text{。}

n150=0.5\dfrac{n}{150} = 0.5 得到 n=75n = 75

因此,正确答案是 E

Let n=abn = \overline{ab} be the two-digit integer. Then 1.ab=1+n991.\overline{ab} = 1 + \dfrac{n}{99} while the terminating value is 1.ab=1+n100.1.ab = 1 + \dfrac{n}{100}. The correct product minus the student’s product is 66(n99n100)=66n9900=n150. \begin{aligned} &66\left(\frac{n}{99} - \frac{n}{100}\right) \\ &= 66 \cdot \frac{n}{9900} = \frac{n}{150}. \end{aligned}

Setting n150=0.5\dfrac{n}{150} = 0.5 gives n=75.n = 75.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

6.

一副牌只有红牌和黑牌。随机抽到一张红牌的概率是 13\dfrac13。当向这副牌中加入 44 张黑牌后,抽到红牌的概率变为 14\dfrac14。这副牌原来有多少张牌?

A deck of cards has only red cards and black cards. The probability of a randomly chosen card being red is 13.\dfrac13. When 44 black cards are added to the deck, the probability of choosing red becomes 14.\dfrac14. How many cards were in the deck originally?

66

99

1212

1515

1818

答案:C
难度评级:1270
小提示:

设红牌数为 rr;原牌堆共有 3r3r 张牌

Let rr be the number of red cards; the original deck has 3r3r cards

大提示:

加入 44 张黑牌后,红牌仍为 rr 张,总数为 3r+43r + 4,且比例等于 14\dfrac14

Adding 44 black cards keeps rr red out of 3r+4,3r + 4, and this equals 14\dfrac14

解答:

设红牌数为 rr,总牌数为 tt。由 rt=13\dfrac{r}{t} = \dfrac13t=3rt = 3r。加入 44 张黑牌后,rt+4=14\dfrac{r}{t+4} = \dfrac14,所以 t+4=4rt + 4 = 4r

代入 t=3rt = 3r3r+4=4r3r + 4 = 4r,因此 r=4r = 4t=12t = 12

因此,正确答案是 C

Let rr be the number of red cards and tt the total. From rt=13\dfrac{r}{t} = \dfrac13 we get t=3r.t = 3r. After adding 44 black cards, rt+4=14,\dfrac{r}{t+4} = \dfrac14, so t+4=4r.t + 4 = 4r.

Substituting t=3rt = 3r gives 3r+4=4r,3r + 4 = 4r, so r=4r = 4 and t=12.t = 12.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

对实数 xxyy(xy1)2+(x+y)2(xy - 1)^2 + (x + y)^2 的最小可能值是多少?

What is the least possible value of (xy1)2+(x+y)2(xy - 1)^2 + (x + y)^2 for real numbers xx and y?y?

00

14\dfrac14

12\dfrac12

11

22

答案:D
难度评级:1530
小提示:

完全展开;交叉项 2xy-2xy+2xy+2xy 会抵消

Expand fully; the cross terms 2xy-2xy and +2xy+2xy cancel

大提示:

表达式等于 (x2+1)(y2+1)(x^2 + 1)(y^2 + 1),两个因子都至少为 11

The expression equals (x2+1)(y2+1),(x^2 + 1)(y^2 + 1), a product of two factors each at least 11

解答:

展开得 (xy1)2+(x+y)2=x2y22xy+1+x2+2xy+y2=x2y2+x2+y2+1 \begin{aligned} &(xy-1)^2 + (x+y)^2 \\ &= x^2y^2 - 2xy + 1 + x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2xy + y^2 \\ &= x^2y^2 + x^2 + y^2 + 1\text{。} \end{aligned} 这可因式分解为 (x2+1)(y2+1)(x^2 + 1)(y^2 + 1)

每个因子都至少为 11,所以乘积至少为 11,且当 x=y=0x = y = 0 时取到等号。

因此,正确答案是 D

Expanding, (xy1)2+(x+y)2=x2y22xy+1+x2+2xy+y2=x2y2+x2+y2+1. \begin{aligned} &(xy-1)^2 + (x+y)^2 \\ &= x^2y^2 - 2xy + 1 + x^2 \\ &\quad {}+ 2xy + y^2 \\ &= x^2y^2 + x^2 + y^2 + 1. \end{aligned} This factors as (x2+1)(y2+1).(x^2 + 1)(y^2 + 1).

Each factor is at least 1,1, so the product is at least 1,1, with equality when x=y=0.x = y = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

数列由 D0=0D_0 = 0D1=0D_1 = 0D2=1D_2 = 1,以及对 n3n \ge 3 成立的 Dn=Dn1+Dn3D_n = D_{n-1} + D_{n-3} 定义。三元组 (D2021,D2022,D2023)(D_{2021}, D_{2022}, D_{2023}) 中各数的奇偶性是什么?其中 EE 表示偶数,OO 表示奇数。

A sequence of numbers is defined by D0=0,D_0 = 0, D1=0,D_1 = 0, D2=1,D_2 = 1, and Dn=Dn1+Dn3D_n = D_{n-1} + D_{n-3} for n3.n \ge 3. What are the parities (evenness or oddness) of the triple of numbers (D2021,D2022,D2023),(D_{2021}, D_{2022}, D_{2023}), where EE denotes even and OO denotes odd?

(O,E,O)(O, E, O)

(E,E,O)(E, E, O)

(E,O,E)(E, O, E)

(O,O,E)(O, O, E)

(O,O,O)(O, O, O)

答案:C
难度评级:1600
小提示:

只关心奇偶性,所以用 EEOO 计算每一项,并记住 O+O=EO+O=E

Only parities matter, so compute the sequence with each term as EE or OO using O+O=EO+O=E

大提示:

奇偶性序列以 77 为周期;把 2021,2022,20232021, 2022, 202377 取余

The parity sequence repeats with period 7;7; reduce 2021,2022,20232021, 2022, 2023 modulo 77

解答:

22 计算,项 D0,D1,D2,D_0, D_1, D_2, \ldots 的奇偶性为 EEEEOOOOOOEEOOEEEEOOOOOOEEO,O, \ldots,从 D0D_0 开始以 77 为周期重复,因为 D7,D8,D9D_7, D_8, D_9 的奇偶性与 D0,D1,D2D_0, D_1, D_2 相同,都是 E,E,OE, E, O

由于 202152021 \equiv 5202262022 \equiv 6,且 20230(mod7)2023 \equiv 0 \pmod 7,所求奇偶性分别与 D5,D6,D0D_5, D_6, D_0 相同,即 E,O,EE, O, E

因此,正确答案是 C

Working modulo 2,2, the terms D0,D1,D2,D_0, D_1, D_2, \ldots have parities E,E, E,E, O,O, O,O, O,O, E,E, O,O, E,E, E,E, O,O, O,O, O,O, E,E, O,O, \ldots which repeat with period 77 starting from D0D_0 (indeed D7,D8,D9D_7, D_8, D_9 have the same parities E,E,OE, E, O as D0,D1,D2D_0, D_1, D_2).

