1987 AIME 真题

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1.

如果非负整数有序对 (m,n)(m,n) 在以 1010 为底计算 m+nm+n 时不需要进位,则称它为“简单”有序对。求和为 14921492 的简单有序对的个数。

An ordered pair (m,n)(m,n) of nonnegative integers is called “simple” if adding m+nm+n in base 1010 requires no carrying. Find the number of simple ordered pairs that sum to 1492.1492.

答案:300
知识点:数字位值乘法原理
难度评级:1490
小提示:

分别考虑四个数位

Treat the four decimal places independently

大提示:

在不进位的情况下,目标数字 dd 可以用 d+1d+1 种方式拆成一个有序数字对

A target digit dd can be split into an ordered pair of digits in d+1d+1 ways without carrying

解答:

对于目标数字 dd,和为 dd 的非负数字有序对共有 d+1d+1 个。因此,四个数字 11449922 分别独立地给出 2255101033 种选择。答案为 25103=3002\cdot5\cdot10\cdot3=300

For a target digit d,d, there are d+1d+1 ordered pairs of nonnegative digits with sum d.d. The four digits 1,1, 4,4, 9,9, 22 therefore give 2,2, 5,5, 10,10, 33 choices independently. The answer is 25103=300.2\cdot5\cdot10\cdot3=300.

2.

一个点在以 (2,10,5)(-2,-10,5) 为球心、半径为 1919 的球面上,另一个点在以 (12,8,16)(12,8,-16) 为球心、半径为 8787 的球面上。两点间距离的最大可能值是多少?

What is the largest possible distance between two points, one on the sphere of radius 1919 centered at (2,10,5)(-2,-10,5) and the other on the sphere of radius 8787 centered at (12,8,16)?(12,8,-16)?

答案:137
难度评级:1340
小提示:

先求两个球心之间的距离

First find the distance between the two centers

大提示:

最大值在两点分别位于球心连线向外延伸的两侧时取得

The maximum occurs along the line of centers, on the two outward sides

解答:

两球心间距离的平方为 142+182+(21)2=96114^2+18^2+(-21)^2=961,所以两球心相距 961=31\sqrt{961}=31。由三角不等式,两点间的最大距离在球心连线上取得,等于 19+31+87=13719+31+87=137

The squared distance between the centers is 142+182+(21)2=961,14^2+18^2+(-21)^2=961, so they are 961=31\sqrt{961}=31 apart. By the triangle inequality, the greatest point-to-point distance is obtained on the line of centers and equals 19+31+87=137.19+31+87=137.

3.

一个自然数的真因数是除 11 和该数本身以外的正整数因数。如果一个大于 11 的自然数等于其所有不同真因数的乘积,就称它为“美好数”。求前十个美好数之和。

A proper divisor of a natural number is a positive integral divisor other than 11 and the number itself. A natural number greater than 11 is called “nice” if it equals the product of its distinct proper divisors. What is the sum of the first ten nice numbers?

答案:182
难度评级:1830
小提示:

用该数及其正因数个数表示所有正因数的乘积

Express the product of all positive divisors in terms of the number and its divisor count

大提示:

美好数恰好是有四个正因数的数

The nice numbers are exactly those having four positive divisors

解答:

NNdd 个正因数,则它们的乘积为 Nd2N^{\frac{d}{2}}。去掉 11NN 后,剩余乘积为 Nd21N^{\frac{d}{2}-1},它恰好在 d=4d=4 时等于 NN。因此,美好数恰好是 p3p^3pqpq 形式的数,其中后者的两个质数不同。前十个美好数为 668810101414151521212222262627273333,它们的和为 182182

If NN has dd positive divisors, their product is Nd2.N^{\frac{d}{2}}. Removing 11 and NN leaves product Nd21,N^{\frac{d}{2}-1}, which equals NN exactly when d=4.d=4. Thus nice numbers are precisely p3p^3 and pqpq for distinct primes. The first ten are 6,6, 8,8, 10,10, 14,14, 15,15, 21,21, 22,22, 26,26, 27,27, 33,33, whose sum is 182.182.

4.

求曲线 x60+y=x4|x-60|+|y|=|\frac{x}{4}| 所围区域的面积。

Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of x60+y=x4.|x-60|+|y|=|\frac{x}{4}|.