Since 20215,2021 \equiv 5, 20226,2022 \equiv 6, and 20230(mod7),2023 \equiv 0 \pmod 7, the parities match those of D5,D6,D0,D_5, D_6, D_0, namely E,O,E.E, O, E.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

下列哪一个表达式等价于 (2+3)(22+32)(24+34)(28+38)(216+316)(232+332)(264+364) \begin{aligned} &(2 + 3)(2^2 + 3^2)(2^4 + 3^4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2^8 + 3^8)(2^{16} + 3^{16}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2^{32} + 3^{32})(2^{64} + 3^{64}) \end{aligned}\text{?}

Which of the following is equivalent to (2+3)(22+32)(24+34)(28+38)(216+316)(232+332)(264+364)? \begin{aligned} &(2 + 3)(2^2 + 3^2)(2^4 + 3^4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2^8 + 3^8)(2^{16} + 3^{16}) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (2^{32} + 3^{32})(2^{64} + 3^{64})? \end{aligned}

3127+21273^{127} + 2^{127}

3127+2127+2363+32633^{127} + 2^{127} + 2 \cdot 3^{63} + 3 \cdot 2^{63}

312821283^{128} - 2^{128}

3128+21283^{128} + 2^{128}

51275^{127}

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

把整个乘积乘以 32=13 - 2 = 1,启动裂项相消的连锁

Multiply the whole product by 32=13 - 2 = 1 to start a telescoping cascade

大提示:

反复使用 (3k2k)(3k+2k)=32k22k(3^k - 2^k)(3^k + 2^k) = 3^{2k} - 2^{2k}

Repeatedly apply (3k2k)(3k+2k)=32k22k(3^k - 2^k)(3^k + 2^k) = 3^{2k} - 2^{2k}

解答:

因为 32=13 - 2 = 1,将乘积乘以 323 - 2 不改变它的值。于是 (32)(3+2)=3222 (3-2)(3+2) = 3^2 - 2^2\text{,} 再乘以下一个因子 (32+22)(3^2 + 2^2) 得到 34243^4 - 2^4,依此类推。每一步都会使指数加倍。

用完全部七个因子后,乘积逐层相消,化为 312821283^{128} - 2^{128}

因此,正确答案是 C

Since 32=1,3 - 2 = 1, multiplying the product by 323 - 2 does not change it. Then (32)(3+2)=3222, (3-2)(3+2) = 3^2 - 2^2, and multiplying by the next factor (32+22)(3^2 + 2^2) gives 3424,3^4 - 2^4, and so on. Each step doubles the exponent.

After using all seven factors, the product telescopes to 31282128.3^{128} - 2^{128}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

如下图所示,两个顶点朝下的直圆锥中装有相同体积的液体。两个液面的顶部半径分别为 33 cm 和 66 cm。向每个圆锥中投入一个半径为 11 cm 的球形弹珠,弹珠沉到底部且完全浸没,并且没有液体溢出。窄圆锥中液面上升高度与宽圆锥中液面上升高度的比是多少?

Two right circular cones with vertices facing down as shown in the figure below contain the same amount of liquid. The radii of the tops of the liquid surfaces are 33 cm and 66 cm. Into each cone is dropped a spherical marble of radius 11 cm, which sinks to the bottom and is completely submerged without spilling any liquid. What is the ratio of the rise of the liquid level in the narrow cone to the rise of the liquid level in the wide cone?

1:11 : 1

47:4347 : 43

2:12 : 1

40:1340 : 13

4:14 : 1

答案:E
难度评级:1750
小提示:

每个圆锥中的液体本身也是圆锥;在起始体积相等时,窄圆锥(半径 33)的液体高度是宽圆锥(半径 66)的四倍

The liquid in each cone is itself a cone; with equal starting volumes, the narrow cone (radius 33) is four times as tall as the wide cone (radius 66)

大提示:

加入相同的弹珠体积会让两个高度都乘上同一个因子 1+ΔVV3\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}},所以上升量之比等于原高度之比

Adding the same marble volume scales the height by the same factor 1+ΔVV3\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}} in both cones, so the rises are in the ratio of the original heights

解答:

每个圆锥中的液体形成一个与容器相似的小圆锥。设窄圆锥中液体的半径为 33、高度为 h1h_1,宽圆锥中液体的半径为 66、高度为 h2h_2。体积相等给出 13π9h1=13π36h2\tfrac13\pi\cdot 9\cdot h_1 = \tfrac13\pi\cdot 36\cdot h_2,所以 h1=4h2h_1 = 4h_2

投入弹珠后,每个圆锥中的体积都增加相同的 ΔV=43π\Delta V = \tfrac43\pi 且二者起始体积都是 VV。因为圆锥体积随高度的三次方缩放,新高度为 h1+ΔVV3h\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}},所以上升量为 h(1+ΔVV31)h\left(\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}} - 1\right)。这个因子对两个圆锥相同,因此上升量之比为 h1:h2=4:1h_1 : h_2 = 4 : 1

因此,正确答案是 E

The liquid in each cone forms a smaller cone similar to the container. Let the narrow liquid cone have radius 33 and height h1,h_1, and the wide one radius 66 and height h2.h_2. Equal volumes give 13π9h1=13π36h2,\tfrac13\pi\cdot 9\cdot h_1 = \tfrac13\pi\cdot 36\cdot h_2, so h1=4h2.h_1 = 4h_2.

Dropping the marble raises the volume by the same amount ΔV=43π\Delta V = \tfrac43\pi in each cone, and both start with the same volume V.V. Because a cone’s volume scales as the cube of its height, the new height is h1+ΔVV3,h\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}}, so each rise equals h(1+ΔVV31).h\left(\sqrt[3]{1 + \frac{\Delta V}{V}} - 1\right). This factor is identical for the two cones, so the rises are in the ratio h1:h2=4:1.h_1 : h_2 = 4 : 1.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

一个激光器放在点 (3,5)(3, 5)。激光束沿直线传播。Larry 希望光束先击中 yy-轴并反射,再击中 xx-轴并反射,最后击中点 (7,5)(7, 5)。光束沿这条路径传播的总距离是多少?

A laser is placed at the point (3,5).(3, 5). The laser beam travels in a straight line. Larry wants the beam to hit and bounce off the yy-axis, then hit and bounce off the xx-axis, then hit the point (7,5).(7, 5). What is the total distance the beam will travel along this path?

2102\sqrt{10}

525\sqrt{2}

10210\sqrt{2}

15215\sqrt{2}

10510\sqrt{5}

答案:C
难度评级:1600
小提示:

从一条直线反射,可以通过把一个端点关于这条直线反射来把路径拉直

A bounce off a line means reflecting one endpoint across that line straightens the path

大提示:

将起点关于 yy-轴反射,并将终点关于 xx-轴反射,然后求两个像点之间的直线距离

Reflect the start across the yy-axis and the end across the xx-axis, then take the straight-line distance between the images

解答:

每次反射都可以把路径展开成一条直线。将起点 (3,5)(3, 5) 关于 yy-轴反射到 (3,5)(-3, 5),并将目标点 (7,5)(7, 5) 关于 xx-轴反射到 (7,5)(7, -5)。总传播距离等于这两个像点之间的直线距离:(37)2+(5(5))2=100+100=102 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(-3 - 7)^2 + (5 - (-5))^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100 + 100} = 10\sqrt{2} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Reflecting the path at each bounce turns it into a single straight segment. Reflect the start (3,5)(3, 5) across the yy-axis to (3,5),(-3, 5), and reflect the target (7,5)(7, 5) across the xx-axis to (7,5).(7, -5). The total travel distance equals the straight-line distance between these two images: (37)2+(5(5))2=100+100=102. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(-3 - 7)^2 + (5 - (-5))^2} \\ &= \sqrt{100 + 100} = 10\sqrt{2}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

多项式 z610z5+Az4z^6 - 10z^5 + Az^4 +Bz3+Cz2+Dz+16+ Bz^3 + Cz^2 + Dz + 16 的所有根都是正整数,且可以重复。BB 的值是多少?

All the roots of the polynomial z610z5+Az4z^6 - 10z^5 + Az^4 +Bz3+Cz2+Dz+16+ Bz^3 + Cz^2 + Dz + 16 are positive integers, possibly repeated. What is the value of B?B?

88-88

80-80

64-64

41-41

40-40

答案:A
难度评级:1710
小提示:

这六个正整数根的和为 1010,乘积为 1616;找出这个多重集合

The six positive integer roots sum to 1010 and multiply to 16;16; find the multiset

大提示:

根为 2,2,2,2,1,12, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1BB 等于所有三根乘积之和的相反数 1-1

The roots are 2,2,2,2,1,1;2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1; BB equals 1-1 times the sum of products of the roots taken three at a time

解答:

由韦达定理,六个根的和为 1010(即 z5z^5 系数的相反数),乘积为 1616。因此每个根都是 2ei2^{e_i} 的形式,并且 ei=4\sum e_i=4。因为 2ei1+ei2^{e_i}\ge 1+e_i,六个根的和至少为 6+4=106+4=10。只有当每个 eie_i 都是 0011 时才取等号,所以六个根必为 2,2,2,2,1,12,2,2,2,1,1

因此多项式为 (z1)2(z2)4(z - 1)^2 (z - 2)^4。展开得 (z22z+1)(z48z3+24z232z+16)=z610z5+41z488z3+104z264z+16 \begin{aligned} &(z^2 - 2z + 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (z^4 - 8z^3 + 24z^2 - 32z + 16) \\ &= z^6 - 10z^5 + 41z^4 \\ &\quad {}- 88z^3 + 104z^2 \\ &\quad {}- 64z + 16 \end{aligned}\text{。}z3z^3 的系数是 B=88B = -88

因此,正确答案是 A

By Vieta’s formulas the six roots sum to 1010 (the negative of the z5z^5 coefficient) and multiply to 16.16. Thus every root is a power 2ei,2^{e_i}, with ei=4.\sum e_i=4. Since 2ei1+ei,2^{e_i}\ge 1+e_i, the roots have sum at least 6+4=10.6+4=10. Equality holds only when every eie_i is 00 or 1,1, so the roots must be 2,2,2,2,1,1.2,2,2,2,1,1.

So the polynomial is (z1)2(z2)4.(z - 1)^2 (z - 2)^4. Expanding, (z22z+1)(z48z3+24z232z+16)=z610z5+41z488z3+104z264z+16. \begin{aligned} &(z^2 - 2z + 1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (z^4 - 8z^3 + 24z^2 - 32z + 16) \\ &= z^6 - 10z^5 + 41z^4 \\ &\quad {}- 88z^3 + 104z^2 \\ &\quad {}- 64z + 16. \end{aligned} The coefficient of z3z^3 is B=88.B = -88.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

在下列复数 zz 中,哪一个使 z5z^5 的实部最大?

Of the following complex numbers z,z, which one has the property that z5z^5 has the greatest real part?

2-2

3+i-\sqrt3 + i

2+2i-\sqrt2 + \sqrt2\, i

1+3i-1 + \sqrt3\, i

2i2i

答案:B
难度评级:1780
小提示:

每个选项的模都是 22,所以 z5z^5 的模都是 3232;只有角度有影响

Every choice has modulus 2,2, so z5z^5 has modulus 32;32; only the angle matters

大提示:

若辐角为 θ\thetaz5z^5 的实部是 32cos(5θ)32\cos(5\theta);找出哪个 5θ5\theta 最接近 360360^\circ 的倍数

For angle θ,\theta, the real part of z5z^5 is 32cos(5θ);32\cos(5\theta); find which 5θ5\theta is closest to a multiple of 360360^\circ

解答:

每个列出的复数模都是 22,所以 z5z^5 的模是 3232,其实部为 32cos(5θ)32\cos(5\theta),其中 θ\thetazz 的辐角。五个辐角分别是 180180^\circ150150^\circ135135^\circ120120^\circ,和 9090^\circ

乘以 55 后得到 900180900^\circ \equiv 180^\circ75030750^\circ \equiv 30^\circ675315675^\circ \equiv 315^\circ600240600^\circ \equiv 240^\circ,和 45090450^\circ \equiv 90^\circ。其中最大的余弦是 cos30\cos 30^\circ,来自 z=3+iz = -\sqrt3 + i,实部为 16316\sqrt3

因此,正确答案是 B

Each listed number has modulus 2,2, so z5z^5 has modulus 32,32, and its real part is 32cos(5θ),32\cos(5\theta), where θ\theta is the argument of z.z. The arguments are 180,180^\circ, 150,150^\circ, 135,135^\circ, 120,120^\circ, and 90.90^\circ.

Multiplying by 55 gives 900180,900^\circ \equiv 180^\circ, 75030,750^\circ \equiv 30^\circ, 675315,675^\circ \equiv 315^\circ, 600240,600^\circ \equiv 240^\circ, and 45090.450^\circ \equiv 90^\circ. The largest cosine is cos30,\cos 30^\circ, from z=3+i,z = -\sqrt3 + i, giving real part 163.16\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

求下面这个表达式的值:(k=120log5k3k2)(k=1100log9k25k) \begin{aligned} &\left(\sum_{k=1}^{20} \log_{5^k} 3^{k^2}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{k=1}^{100} \log_{9^k} 25^k\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

What is the value of (k=120log5k3k2)(k=1100log9k25k)? \begin{aligned} &\left(\sum_{k=1}^{20} \log_{5^k} 3^{k^2}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(\sum_{k=1}^{100} \log_{9^k} 25^k\right)? \end{aligned}

2121

100log53100\log_5 3

200log35200\log_3 5

2,2002{,}200

21,00021{,}000

答案:E
知识点:对数求和
难度评级:1780
小提示:

使用 logakbm=mklogab\log_{a^k} b^m = \dfrac{m}{k}\log_a b 来化简每一项

Use logakbm=mklogab\log_{a^k} b^m = \dfrac{m}{k}\log_a b to simplify each term

大提示:

第一个和是 (k)log53\left(\sum k\right)\log_5 3,第二个和是 100log35100\log_3 5;这两个对数互为倒数

The first sum is (k)log53\left(\sum k\right)\log_5 3 and the second is 100log35;100\log_3 5; their logs are reciprocals

解答:

对第一个和,log5k3k2=k2klog53=klog53\log_{5^k} 3^{k^2} = \dfrac{k^2}{k}\log_5 3 = k\log_5 3,所以 k=120klog53=20212log53=210log53 \begin{aligned} &\sum_{k=1}^{20} k\log_5 3 = \frac{20\cdot 21}{2}\log_5 3 \\ &= 210\log_5 3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

对第二个和,log9k25k=log925=log35\log_{9^k} 25^k = \log_9 25 = \log_3 5kk 无关,所以和为 100log35100\log_3 5

由于 log53log35=1\log_5 3 \cdot \log_3 5 = 1,乘积为 210100=21,000210 \cdot 100 = 21{,}000

因此,正确答案是 E

For the first sum, log5k3k2=k2klog53=klog53,\log_{5^k} 3^{k^2} = \dfrac{k^2}{k}\log_5 3 = k\log_5 3, so k=120klog53=20212log53=210log53. \begin{aligned} &\sum_{k=1}^{20} k\log_5 3 = \frac{20\cdot 21}{2}\log_5 3 \\ &= 210\log_5 3. \end{aligned}

For the second sum, log9k25k=log925=log35,\log_{9^k} 25^k = \log_9 25 = \log_3 5, independent of k,k, so the sum is 100log35.100\log_3 5.

Since log53log35=1,\log_5 3 \cdot \log_3 5 = 1, the product is 210100=21,000.210 \cdot 100 = 21{,}000.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

合唱团指挥必须从他的 66 名男高音和 88 名男低音中选出一组歌手。唯一要求是男高音人数与男低音人数之差必须是 44 的倍数,并且这一组至少有一名歌手。设 NN 为可选组数。NN 除以 100100 的余数是多少?

A choir director must select a group of singers from among his 66 tenors and 88 basses. The only requirements are that the difference between the number of tenors and basses must be a multiple of 4,4, and the group must have at least one singer. Let NN be the number of groups that can be selected. What is the remainder when NN is divided by 100?100?