答案:480
难度评级:1810
小提示:

解出 y|y|,并确定右边在哪些位置非负

Solve for y|y| and determine where its right-hand side is nonnegative

大提示:

边界是一个风筝形,其顶点出现在各绝对值表达式的分段点处

The boundary is a kite whose vertices occur at the breakpoints of the absolute values

解答:

必须有 y=x4x600|y|=\frac{|x|}{4}-|x-60|\geq0。因而 48x8048\leq x\leq80。在 x=48x=48x=60x=60x=80x=80 处,边界上的纵坐标依次为 y=0y=0y=±15y=\pm15y=0y=0。因此该区域是一个风筝形,两条互相垂直的对角线长分别为 8048=3280-48=323030,所以面积为 12(32)(30)=480\frac12(32)(30)=480

We need y=x4x600.|y|=\frac{|x|}{4}-|x-60|\geq0. This forces 48x80.48\leq x\leq80. At x=48,x=48, x=60,x=60, x=80,x=80, the boundary values are respectively y=0,y=0, y=±15,y=\pm15, y=0.y=0. Hence the region is a kite with perpendicular diagonals 8048=3280-48=32 and 30,30, so its area is 12(32)(30)=480.\frac12(32)(30)=480.

5.

若整数 xxyy 满足 y2+3x2y2=30x2+517y^2+3x^2y^2=30x^2+517,求 3x2y23x^2y^2

Find 3x2y23x^2y^2 if xx and yy are integers such that y2+3x2y2=30x2+517.y^2+3x^2y^2=30x^2+517.

答案:588
难度评级:2070
小提示:

移项一个适当的 3x2+13x^2+1 的倍数,以构造乘积

Move a suitable multiple of 3x2+13x^2+1 to create a product

大提示:

分解 507507,并利用 3x2+11(mod3)3x^2+1\equiv1\pmod3

Factor 507507 and use that 3x2+11(mod3)3x^2+1\equiv1\pmod3

解答:

整理得 (3x2+1)(y210)=507(3x^2+1)(y^2-10)=507,其中 507=3132507=3\cdot13^2507507 的正因数中,与 1(mod3)1\pmod3 同余的有 111313169169。若 3x2+1=13x^2+1=1,则 x2=0x^2=0,但 y2=517y^2=517,不是完全平方数。若 3x2+1=133x^2+1=13,则 x2=4x^2=4y2=49y^2=49。最后,3x2+1=1693x^2+1=169 给出 x2=56x^2=56,不是完全平方数。因此 3x2y2=3449=5883x^2y^2=3\cdot4\cdot49=588

Rearranging gives (3x2+1)(y210)=507,(3x^2+1)(y^2-10)=507, where 507=3132.507=3\cdot13^2. The positive divisors of 507507 congruent to 1(mod3)1\pmod3 are 1,1, 13,13, 169.169. If 3x2+1=1,3x^2+1=1, then x2=0x^2=0 but y2=517,y^2=517, which is not a square. If 3x2+1=13,3x^2+1=13, then x2=4x^2=4 and y2=49.y^2=49. Finally, 3x2+1=1693x^2+1=169 gives x2=56,x^2=56, not a square. Therefore 3x2y2=3449=588.3x^2y^2=3\cdot4\cdot49=588.

6.

如图,五条线段将矩形 ABCDABCD 分成四个面积相等的部分,其中 XY=YB+BC+CZXY=YB+BC+CZYB+BC+CZ=ZWYB+BC+CZ=ZWZW=WD+DA+AXZW=WD+DA+AX,且 PQABPQ\parallel AB。若 BC=19BC=19 厘米,PQ=87PQ=87 厘米,求 ABAB 的长度(单位:厘米)。

Rectangle ABCDABCD is divided into four parts of equal area by five segments as shown, where XY=YB+BC+CZ,XY=YB+BC+CZ, YB+BC+CZ=ZW,YB+BC+CZ=ZW, ZW=WD+DA+AX,ZW=WD+DA+AX, and PQAB.PQ\parallel AB. Find ABAB (in cm) if BC=19BC=19 cm and PQ=87PQ=87 cm.

答案:193
难度评级:2270
小提示:

将相等的边界长度记为 tt,矩形的宽记为 LL

Call the common boundary length tt and the rectangle width LL

大提示:

PQPQ 上下两个区域面积相等,说明 PQPQ 位于矩形高度的中点

Equal areas above and below PQPQ place PQPQ halfway up the rectangle

解答:

AB=LAB=L,并将四个相等的边界长度记为 tt。再令 AX=xAX=xDW=wDW=w,左侧边界条件给出 x+w=t19x+w=t-19。将 XY=ZW=tXY=ZW=t 代入右侧条件,得到 2L+38=4t2L+38=4t,所以 t=L+192t=\frac{L+19}{2}

上、下两个中央区域都是以 tt8787 为两底的梯形。因为它们面积相等,所以 PQPQ 位于高为 1919 厘米的矩形的中间。每个中央区域的面积因此为 19(t+87)4\frac{19(t+87)}{4}。这等于矩形面积的四分之一,即 19L4\frac{19L}{4},所以 t+87=Lt+87=L。联立 t=L+192t=\frac{L+19}{2},得 L=193L=193

Put AB=LAB=L and let the four equal boundary lengths be t.t. Writing AX=xAX=x and DW=w,DW=w, the left boundary condition gives x+w=t19.x+w=t-19. Substituting XY=ZW=tXY=ZW=t into the right condition gives 2L+38=4t,2L+38=4t, so t=L+192.t=\frac{L+19}{2}.

The upper and lower central regions are trapezoids with the same bases tt and 87.87. Since their areas are equal, PQPQ lies halfway up the 1919-cm rectangle. Each central region therefore has area 19(t+87)4.\frac{19(t+87)}{4}. This is one quarter of the rectangle, 19L4,\frac{19L}{4}, so t+87=L.t+87=L. Combining with t=L+192t=\frac{L+19}{2} yields L=193.L=193.

7.

[r,s][r,s] 表示正整数 rrss 的最小公倍数。求满足 [a,b]=1000[a,b]=1000[b,c]=2000[b,c]=2000,且 [c,a]=2000[c,a]=2000 的有序三元组 (a,b,c)(a,b,c) 的个数。

Let [r,s][r,s] denote the least common multiple of positive integers r,r, s.s. Find the number of ordered triples (a,b,c)(a,b,c) for which [a,b]=1000,[a,b]=1000, [b,c]=2000,[b,c]=2000, and [c,a]=2000.[c,a]=2000.

答案:70
难度评级:2230
小提示:

分别考虑 2255 的指数

Treat the exponents of 22 and 55 independently

大提示:

对每个质数,把每个最小公倍数条件转化为两个指数最大值的条件

For each prime, translate every least common multiple into a condition on pairwise maxima

解答:

对于 55 的指数,三个两两最大值都等于 33。因此至少有两个指数为 33:三个指数全为 33 有一种,恰有两个指数为 33333\cdot3 种,共 1010 种选择。

对于 22 的指数,第一对的最大值为 33,另外两对的最大值为 44cc 的指数必须为 44,而 aabb 的指数属于 {0,1,2,3}\{0,1,2,3\},且最大值为 33,共有 4232=74^2-3^2=7 种选择。两部分相互独立,所以共有 107=7010\cdot7=70 种。

For the exponent of 5,5, all three pairwise maxima equal 3.3. Thus at least two exponents are 3:3: there is one all-33 triple and 333\cdot3 triples with exactly two 33’s, for 1010 choices.

For the exponent of 2,2, the first pair has maximum 33 while the other two have maximum 4.4. The exponent of cc must be 4,4, and the exponents of aa and bb lie in {0,1,2,3}\{0,1,2,3\} with maximum 3,3, giving 4232=74^2-3^2=7 choices. Independence gives 107=70.10\cdot7=70.

8.

使得恰有一个整数 kk 满足 815<nn+k<713\frac8{15}<\frac{n}{n+k}<\frac7{13} 的最大正整数 nn 是多少?

What is the largest positive integer nn for which there is a unique integer kk such that 815<nn+k<713?\frac8{15}<\frac{n}{n+k}<\frac7{13}?

答案:112
难度评级:1860
小提示:

分别解出两个关于 kk 的不等式

Solve both inequalities for kk

大提示:

研究开区间 (6n7,7n8)(\frac{6n}{7},\frac{7n}{8}) 内的整数

Study the integers in the open interval (6n7,7n8)(\frac{6n}{7},\frac{7n}{8})

解答:

这两个不等式等价于 6n7<k<7n8\frac{6n}{7}<k<\frac{7n}{8}。该区间的长度为 n56\frac{n}{56}。当 n=112n=112 时,区间为 (96,98)(96,98),其中只有整数 9797。当 n>112n>112 时,区间长度大于 22,所以其中至少有两个整数。因此最大的 nn112112

The inequalities are equivalent to 6n7<k<7n8.\frac{6n}{7}<k<\frac{7n}{8}. This interval has length n56.\frac{n}{56}. At n=112n=112 it is (96,98),(96,98), containing only 97.97. For n>112n>112 its length exceeds 2,2, so it contains at least two integers. Thus the largest possible nn is 112.112.