4747

4848

8383

9595

9696

答案:D
难度评级:2060
小提示:

用单位根筛法计数满足 tb0(mod4)t - b \equiv 0 \pmod 4 的配对 (t,b)(t, b),其中 ω=i\omega = i

Count pairs (t,b)(t, b) with tb0(mod4)t - b \equiv 0 \pmod 4 using a roots of unity filter with ω=i\omega = i

大提示:

计数为 14j=03(1+ij)6(1+ij)8\dfrac14\sum_{j=0}^{3}(1 + i^j)^6(1 + i^{-j})^8;再减去 11 个空组

The count is 14j=03(1+ij)6(1+ij)8;\dfrac14\sum_{j=0}^{3}(1 + i^j)^6(1 + i^{-j})^8; then subtract 11 for the empty group

解答:

tt 名男高音和 bb 名男低音的权重为 (6t)(8b)\binom{6}{t}\binom{8}{b}。为了只保留 tb0(mod4)t - b \equiv 0 \pmod 4,使用 ω=i\omega = i 的单位根筛法:N+1=14j=03(1+ij)6(1+ij)8 \begin{aligned} &N + 1 \\ &= \frac14\sum_{j=0}^{3}(1 + i^{j})^6\,(1 + i^{-j})^8 \end{aligned}\text{。}

j=0j = 0 项为 2628=163842^6\cdot 2^8 = 16384j=2j = 2 项含有因子 (1+i2)6=0(1 + i^2)^6 = 0j=1j = 1j=3j = 3 项分别为 128i-128i128i128i,相互抵消。因此总和为 1638416384,且 163844=4096\dfrac{16384}{4} = 4096

这个计数包含空组,所以 N=40961=4095N = 4096 - 1 = 4095,因此 N95(mod100)N \equiv 95 \pmod{100}

因此,正确答案是 D

Choosing tt tenors and bb basses is weighted by (6t)(8b).\binom{6}{t}\binom{8}{b}. To keep only tb0(mod4),t - b \equiv 0 \pmod 4, apply a roots of unity filter with ω=i:\omega = i: N+1=14j=03(1+ij)6(1+ij)8. \begin{aligned} &N + 1 \\ &= \frac14\sum_{j=0}^{3}(1 + i^{j})^6\,(1 + i^{-j})^8. \end{aligned}

The j=0j = 0 term is 2628=16384.2^6\cdot 2^8 = 16384. The j=2j = 2 term has factor (1+i2)6=0.(1 + i^2)^6 = 0. The j=1j = 1 and j=3j = 3 terms are 128i-128i and 128i,128i, which cancel. So the sum is 16384,16384, and 163844=4096.\dfrac{16384}{4} = 4096.

This count includes the empty group, so N=40961=4095,N = 4096 - 1 = 4095, and N95(mod100).N \equiv 95 \pmod{100}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

在下面的数列中,对于 1n2001 \le n \le 200,整数 nn 在数列中出现 nn 次:11222233333344444444\ldots200200200200\ldots200200

这个数列的中位数是多少?

In the following list of numbers, the integer nn appears nn times in the list for 1n200.1 \le n \le 200. 1,1, 2,2, 2,2, 3,3, 3,3, 3,3, 4,4, 4,4, 4,4, 4,4, ,\ldots, 200,200, 200,200, ,\ldots, 200200

What is the median of the numbers in this list?

100.5100.5

134134

142142

150.5150.5

167167

答案:C
难度评级:1730
小提示:

这个数列有 1+2++200=201001 + 2 + \cdots + 200 = 20100 项,所以中位数是第 1005010050 项和第 1005110051 项的平均数

The list has 1+2++200=201001 + 2 + \cdots + 200 = 20100 terms, so the median averages the 1005010050th and 1005110051st

大提示:

从开头到数 nn 结束共有 n(n+1)2\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} 项;找出包含位置 1005010050nn

The numbers through nn fill positions up to n(n+1)2;\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}; find the nn containing position 1005010050

解答:

数列共有 1+2++2001 + 2 + \cdots + 200 =2002012= \dfrac{200\cdot 201}{2} =20100= 20100 项,所以中位数是第 1005010050 项和第 1005110051 项的平均数。

数值 nn 占据的位置一直到 n(n+1)2\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}。因为 1411422=10011\dfrac{141\cdot 142}{2} = 10011,而 1421432=10153\dfrac{142\cdot 143}{2} = 10153,所以位置 10012100121015310153 全部等于 142142。两个中间位置都落在这一段中,所以中位数是 142142

因此,正确答案是 C

The list has 1+2++2001 + 2 + \cdots + 200 =2002012= \dfrac{200\cdot 201}{2} =20100= 20100 terms, so the median is the average of the 1005010050th and 1005110051st terms.

The value nn occupies positions up to n(n+1)2.\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}. Since 1411422=10011\dfrac{141\cdot 142}{2} = 10011 and 1421432=10153,\dfrac{142\cdot 143}{2} = 10153, positions 1001210012 through 1015310153 all equal 142.142. Both middle positions fall in this block, so the median is 142.142.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

梯形 ABCDABCD 满足 ABCDAB \parallel CDBC=CD=43BC = CD = 43,且 ADBDAD \perp BD。设 OO 为对角线 ACACBDBD 的交点,PPBDBD 的中点。已知 OP=11OP = 11,长度 ADAD 可写成 mnm\sqrt n,其中 mmnn 是正整数,且 nn 不被任何质数的平方整除。求 m+nm + n

Trapezoid ABCDABCD has ABCD,AB \parallel CD, BC=CD=43,BC = CD = 43, and ADBD.AD \perp BD. Let OO be the intersection of the diagonals ACAC and BD,BD, and let PP be the midpoint of BD.BD. Given that OP=11,OP = 11, the length ADAD can be written in the form mn,m\sqrt n, where mm and nn are positive integers and nn is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is m+n?m + n?

6565

132132

157157

194194

215215

答案:D
难度评级:2080
小提示:

由于 ADBDAD \perp BD,将 DD 放在原点,让 BDBD 沿一条坐标轴、ADAD 沿另一条坐标轴

Place DD at the origin with BDBD along one axis and ADAD along the other, since ADBDAD \perp BD

大提示:

利用 BC=CDBC = CD 可推出 CC 对应的参数为 12\tfrac12;于是 OO 分割 BDBD,使 OP=BD6OP = \tfrac{BD}{6}

Using BC=CDBC = CD forces CC to be the midpoint-type point with parameter 12;\tfrac12; then OO divides BDBD so that OP=BD6OP = \tfrac{BD}{6}

解答:

D=(0,0)D = (0,0)B=(b,0)B = (b, 0) 在一条轴上,A=(0,a)A = (0, a) 在另一条轴上,使 ADBDAD \perp BD。因为 CDABCD \parallel AB,可写成 C=t(b,a)C = t(b, -a),其中 tt 为某个实数。于是 CD=ta2+b2CD = t\sqrt{a^2+b^2},且 BC2=b2(1t)2+t2a2BC^2 = b^2(1-t)^2 + t^2a^2。由 BC=CDBC = CDt2=(1t)2t^2 = (1-t)^2,所以 t=12t = \tfrac12

因此 C=(b2,a2)C = \left(\tfrac{b}{2}, -\tfrac{a}{2}\right),且 CD=43CD = 43 给出 a2+b2=4432=7396a^2 + b^2 = 4\cdot 43^2 = 7396。对角线 ACACBDBDxx-轴)交于 O=(b3,0)O = \left(\tfrac{b}{3}, 0\right),而 P=(b2,0)P = \left(\tfrac{b}{2}, 0\right)。因此 OP=b6=11OP = \tfrac{b}{6} = 11,所以 b=66b = 66

那么 a2=7396662=3040a^2 = 7396 - 66^2 = 3040,所以 AD=a=3040=4190AD = a = \sqrt{3040} = 4\sqrt{190}。取 m=4m = 4n=190n = 190,得 m+n=194m + n = 194

因此,正确答案是 D

Place D=(0,0)D = (0,0) with B=(b,0)B = (b, 0) on one axis and A=(0,a)A = (0, a) on the other, so that ADBD.AD \perp BD. Since CDAB,CD \parallel AB, write C=t(b,a)C = t(b, -a) for some t.t. Then CD=ta2+b2CD = t\sqrt{a^2+b^2} and BC2=b2(1t)2+t2a2.BC^2 = b^2(1-t)^2 + t^2a^2. Setting BC=CDBC = CD gives t2=(1t)2,t^2 = (1-t)^2, so t=12.t = \tfrac12.