9.

三角形 ABCABCBB 处为直角,内部有一点 PP,满足 PA=10PA=10PB=6PB=6,且 APB=BPC=CPA\angle APB=\angle BPC=\angle CPA。求 PCPC

Triangle ABCABC has a right angle at BB and contains a point PP for which PA=10,PA=10, PB=6,PB=6, and APB=BPC=CPA.\angle APB=\angle BPC=\angle CPA. Find PC.PC.

答案:33
难度评级:2380
小提示:

PP 周围三个相等的角都为 120120^\circ

The three equal angles around PP are each 120120^\circ

大提示:

使用从 PP 出发的向量,并将 BB 处的直角转化为点积条件

Use vectors from PP and translate the right angle at BB into a dot product

解答:

a\mathbf ab\mathbf bc\mathbf c 分别为从 PP 指向 AABBCC 的向量,并令 c=x|\mathbf c|=x。它们两两夹角均为 120120^\circ,所以 ab=30\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf b=-30bc=3x\mathbf b\cdot\mathbf c=-3x,且 ac=5x\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf c=-5x。因为 ABBCAB\perp BC

(ab)(cb)=0(\mathbf a-\mathbf b)\cdot(\mathbf c-\mathbf b)=0。展开得 5x+30+3x+36=0-5x+30+3x+36=0,所以 x=33x=33

Let a,\mathbf a, b,\mathbf b, and c\mathbf c be the vectors from PP to A,A, B,B, C,C, and put c=x.|\mathbf c|=x. Their pairwise angles are 120,120^\circ, so ab=30,\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf b=-30, bc=3x,\mathbf b\cdot\mathbf c=-3x, and ac=5x.\mathbf a\cdot\mathbf c=-5x. Since ABBC,AB\perp BC,

(ab)(cb)=0.(\mathbf a-\mathbf b)\cdot(\mathbf c-\mathbf b)=0. Expanding gives 5x+30+3x+36=0,-5x+30+3x+36=0, so x=33.x=33.

10.

艾尔沿一部向上运行的自动扶梯向下走,数了 150150 级台阶。鲍勃向上走,数了 7575 级台阶。若艾尔的步行速度是鲍勃的三倍,那么任一时刻可见的台阶有多少级?假设此数保持不变。

Al walks down an escalator that is moving up and counts 150150 steps. Bob walks up and counts 7575 steps. If Al’s walking speed is three times Bob’s, how many steps are visible at a given time? Assume this is constant.

答案:120
难度评级:1770
小提示:

令鲍勃的速度为 bb,自动扶梯向上的速度为 ee,可见台阶数为 NN

Let Bob’s speed be b,b, the escalator’s upward speed be e,e, and the visible count be NN

大提示:

对两人分别把 NN 写成净速度与行走时间的乘积

Write NN as net speed times travel time for each person

解答:

鲍勃所用的时间为 75b\frac{75}{b},所以 N=(b+e)(75b)N=(b+e)(\frac{75}{b}),即 N=75(1+eb)N=75(1+\frac{e}{b})。艾尔所用的时间为 1503b=50b\frac{150}{3b}=\frac{50}{b},所以 N=(3be)(50b)N=(3b-e)(\frac{50}{b}),即 N=15050ebN=150-\frac{50e}{b}。令两式相等,得到 125eb=75\frac{125e}{b}=75,从而 eb=35\frac{e}{b}=\frac{3}{5},且 N=75(1+35)=120N=75(1+\frac{3}{5})=120

Bob’s time is 75b,\frac{75}{b}, so N=(b+e)(75b),N=(b+e)(\frac{75}{b}), or N=75(1+eb).N=75(1+\frac{e}{b}). Al’s time is 1503b=50b,\frac{150}{3b}=\frac{50}{b}, so N=(3be)(50b),N=(3b-e)(\frac{50}{b}), or N=15050eb.N=150-\frac{50e}{b}. Equating gives 125eb=75,\frac{125e}{b}=75, hence eb=35\frac{e}{b}=\frac{3}{5} and N=75(1+35)=120.N=75(1+\frac{3}{5})=120.

11.

使 3113^{11} 可以表示为 kk 个连续正整数之和的最大 kk 是多少?

Find the largest possible kk for which 3113^{11} is expressible as the sum of kk consecutive positive integers.

答案:486
难度评级:2070
小提示:

将这个和写成 k(2a+k1)2\frac{k(2a+k-1)}{2}

Write the sum as k(2a+k1)2\frac{k(2a+k-1)}{2}

大提示:

可能的项数只能是 23112\cdot3^{11} 的因数;再要求首项为正

The only possible lengths divide 23112\cdot3^{11}; then enforce a positive first term

解答:

若首项为 aa,则 2311=k(2a+k1)2\cdot3^{11}=k(2a+k-1)。因此 kk 的形式为 3j3^j23j2\cdot3^j。可行的最大偶数选择为 k=235=486k=2\cdot3^5=486,此时 2a+k1=36=7292a+k-1=3^6=729,且 a=122>0a=122>0。接下来的候选值 363^62362\cdot3^6,都会使首项非正,所有更大的选择也是如此。因此 k=486k=486

If the first term is a,a, then 2311=k(2a+k1).2\cdot3^{11}=k(2a+k-1). Thus kk is 3j3^j or 23j.2\cdot3^j. The largest viable even choice is k=235=486,k=2\cdot3^5=486, for which 2a+k1=36=7292a+k-1=3^6=729 and a=122>0.a=122>0. The next candidates, 363^6 and 236,2\cdot3^6, force a nonpositive first term, as do all larger choices. Hence k=486.k=486.

12.

mm 是满足其立方根形如 n+rn+r 的最小整数,其中 nn 为正整数,且 0<r<110000<r<\frac{1}{1000}。求 nn

Let mm be the smallest integer whose cube root has the form n+r,n+r, where nn is a positive integer and 0<r<11000.0<r<\frac{1}{1000}. Find n.n.

答案:19
难度评级:2110
小提示:

对固定的 nn,最小的可能整数为 m=n3+1m=n^3+1

For fixed n,n, the smallest possible integer is m=n3+1m=n^3+1

大提示:

比较 n3+1n^3+1(n+0.001)3(n+0.001)^3

Compare n3+1n^3+1 with (n+0.001)3(n+0.001)^3

解答:

对给定的 nn,使立方根刚好大于 nn 的最接近候选整数为 m=n3+1m=n^3+1。我们需要 n3+1<(n+0.001)3n^3+1<(n+0.001)^3,即 1<0.003n2+0.000003n+1091<0.003n^2+0.000003n+10^{-9}。当 n=18n=18 时不成立,而当 n=19n=19 时成立。右端在正整数 nn 的范围内递增,所以每个更小的 nn 都不成立;每个更大的 nn 所对应的最小候选整数 m=n3+1m=n^3+1 也更大。因此,最小的 mmn=19n=19 时取得。

For a given n,n, the closest integer cube-root candidate above nn is m=n3+1.m=n^3+1. We need n3+1<(n+0.001)3,n^3+1<(n+0.001)^3, or 1<0.003n2+0.000003n+109.1<0.003n^2+0.000003n+10^{-9}. This fails at n=18n=18 and holds at n=19.n=19. The right-hand side is increasing for positive n,n, so every smaller nn fails; every larger nn has a larger least candidate m=n3+1.m=n^3+1. Hence the smallest mm occurs with n=19.n=19.

13.

给定一个由互不相同的实数组成的数列 r1r_1r2r_2\ldotsrnr_n,可以通过一次或多次“冒泡遍历”将其按升序排列。对一个给定数列进行一次冒泡遍历,是先比较第二项与第一项,并且仅当第二项较小时交换两项;接着比较第三项与第二项,并且仅当第三项较小时交换两项;依此顺序进行,直到把最后一项 rnr_n 与它当时的前一项比较,并且仅当最后一项较小时交换两项。