Thus C=(b2,a2),C = \left(\tfrac{b}{2}, -\tfrac{a}{2}\right), and CD=43CD = 43 gives a2+b2=4432=7396.a^2 + b^2 = 4\cdot 43^2 = 7396. The diagonal ACAC meets BDBD (the xx-axis) at O=(b3,0),O = \left(\tfrac{b}{3}, 0\right), while P=(b2,0).P = \left(\tfrac{b}{2}, 0\right). Hence OP=b6=11,OP = \tfrac{b}{6} = 11, so b=66.b = 66.

Then a2=7396662=3040,a^2 = 7396 - 66^2 = 3040, so AD=a=3040=4190.AD = a = \sqrt{3040} = 4\sqrt{190}. With m=4m = 4 and n=190,n = 190, we get m+n=194.m + n = 194.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

ff 是定义在正有理数集合上的函数,对所有正有理数 aabb 都满足 f(ab)=f(a)+f(b)f(a\cdot b) = f(a) + f(b)。又假设 ff 对每个质数 pp 都有 f(p)=pf(p) = p。下列哪个数 xx 满足 f(x)<0f(x) \lt 0

Let ff be a function defined on the set of positive rational numbers with the property that f(ab)=f(a)+f(b)f(a\cdot b) = f(a) + f(b) for all positive rational numbers aa and b.b. Suppose that ff also has the property that f(p)=pf(p) = p for every prime number p.p. For which of the following numbers xx is f(x)<0?f(x) \lt 0?

1732\dfrac{17}{32}

1116\dfrac{11}{16}

79\dfrac{7}{9}

76\dfrac{7}{6}

2511\dfrac{25}{11}

答案:E
难度评级:1950
小提示:

这个规则使 ff 对质因数可加,且 f(1p)=f(p)=pf(\frac{1}{p}) = -f(p) = -p

The rule makes ff additive over prime factors, and f(1p)=f(p)=pf(\frac{1}{p}) = -f(p) = -p

大提示:

x=pepx = \prod p^{e_p},计算 f(x)=eppf(x) = \sum e_p\, p(分母中的质数对应负指数)

For x=pep,x = \prod p^{e_p}, compute f(x)=eppf(x) = \sum e_p\, p (with negative exponents for denominators)

解答:

函数方程使 ff 完全可加:若 x=pepx = \prod p^{e_p},则 f(x)=epf(p)=eppf(x) = \sum e_p\, f(p) = \sum e_p\, p,其中分母中的质数贡献负指数,因为 f(1p)=pf(\frac{1}{p}) = -p

逐项计算:f ⁣(1732)=1752=7f\!\left(\tfrac{17}{32}\right) = 17 - 5\cdot 2 = 7f ⁣(1116)=1142=3f\!\left(\tfrac{11}{16}\right) = 11 - 4\cdot 2 = 3f ⁣(79)=723=1f\!\left(\tfrac{7}{9}\right) = 7 - 2\cdot 3 = 1f ⁣(76)=723=2f\!\left(\tfrac{7}{6}\right) = 7 - 2 - 3 = 2,而 f ⁣(2511)=2511=1f\!\left(\tfrac{25}{11}\right) = 2\cdot 5 - 11 = -1。只有最后一个为负。

因此,正确答案是 E

The functional equation makes ff completely additive: for x=pep,x = \prod p^{e_p}, we have f(x)=epf(p)=epp,f(x) = \sum e_p\, f(p) = \sum e_p\, p, where a prime in the denominator contributes a negative exponent (since f(1p)=pf(\frac{1}{p}) = -p).

Evaluating: f ⁣(1732)=1752=7,f\!\left(\tfrac{17}{32}\right) = 17 - 5\cdot 2 = 7, f ⁣(1116)=1142=3,f\!\left(\tfrac{11}{16}\right) = 11 - 4\cdot 2 = 3, f ⁣(79)=723=1,f\!\left(\tfrac{7}{9}\right) = 7 - 2\cdot 3 = 1, f ⁣(76)=723=2,f\!\left(\tfrac{7}{6}\right) = 7 - 2 - 3 = 2, and f ⁣(2511)=2511=1.f\!\left(\tfrac{25}{11}\right) = 2\cdot 5 - 11 = -1. Only the last is negative.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

方程 sin(π2cosx)=cos(π2sinx) \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x\right) = \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right) 在闭区间 [0,π][0, \pi] 中有多少个解?

How many solutions does the equation sin(π2cosx)=cos(π2sinx) \sin\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x\right) = \cos\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right) have in the closed interval [0,π]?[0, \pi]?

00

11

22

33

44

答案:C
难度评级:2300
小提示:

使用 cosθ=sin ⁣(π2θ)\cos\theta = \sin\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right) 改写右边

Rewrite the right side using cosθ=sin ⁣(π2θ)\cos\theta = \sin\!\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \theta\right)

大提示:

两个正弦相等给出 cosx+sinx=1\cos x + \sin x = 1cosxsinx=1\cos x - \sin x = 1;二者的值域都是 [2,2][-\sqrt2, \sqrt2]

Equal sines give cosx+sinx=1\cos x + \sin x = 1 or cosxsinx=1;\cos x - \sin x = 1; each has range [2,2][-\sqrt2, \sqrt2]

解答:

将右边写为 cos(π2sinx)=sin(π2π2sinx)\cos\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right) = \sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \tfrac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right)。两个正弦相等要求 π2cosx=π2(1sinx)+2πk \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x \\ &= \frac{\pi}{2}(1 - \sin x) + 2\pi k \end{aligned} π2cosx=ππ2(1sinx)+2πk \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x \\ &= \pi - \frac{\pi}{2}(1 - \sin x) + 2\pi k\text{。} \end{aligned}

第一种化为 cosx+sinx=1+4k\cos x + \sin x = 1 + 4k;因为 cosx+sinx[2,2]\cos x + \sin x \in [-\sqrt2, \sqrt2],只有 k=0k = 0 可行,得到 cosx+sinx=1\cos x + \sin x = 1,在 [0,π][0, \pi] 中的解为 x=0x = 0x=π2x = \tfrac{\pi}{2}。第二种化为 cosxsinx=1\cos x - \sin x = 1,在 [0,π][0, \pi] 中唯一解为 x=0x = 0

不同的解是 x=0x = 0x=π2x = \tfrac{\pi}{2},共 22 个。

因此,正确答案是 C

Write the right side as cos(π2sinx)=sin(π2π2sinx).\cos\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right) = \sin\left(\tfrac{\pi}{2} - \tfrac{\pi}{2}\sin x\right). Equal sines require either π2cosx=π2(1sinx)+2πk \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x \\ &= \frac{\pi}{2}(1 - \sin x) + 2\pi k \end{aligned} or π2cosx=ππ2(1sinx)+2πk. \begin{aligned} &\frac{\pi}{2}\cos x \\ &= \pi - \frac{\pi}{2}(1 - \sin x) + 2\pi k. \end{aligned}

The first reduces to cosx+sinx=1+4k;\cos x + \sin x = 1 + 4k; since cosx+sinx[2,2],\cos x + \sin x \in [-\sqrt2, \sqrt2], only k=0k = 0 works, giving cosx+sinx=1,\cos x + \sin x = 1, with solutions x=0x = 0 and x=π2x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} in [0,π].[0, \pi]. The second reduces to cosxsinx=1,\cos x - \sin x = 1, whose only solution in [0,π][0, \pi] is x=0.x = 0.

The distinct solutions are x=0x = 0 and x=π2,x = \tfrac{\pi}{2}, for a total of 2.2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

假设一条顶点为 VV、焦点为 FF 的抛物线上存在一点 AA,使得 AF=20AF = 20AV=21AV = 21。长度 FVFV 的所有可能值之和是多少?

Suppose that on a parabola with vertex VV and a focus FF there exists a point AA such that AF=20AF = 20 and AV=21.AV = 21. What is the sum of all possible values of the length FV?FV?

1313

403\dfrac{40}{3}

413\dfrac{41}{3}

1414

433\dfrac{43}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:2300
小提示:

VV 放在原点,令焦距 f=FVf = FV;那么 AFAF 等于 AA 到准线的距离

Put VV at the origin with focal distance f=FV;f = FV; then AFAF equals the distance from AA to the directrix

大提示:

A=(x,y)A = (x, y),使用 y+f=20y + f = 20x2+y2=212x^2 + y^2 = 21^2,再结合 x2=4fyx^2 = 4fy 得到关于 ff 的二次方程

With A=(x,y),A = (x, y), use y+f=20y + f = 20 and x2+y2=212,x^2 + y^2 = 21^2, with x2=4fy,x^2 = 4fy, to get a quadratic in ff

解答:

V=(0,0)V = (0, 0),焦点 F=(0,f)F = (0, f),准线为 y=fy = -f,其中 f=FVf = FV。抛物线上的点 A=(x,y)A = (x, y) 满足 x2=4fyx^2 = 4fy,且 AF=y+f=20AF = y + f = 20,所以 y=20fy = 20 - f。又 AV2=x2+y2=4fy+y2AV^2 = x^2 + y^2 = 4fy + y^2 =441= 441

代入 y=20fy = 20 - f4f(20f)+(20f)2=441    3f240f+41=0 \begin{aligned} &4f(20 - f) + (20 - f)^2 = 441 \\ &\;\Longrightarrow\; 3f^2 - 40f + 41 = 0\text{。} \end{aligned} 由 Vieta 公式,两个可能的 ff 值之和为 403\dfrac{40}{3}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let V=(0,0),V = (0, 0), focus F=(0,f),F = (0, f), and directrix y=f,y = -f, where f=FV.f = FV. A point A=(x,y)A = (x, y) on the parabola satisfies x2=4fyx^2 = 4fy and AF=y+f=20,AF = y + f = 20, so y=20f.y = 20 - f. Also AV2=x2+y2=4fy+y2AV^2 = x^2 + y^2 = 4fy + y^2 =441.= 441.

Substituting y=20f:y = 20 - f: 4f(20f)+(20f)2=441    3f240f+41=0. \begin{aligned} &4f(20 - f) + (20 - f)^2 = 441 \\ &\;\Longrightarrow\; 3f^2 - 40f + 41 = 0. \end{aligned} By Vieta’s formulas, the sum of the two possible values of ff is 403.\dfrac{40}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

方程 (z1)(z2+2z+4)(z2+4z+6)=0 \begin{aligned} &(z - 1)(z^2 + 2z + 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (z^2 + 4z + 6) = 0 \end{aligned} 的五个解可写成 xk+ykix_k + y_k i 的形式,其中 1k51 \le k \le 5,且 xkx_kyky_k 为实数。设 EE 是唯一一条经过点 (x1,y1)(x_1, y_1)(x2,y2)(x_2, y_2)(x3,y3)(x_3, y_3)(x4,y4)(x_4, y_4)(x5,y5)(x_5, y_5) 的椭圆。椭圆 EE 的离心率可写成 mn\sqrt{\tfrac{m}{n}},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数。求 m+nm + n

(回忆:椭圆 EE 的离心率是 ca\tfrac{c}{a},其中 2a2aEE 的长轴长,2c2c 是两个焦点之间的距离。)

The five solutions to the equation (z1)(z2+2z+4)(z2+4z+6)=0 \begin{aligned} &(z - 1)(z^2 + 2z + 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (z^2 + 4z + 6) = 0 \end{aligned} may be written in the form xk+ykix_k + y_k i for 1k5,1 \le k \le 5, where xkx_k and yky_k are real. Let EE be the unique ellipse that passes through the points (x1,y1),(x_1, y_1), (x2,y2),(x_2, y_2), (x3,y3),(x_3, y_3), (x4,y4),(x_4, y_4), and (x5,y5).(x_5, y_5). The eccentricity of EE can be written in the form mn,\sqrt{\tfrac{m}{n}}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is m+n?m + n?

(Recall that the eccentricity of an ellipse EE is the ratio ca,\tfrac{c}{a}, where 2a2a is the length of the major axis of EE and 2c2c is the distance between its two foci.)

77

99

1111

1313

1515

答案:A
难度评级:2450
小提示:

五个根是 (1,0)(1, 0)(1,±3)(-1, \pm\sqrt3),和 (2,±2)(-2, \pm\sqrt2);它们关于 xx-轴对称

The five roots are (1,0),(1, 0), (1,±3),(-1, \pm\sqrt3), and (2,±2);(-2, \pm\sqrt2); they are symmetric about the xx-axis

大提示:

Ax2+Cy2+Dx+F=0Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + F = 0 拟合这些点,再读出 a2a^2b2b^2,求 e2=1b2a2e^2 = 1 - \tfrac{b^2}{a^2}

Fit Ax2+Cy2+Dx+F=0Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + F = 0 through the points, then read off a2a^2 and b2b^2 to find e2=1b2a2e^2 = 1 - \tfrac{b^2}{a^2}

解答:

根为 z=1z = 1z=1±i3z = -1 \pm i\sqrt3,和 z=2±i2z = -2 \pm i\sqrt2,对应点 (1,0)(1, 0)(1,±3)(-1, \pm\sqrt3),和 (2,±2)(-2, \pm\sqrt2)。由于关于 xx-轴对称,椭圆具有形式 Ax2+Cy2+Dx+F=0Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + F = 0

代入这些点得到 5x2+6y2+9x14=05x^2 + 6y^2 + 9x - 14 = 0。配方得 5(x+910)2+6y2=36120 5\left(x + \tfrac{9}{10}\right)^2 + 6y^2 = \tfrac{361}{20}\text{,} 所以 a2=361100a^2 = \tfrac{361}{100}(沿 xx 方向),且 b2=361120b^2 = \tfrac{361}{120}。于是 e2=1b2a2=1100120=16e^2 = 1 - \dfrac{b^2}{a^2} = 1 - \dfrac{100}{120} = \dfrac16,所以 e=16e = \sqrt{\tfrac16}

因此 m=1m = 1n=6n = 6,得 m+n=7m + n = 7

因此,正确答案是 A

The roots are z=1,z = 1, z=1±i3,z = -1 \pm i\sqrt3, and z=2±i2,z = -2 \pm i\sqrt2, giving the points (1,0),(1, 0), (1,±3),(-1, \pm\sqrt3), and (2,±2).(-2, \pm\sqrt2). By symmetry about the xx-axis, the ellipse has the form Ax2+Cy2+Dx+F=0.Ax^2 + Cy^2 + Dx + F = 0.

Substituting the points yields 5x2+6y2+9x14=0.5x^2 + 6y^2 + 9x - 14 = 0. Completing the square gives 5(x+910)2+6y2=36120, 5\left(x + \tfrac{9}{10}\right)^2 + 6y^2 = \tfrac{361}{20}, so a2=361100a^2 = \tfrac{361}{100} (along xx) and b2=361120.b^2 = \tfrac{361}{120}. Then e2=1b2a2=1100120=16,e^2 = 1 - \dfrac{b^2}{a^2} = 1 - \dfrac{100}{120} = \dfrac16, so e=16.e = \sqrt{\tfrac16}.

With m=1m = 1 and n=6,n = 6, we get m+n=7.m + n = 7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

假设多项式 P(x)=x3+ax2+bx+cP(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c 的根为 cos2π7\cos\tfrac{2\pi}{7}cos4π7\cos\tfrac{4\pi}{7}cos6π7\cos\tfrac{6\pi}{7},其中角度以弧度计。求 abcabc

Suppose that the roots of the polynomial P(x)=x3+ax2+bx+cP(x) = x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c are cos2π7,\cos\tfrac{2\pi}{7}, cos4π7,\cos\tfrac{4\pi}{7}, and cos6π7,\cos\tfrac{6\pi}{7}, where angles are in radians. What is abc?abc?