下面的例子展示数列 11998877 如何经过一次冒泡遍历变成数列 11887799。每一步中被比较的两个数都加有下划线。

1987198718971879\begin{aligned} \underline{1}\quad\underline{9}\quad8\quad7\\ 1\quad\underline{9}\quad\underline{8}\quad7\\ 1\quad8\quad\underline{9}\quad\underline{7}\\ 1\quad8\quad7\quad9 \end{aligned}

n=40n=40,初始数列的各项 r1r_1r2r_2\ldotsr40r_{40} 互不相同,并以随机顺序排列。经过一次冒泡遍历后,初始时记作 r20r_{20} 的数最终处在第 3030 位的概率为最简分数 pq\frac{p}{q}。求 p+qp+q

A given sequence r1,r_1, r2,r_2, ,\ldots, rnr_n of distinct real numbers can be put in ascending order by means of one or more “bubble passes.” A bubble pass through a given sequence consists of comparing the second term with the first term, and exchanging them if and only if the second term is smaller, then comparing the third term with the second term and exchanging them if and only if the third term is smaller, and so on in order, through comparing the last term, rn,r_n, with its current predecessor and exchanging them if and only if the last term is smaller.

The example below shows how the sequence 1,1, 9,9, 8,8, 77 is transformed into the sequence 1,1, 8,8, 7,7, 99 by one bubble pass. The numbers compared at each step are underlined.

1987198718971879\begin{aligned} \underline{1}\quad\underline{9}\quad8\quad7\\ 1\quad\underline{9}\quad\underline{8}\quad7\\ 1\quad8\quad\underline{9}\quad\underline{7}\\ 1\quad8\quad7\quad9 \end{aligned}

Suppose that n=40,n=40, and that the terms of the initial sequence r1,r_1, r2,r_2, ,\ldots, r40r_{40} are distinct from one another and are in random order. Let pq,\frac{p}{q}, in lowest terms, be the probability that the number that begins as r20r_{20} will end up, after one bubble pass, in the 3030th place. Find p+q.p+q.

答案:931
难度评级:2450
小提示:

当比较进行到位置 jj 后,该位置上的数是原数列前 jj 项的最大值

After the comparison reaching position j,j, that position holds the maximum of the first jj original terms

大提示:

确定 r20r_{20}r31r_{31} 在前 3131 项中的相对大小排名

Characterize the relative ranks of r20r_{20} and r31r_{31} among the first 3131 terms

解答:

要使 r20r_{20} 一直向右移动到第 3030 位,它必须大于 r1,,r30r_1,\ldots,r_{30} 中的其他每一项。它恰好在第 3030 位停下的条件是 r31>r20r_{31}>r_{20}。因此,在前 3131 项中,r31r_{31} 必须最大,r20r_{20} 必须为第二大。这两个指定排名同时发生的概率为 131130=1930\frac1{31}\cdot\frac1{30}=\frac1{930}。所以 p+q=1+930=931p+q=1+930=931

For r20r_{20} to move right to position 30,30, it must exceed every other term among r1,,r30.r_1,\ldots,r_{30}. It stops at position 3030 exactly when r31>r20.r_{31}>r_{20}. Thus among the first 3131 terms, r31r_{31} must be greatest and r20r_{20} second greatest. These two ordered rank assignments have probability 131130=1930.\frac1{31}\cdot\frac1{30}=\frac1{930}. Therefore p+q=1+930=931.p+q=1+930=931.

14.

计算 (104+324)(224+324)(344+324)(464+324)(584+324)(44+324)(164+324)(284+324)(404+324)(524+324)\frac{\begin{gathered}(10^4+324)(22^4+324)\\{}\cdot(34^4+324)(46^4+324)\\{}\cdot(58^4+324)\end{gathered}}{\begin{gathered}(4^4+324)(16^4+324)\\{}\cdot(28^4+324)(40^4+324)\\{}\cdot(52^4+324)\end{gathered}}\text{。}

Compute (104+324)(224+324)(344+324)(464+324)(584+324)(44+324)(164+324)(284+324)(404+324)(524+324).\frac{\begin{gathered}(10^4+324)(22^4+324)\\{}\cdot(34^4+324)(46^4+324)\\{}\cdot(58^4+324)\end{gathered}}{\begin{gathered}(4^4+324)(16^4+324)\\{}\cdot(28^4+324)(40^4+324)\\{}\cdot(52^4+324)\end{gathered}}.

答案:373
难度评级:2380
小提示:

利用 324=434324=4\cdot3^4 和索菲·热尔曼恒等式

Use Sophie Germain’s identity with 324=434324=4\cdot3^4

大提示:

g(x)=x2+6x+18g(x)=x^2+6x+18,将 x4+324x^4+324 改写为 g(x6)g(x)g(x-6)g(x)

If g(x)=x2+6x+18,g(x)=x^2+6x+18, rewrite x4+324x^4+324 as g(x6)g(x)g(x-6)g(x)

解答:

g(x)=x2+6x+18g(x)=x^2+6x+18。由索菲·热尔曼恒等式,x4+324=g(x6)g(x)x^4+324=g(x-6)g(x)。因此分子提供 g(4),g(10),,g(58)g(4),g(10),\ldots,g(58),而分母提供 g(2),g(4),,g(52)g(-2),g(4),\ldots,g(52)。除了下式外,其余各项全部约去:g(58)g(2)=582+6(58)+18412+18=373010=373\begin{aligned}\frac{g(58)}{g(-2)}&=\frac{58^2+6(58)+18}{4-12+18}\\&=\frac{3730}{10}=373\end{aligned}\text{。}

Let g(x)=x2+6x+18.g(x)=x^2+6x+18. Sophie Germain’s identity gives x4+324=g(x6)g(x).x^4+324=g(x-6)g(x). The numerator therefore supplies g(4),g(10),,g(58),g(4),g(10),\ldots,g(58), while the denominator supplies g(2),g(4),,g(52).g(-2),g(4),\ldots,g(52). Everything cancels except g(58)g(2)=582+6(58)+18412+18=373010=373.\begin{aligned}\frac{g(58)}{g(-2)}&=\frac{58^2+6(58)+18}{4-12+18}\\&=\frac{3730}{10}=373.\end{aligned}

15.

如图,正方形 S1S_1S2S_2 内接于直角三角形 ABCABC。若 area(S1)=441\operatorname{area}(S_1)=441,且 area(S2)=440\operatorname{area}(S_2)=440,求 AC+CBAC+CB

Squares S1,S_1, S2S_2 are inscribed in right triangle ABCABC as shown. Find AC+CBAC+CB if area(S1)=441\operatorname{area}(S_1)=441 and area(S2)=440.\operatorname{area}(S_2)=440.

答案:462
难度评级:2450
小提示:

设两条直角边长为 aabb,并利用第一个正方形建立 ababa+ba+b 的关系

Let the legs be aa and bb and use the first square to relate abab to a+ba+b

大提示:

对第二个正方形,利用斜边上的高以及相似截面的长度关系

For the second square, use the altitude to the hypotenuse and similar cross-sections

解答:

p=a+bp=a+bq=abq=ab,并将斜边长记为 cc。因为 S1S_1 的边长为 2121,由直角边方向内接正方形的标准关系可得 21=aba+b21=\frac{ab}{a+b},所以 q=21pq=21p。因而 c2=p22q=p(p42)c^2=p^2-2q=p(p-42)

斜边上的高为 h=qch=\frac{q}{c}。若 S2S_2 的边长为 tt,由相似关系可得 t=chc+ht=\frac{ch}{c+h}。代入并化简为 t=21cp21t=\frac{21c}{p-21}。因此 440=441p(p42)(p21)2440=\frac{441p(p-42)}{(p-21)^2}\text{。}由于 p(p42)=(p21)2441p(p-42)=(p-21)^2-441,上式化为 440=441(1441(p21)2)440=441\left(1-\frac{441}{(p-21)^2}\right)\text{。}所以 (p21)2=4412(p-21)^2=441^2,又因为 p>42p>42,得到 p=462p=462

Put p=a+b,p=a+b, q=ab,q=ab, and let the hypotenuse be c.c. Since S1S_1 has side 21,21, the standard leg-aligned-square relation gives 21=aba+b,21=\frac{ab}{a+b}, so q=21p.q=21p. Hence c2=p22q=p(p42).c^2=p^2-2q=p(p-42).

The altitude to the hypotenuse is h=qc.h=\frac{q}{c}. If the side of S2S_2 is t,t, similarity gives t=chc+h.t=\frac{ch}{c+h}. Substitution simplifies this to t=21cp21.t=\frac{21c}{p-21}. Therefore 440=441p(p42)(p21)2.440=\frac{441p(p-42)}{(p-21)^2}. Since p(p42)=(p21)2441,p(p-42)=(p-21)^2-441, this becomes 440=441(1441(p21)2).440=441\left(1-\frac{441}{(p-21)^2}\right). Thus (p21)2=4412,(p-21)^2=441^2, and p>42p>42 gives p=462.p=462.