349-\dfrac{3}{49}

128-\dfrac{1}{28}

7364\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{7}}{64}

132\dfrac{1}{32}

128\dfrac{1}{28}

答案:D
难度评级:2450
小提示:

这三个余弦值是 8x3+4x24x1=08x^3 + 4x^2 - 4x - 1 = 0 的根

The three cosines are the roots of 8x3+4x24x1=08x^3 + 4x^2 - 4x - 1 = 0

大提示:

除以 88 来匹配 x3+ax2+bx+cx^3 + ax^2 + bx + c,直接读出 a,b,ca, b, c

Divide by 88 to match x3+ax2+bx+c,x^3 + ax^2 + bx + c, reading off a,b,ca, b, c directly

解答:

设三个根为 r1,r2,r3r_1,r_2,r_3。由七次单位根可得 r1+r2+r3=12r_1+r_2+r_3=-\tfrac12。把这三个角都加倍只是把它们的余弦值重新排列,所以 ri2=32+12ri=54\sum r_i^2=\tfrac32+\tfrac12\sum r_i=\tfrac54。于是 r1r2+r1r3+r2r3r_1r_2+r_1r_3+r_2r_3 等于 12((ri)2ri2)=12\tfrac12((\sum r_i)^2-\sum r_i^2)=-\tfrac12

由积化和差公式得 4r1r2r3=1+r1+r2+r3=124r_1r_2r_3=1+r_1+r_2+r_3=\tfrac12,所以 r1r2r3=18r_1r_2r_3=\tfrac18。因此它们的首一多项式为 x3+12x212x18=0 x^3 + \tfrac12 x^2 - \tfrac12 x - \tfrac18 = 0\text{。}

对比系数得 a=12a = \tfrac12b=12b = -\tfrac12c=18c = -\tfrac18。因此 abc=12(12)(18)=132abc = \tfrac12\cdot\left(-\tfrac12\right)\cdot\left(-\tfrac18\right) = \tfrac{1}{32}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the three roots be r1,r2,r3.r_1,r_2,r_3. The seventh roots of unity give r1+r2+r3=12.r_1+r_2+r_3=-\tfrac12. Doubling the three angles merely permutes their cosines, so ri2=32+12ri=54.\sum r_i^2=\tfrac32+\tfrac12\sum r_i=\tfrac54. Hence r1r2+r1r3+r2r3r_1r_2+r_1r_3+r_2r_3 equals 12((ri)2ri2)=12.\tfrac12((\sum r_i)^2-\sum r_i^2)=-\tfrac12.

The product-to-sum identity gives 4r1r2r3=1+r1+r2+r3=12,4r_1r_2r_3=1+r_1+r_2+r_3=\tfrac12, so r1r2r3=18.r_1r_2r_3=\tfrac18. Therefore their monic polynomial is x3+12x212x18=0. x^3 + \tfrac12 x^2 - \tfrac12 x - \tfrac18 = 0.

Matching coefficients, a=12,a = \tfrac12, b=12,b = -\tfrac12, c=18.c = -\tfrac18. Therefore abc=12(12)(18)=132.abc = \tfrac12\cdot\left(-\tfrac12\right)\cdot\left(-\tfrac18\right) = \tfrac{1}{32}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

青蛙 Frieda 在一个 3×33\times 3 方格网中开始一串跳跃,每次跳一格,并随机选择跳跃方向:上、下、左、右。她不斜着跳。当某次跳跃方向会让 Frieda 跳出方格网时,她会“绕回”并跳到相对的边。例如,如果 Frieda 从中心格开始并连续向上跳两次,第一次会到达上排中间格,第二次会让她跳到相对边,落在下排中间格。假设 Frieda 从中心格开始,最多随机跳四次,并且一旦落在角格就停止。她在四次跳跃中的某一次到达角格的概率是多少?

Frieda the frog begins a sequence of hops on a 3×33\times 3 grid of squares, moving one square on each hop and choosing at random the direction of each hop: up, down, left, or right. She does not hop diagonally. When the direction of a hop would take Frieda off the grid, she “wraps around” and jumps to the opposite edge. For example, if Frieda begins in the center square and makes two hops “up,” the first hop places her in the top row middle square, and the second hop causes her to jump to the opposite edge, landing in the bottom row middle square. Suppose Frieda starts from the center square, makes at most four hops at random, and stops hopping if she lands on a corner square. What is the probability that she reaches a corner square on one of the four hops?

916\dfrac{9}{16}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

2532\dfrac{25}{32}

1316\dfrac{13}{16}

答案:D
难度评级:2520
小提示:

把方格分成三种状态:中心格、边中格和角格(吸收状态);求出每种状态的转移概率

Group squares into three states: center, edge-middle, and corner (absorbing); find the transition probabilities from each

大提示:

从一个边格出发,Frieda 以 12\tfrac12 的概率到达角格,以 14\tfrac14 的概率回到中心,以 14\tfrac14 的概率到达另一个边格

From an edge square, Frieda reaches a corner with probability 12,\tfrac12, returns to center with 14,\tfrac14, or moves to another edge with 14\tfrac14

解答:

将方格分为中心格 CC、边中格 EE 和角格(吸收状态)。从 CC 出发,每一步都会到达一个 EE 格。从一个 EE 格出发,四个相邻格中有两个是角格,一个是中心格,一个是另一个 EE 格,所以 P(角格)=12P(\text{角格}) = \tfrac12P(中心格)=14P(\text{中心格}) = \tfrac14P(E)=14P(E) = \tfrac14

ana_n 为从边格出发、在 nn 步内到达角格的概率,且 cnc_n 为从中心出发的概率(第一步必到边格)。于是 a0=c0=0a_0=c_0=0,并且 cn=an1c_n=a_{n-1}。计算得 an=12+14cn1+14an1a_n=\tfrac12+\tfrac14c_{n-1}+\tfrac14a_{n-1},且 a1=12a_1=\tfrac12a2=12+1412=58a_2=\tfrac12+\tfrac14\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac58a3=12+1412+1458=2532 a_3 = \tfrac12 + \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac12 + \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac58 = \tfrac{25}{32}\text{。}

从中心开始且有四步可用时,概率等于 a3=2532a_3 = \tfrac{25}{32}(第一步到达边格,剩下三步)。

因此,正确答案是 D

Classify squares as center C,C, edge-middle E,E, or corner (absorbing). From C,C, every hop lands on an EE square. From an EE square, two of the four neighbors are corners, one is the center, and one is another EE square, so P(corner)=12,P(\text{corner}) = \tfrac12, P(center)=14,P(\text{center}) = \tfrac14, P(E)=14.P(E) = \tfrac14.

Let ana_n be the probability of reaching a corner within nn hops starting from an edge square, and let cnc_n be the corresponding probability from the center. Set a0=c0=0.a_0=c_0=0. Then cn=an1c_n=a_{n-1} and an=12+14cn1+14an1.a_n=\tfrac12+\tfrac14c_{n-1}+\tfrac14a_{n-1}. Thus a1=12,a_1=\tfrac12, a2=12+1412=58,a_2=\tfrac12+\tfrac14\cdot\tfrac12=\tfrac58, and a3=12+1412+1458=2532. a_3 = \tfrac12 + \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac12 + \tfrac14\cdot\tfrac58 = \tfrac{25}{32}.

Starting from the center with four hops available, the probability equals a3=2532a_3 = \tfrac{25}{32} (the first hop reaches an edge, leaving three hops).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

半圆 Γ\Gamma 的直径 ABAB 长为 1414。圆 Ω\Omega 在点 PPABAB 相切,并与 Γ\Gamma 相交于点 QQRR。若 QR=33QR = 3\sqrt3QPR=60\angle QPR = 60^\circ,则 PQR\triangle PQR 的面积为 abc\dfrac{a\sqrt b}{c},其中 aacc 是互质正整数,bb 是不被任何质数平方整除的正整数。求 a+b+ca + b + c

Semicircle Γ\Gamma has diameter ABAB of length 14.14. Circle Ω\Omega lies tangent to ABAB at a point PP and intersects Γ\Gamma at points QQ and R.R. If QR=33QR = 3\sqrt3 and QPR=60,\angle QPR = 60^\circ, then the area of PQR\triangle PQR is abc,\dfrac{a\sqrt b}{c}, where aa and cc are relatively prime positive integers and bb is a positive integer not divisible by the square of any prime. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

110110

114114

118118

122122

126126

答案:D
难度评级:2760
小提示:

在圆 Ω\Omega 中,QR=2rsinQPRQR = 2r\sin\angle QPR,从而得到半径 r=3r = 3

In circle Ω,\Omega, QR=2rsinQPR,QR = 2r\sin\angle QPR, which gives the radius r=3r = 3

大提示:

A=(7,0)A = (-7,0)B=(7,0)B = (7,0)P=(p,0)P = (p, 0),圆心为 (p,3)(p, 3);两圆的根轴确定 QRQR,面积为 12QRd(P,QR)\tfrac12\, QR\cdot d(P, QR)

Set A=(7,0),A = (-7,0), B=(7,0),B = (7,0), P=(p,0),P = (p, 0), center (p,3);(p, 3); the radical axis of the two circles locates QR,QR, and the area is 12QRd(P,QR)\tfrac12\, QR\cdot d(P, QR)

解答:

在圆 Ω\Omega 中,弦 QRQR 所对的圆周角 QPR=60\angle QPR = 60^\circ,所以 QR=2rsin60QR = 2r\sin 60^\circ,于是 33=r33\sqrt3 = r\sqrt3,得 r=3r = 3

A=(7,0)A = (-7, 0)B=(7,0)B = (7, 0),且 Γ:x2+y2=49\Gamma: x^2 + y^2 = 49(上半圆)。因为 Ω\OmegaP=(p,0)P = (p, 0) 处与 ABAB 相切,其圆心为 (p,3)(p, 3)。两个圆方程相减得到直线 QRQR,而圆心 (p,3)(p,3)QRQR 的距离必须等于 rcos60=32r\cos 60^\circ = \tfrac32。这给出 (p231)2=9p2+81(p^2 - 31)^2 = 9p^2 + 81,所以 p2=16p^2 = 16(根 p2=55p^2 = 55 会使 PPABAB 外)。

p2=16p^2 = 16 时,点 PP 到直线 QRQR 的距离是 49p24p2+36=3310\dfrac{49 - p^2}{\sqrt{4p^2 + 36}} = \dfrac{33}{10}。因此 [PQR]=12QRd=12333310=99320 \begin{aligned} [\triangle PQR] &= \tfrac12\cdot QR\cdot d \\ &= \tfrac12\cdot 3\sqrt3\cdot\tfrac{33}{10} \\ &= \frac{99\sqrt3}{20}\text{。} \end{aligned} 所以 a=99a = 99b=3b = 3c=20c = 20,且 a+b+c=122a + b + c = 122

因此,正确答案是 D

In circle Ω,\Omega, the chord QRQR subtends the inscribed angle QPR=60,\angle QPR = 60^\circ, so QR=2rsin60,QR = 2r\sin 60^\circ, giving 33=r3,3\sqrt3 = r\sqrt3, hence r=3.r = 3.

Place A=(7,0),A = (-7, 0), B=(7,0),B = (7, 0), with Γ:x2+y2=49\Gamma: x^2 + y^2 = 49 (upper half). Since Ω\Omega is tangent to ABAB at P=(p,0),P = (p, 0), its center is (p,3).(p, 3). Subtracting the two circle equations gives the line QR,QR, and the distance from the center (p,3)(p,3) to QRQR must equal rcos60=32.r\cos 60^\circ = \tfrac32. This yields (p231)2=9p2+81,(p^2 - 31)^2 = 9p^2 + 81, so p2=16p^2 = 16 (the root p2=55p^2 = 55 places PP outside ABAB).

With p2=16,p^2 = 16, the distance from PP to line QRQR is 49p24p2+36=3310.\dfrac{49 - p^2}{\sqrt{4p^2 + 36}} = \dfrac{33}{10}. Thus [PQR]=12QRd=12333310=99320. \begin{aligned} [\triangle PQR] &= \tfrac12\cdot QR\cdot d \\ &= \tfrac12\cdot 3\sqrt3\cdot\tfrac{33}{10} \\ &= \frac{99\sqrt3}{20}. \end{aligned} So a=99,a = 99, b=3,b = 3, c=20,c = 20, and a+b+c=122.a + b + c = 122.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

d(n)d(n) 表示整除 nn 的正整数个数,包括 11nn。例如,d(1)=1d(1) = 1d(2)=2d(2) = 2,且 d(12)=6d(12) = 6。(这个函数称为约数函数。)令 f(n)=d(n)n3 f(n) = \frac{d(n)}{\sqrt[3]{n}}\text{。}

存在唯一的正整数 NN,使得对所有正整数 nNn \ne N 都有 f(N)>f(n)f(N) \gt f(n)。求 NN 的各位数字之和。

Let d(n)d(n) denote the number of positive integers that divide n,n, including 11 and n.n. For example, d(1)=1,d(1) = 1, d(2)=2,d(2) = 2, and d(12)=6.d(12) = 6. (This function is known as the divisor function.) Let f(n)=d(n)n3. f(n) = \frac{d(n)}{\sqrt[3]{n}}.

There is a unique positive integer NN such that f(N)>f(n)f(N) \gt f(n) for all positive integers nN.n \ne N. What is the sum of the digits of N?N?

55

66

77

88

99

答案:E
难度评级:2610
小提示:

ff 是乘法函数,所以可对每个质数 pp 独立最大化 e+1pe3\dfrac{e + 1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}}

ff is multiplicative, so maximize e+1pe3\dfrac{e + 1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}} independently for each prime pp

大提示:

p=2p = 2,最佳指数是 33;对 p=3p = 3,最佳指数是 22;对 p=5,7p = 5, 7,最佳指数是 11;对 p11p \ge 11,最佳指数是 00

For p=2p = 2 the best exponent is 3;3; for p=3p = 3 it is 2;2; for p=5,7p = 5, 7 it is 1;1; and for p11p \ge 11 it is 00

解答:

因为 f(n)=d(n)n13f(n) = \dfrac{d(n)}{n^{\frac{1}{3}}} 是乘法函数,它的值可按质数幂分解为各个 pe  np^e\ \|\ n 所对应的项 e+1pe3\dfrac{e + 1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}} 的乘积。我们分别最大化每一项。

gp(e)=e+1pe3g_p(e)=\dfrac{e+1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}},则 gp(e+1)gp(e)=e+2e+1p13\dfrac{g_p(e+1)}{g_p(e)}=\dfrac{e+2}{e+1}p^{-\frac{1}{3}}。这个比值随 ee 递减,所以只要看它第一次小于 11 的位置,就能确定唯一的最大值。由此得到:对 p=2p=2e=3e=3;对 p=3p=3e=2e=2;对 p=5,7p=5,7e=1e=1;而对每个质数 p11p\ge11e=0e=0

因此 N=233257=2520N = 2^3\cdot 3^2\cdot 5\cdot 7 = 2520,其数字和为 2+5+2+0=92 + 5 + 2 + 0 = 9

因此,正确答案是 E

Since f(n)=d(n)n13f(n) = \dfrac{d(n)}{n^{\frac{1}{3}}} is multiplicative, its value factors over prime powers as a product of terms e+1pe3\dfrac{e + 1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}} for each prime power pe  n.p^e\ \|\ n. We maximize each term separately.

If gp(e)=e+1pe3,g_p(e)=\dfrac{e+1}{p^{\frac{e}{3}}}, then gp(e+1)gp(e)=e+2e+1p13.\dfrac{g_p(e+1)}{g_p(e)}=\dfrac{e+2}{e+1}p^{-\frac{1}{3}}. This ratio decreases with e,e, so checking where it first falls below 11 finds the unique maximum. It gives e=3e=3 for p=2,p=2, e=2e=2 for p=3,p=3, e=1e=1 for p=5,7,p=5,7, and e=0e=0 for every prime p11.p\ge11.

Hence N=233257=2520,N = 2^3\cdot 3^2\cdot 5\cdot 7 = 2520, whose digit sum is 2+5+2+0=9.2 + 5 + 2 + 0 = 9.

Thus, the correct answer is E.