1987 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
如果非负整数有序对 在以 为底计算 时不需要进位,则称它为“简单”有序对。求和为 的简单有序对的个数。
An ordered pair of nonnegative integers is called “simple” if adding in base requires no carrying. Find the number of simple ordered pairs that sum to
小提示:
分别考虑四个数位
Treat the four decimal places independently
大提示:
在不进位的情况下,目标数字 可以用 种方式拆成一个有序数字对
A target digit can be split into an ordered pair of digits in ways without carrying
解答:
对于目标数字 ,和为 的非负数字有序对共有 个。因此,四个数字 、、、 分别独立地给出 、、、 种选择。答案为 。
For a target digit there are ordered pairs of nonnegative digits with sum The four digits therefore give choices independently. The answer is
2.
一个点在以 为球心、半径为 的球面上,另一个点在以 为球心、半径为 的球面上。两点间距离的最大可能值是多少?
What is the largest possible distance between two points, one on the sphere of radius centered at and the other on the sphere of radius centered at
小提示:
先求两个球心之间的距离
First find the distance between the two centers
大提示:
最大值在两点分别位于球心连线向外延伸的两侧时取得
The maximum occurs along the line of centers, on the two outward sides
解答:
两球心间距离的平方为 ,所以两球心相距 。由三角不等式,两点间的最大距离在球心连线上取得,等于 。
The squared distance between the centers is so they are apart. By the triangle inequality, the greatest point-to-point distance is obtained on the line of centers and equals
3.
一个自然数的真因数是除 和该数本身以外的正整数因数。如果一个大于 的自然数等于其所有不同真因数的乘积,就称它为“美好数”。求前十个美好数之和。
A proper divisor of a natural number is a positive integral divisor other than and the number itself. A natural number greater than is called “nice” if it equals the product of its distinct proper divisors. What is the sum of the first ten nice numbers?
小提示:
用该数及其正因数个数表示所有正因数的乘积
Express the product of all positive divisors in terms of the number and its divisor count
大提示:
美好数恰好是有四个正因数的数
The nice numbers are exactly those having four positive divisors
解答:
若 有 个正因数,则它们的乘积为 。去掉 和 后,剩余乘积为 ,它恰好在 时等于 。因此,美好数恰好是 或 形式的数,其中后者的两个质数不同。前十个美好数为 、、、、、、、、、,它们的和为 。
If has positive divisors, their product is Removing and leaves product which equals exactly when Thus nice numbers are precisely and for distinct primes. The first ten are whose sum is
4.
求曲线 所围区域的面积。
Find the area of the region enclosed by the graph of
小提示:
解出 ,并确定右边在哪些位置非负
Solve for and determine where its right-hand side is nonnegative
大提示:
边界是一个风筝形,其顶点出现在各绝对值表达式的分段点处
The boundary is a kite whose vertices occur at the breakpoints of the absolute values
解答:
必须有 。因而 。在 、、 处,边界上的纵坐标依次为 、、。因此该区域是一个风筝形,两条互相垂直的对角线长分别为 和 ,所以面积为 。
We need This forces At the boundary values are respectively Hence the region is a kite with perpendicular diagonals and so its area is
5.
若整数 和 满足 ,求 。
Find if and are integers such that
小提示:
移项一个适当的 的倍数,以构造乘积
Move a suitable multiple of to create a product
大提示:
分解 ,并利用
Factor and use that
解答:
整理得 ,其中 。 的正因数中,与 同余的有 、、。若 ,则 ,但 ,不是完全平方数。若 ,则 且 。最后, 给出 ,不是完全平方数。因此 。
Rearranging gives where The positive divisors of congruent to are If then but which is not a square. If then and Finally, gives not a square. Therefore
6.
如图,五条线段将矩形 分成四个面积相等的部分,其中 、、,且 。若 厘米, 厘米,求 的长度(单位:厘米)。
Rectangle is divided into four parts of equal area by five segments as shown, where and Find (in cm) if cm and cm.
小提示:
将相等的边界长度记为 ,矩形的宽记为
Call the common boundary length and the rectangle width
大提示:
上下两个区域面积相等,说明 位于矩形高度的中点
Equal areas above and below place halfway up the rectangle
解答:
令 ,并将四个相等的边界长度记为 。再令 、,左侧边界条件给出 。将 代入右侧条件,得到 ,所以 。
上、下两个中央区域都是以 和 为两底的梯形。因为它们面积相等,所以 位于高为 厘米的矩形的中间。每个中央区域的面积因此为 。这等于矩形面积的四分之一,即 ,所以 。联立 ,得 。
Put and let the four equal boundary lengths be Writing and the left boundary condition gives Substituting into the right condition gives so
The upper and lower central regions are trapezoids with the same bases and Since their areas are equal, lies halfway up the -cm rectangle. Each central region therefore has area This is one quarter of the rectangle, so Combining with yields
7.
以 表示正整数 、 的最小公倍数。求满足 、,且 的有序三元组 的个数。
Let denote the least common multiple of positive integers Find the number of ordered triples for which and
小提示:
分别考虑 和 的指数
Treat the exponents of and independently
大提示:
对每个质数,把每个最小公倍数条件转化为两个指数最大值的条件
For each prime, translate every least common multiple into a condition on pairwise maxima
解答:
对于 的指数,三个两两最大值都等于 。因此至少有两个指数为 :三个指数全为 有一种,恰有两个指数为 有 种,共 种选择。
对于 的指数,第一对的最大值为 ,另外两对的最大值为 。 的指数必须为 ,而 和 的指数属于 ,且最大值为 ,共有 种选择。两部分相互独立,所以共有 种。
For the exponent of all three pairwise maxima equal Thus at least two exponents are there is one all- triple and triples with exactly two ’s, for choices.
For the exponent of the first pair has maximum while the other two have maximum The exponent of must be and the exponents of and lie in with maximum giving choices. Independence gives
8.
使得恰有一个整数 满足 的最大正整数 是多少?
What is the largest positive integer for which there is a unique integer such that
小提示:
分别解出两个关于 的不等式
Solve both inequalities for
大提示:
研究开区间 内的整数
Study the integers in the open interval
解答:
这两个不等式等价于 。该区间的长度为 。当 时,区间为 ,其中只有整数 。当 时,区间长度大于 ,所以其中至少有两个整数。因此最大的 为 。
The inequalities are equivalent to This interval has length At it is containing only For its length exceeds so it contains at least two integers. Thus the largest possible is
9.
三角形 在 处为直角,内部有一点 ,满足 、,且 。求 。
Triangle has a right angle at and contains a point for which and Find
小提示:
周围三个相等的角都为
The three equal angles around are each
大提示:
使用从 出发的向量,并将 处的直角转化为点积条件
Use vectors from and translate the right angle at into a dot product
解答:
令 、、 分别为从 指向 、、 的向量,并令 。它们两两夹角均为 ,所以 、,且 。因为 ,
。展开得 ,所以 。
Let and be the vectors from to and put Their pairwise angles are so and Since
Expanding gives so
10.
艾尔沿一部向上运行的自动扶梯向下走,数了 级台阶。鲍勃向上走,数了 级台阶。若艾尔的步行速度是鲍勃的三倍,那么任一时刻可见的台阶有多少级?假设此数保持不变。
Al walks down an escalator that is moving up and counts steps. Bob walks up and counts steps. If Al’s walking speed is three times Bob’s, how many steps are visible at a given time? Assume this is constant.
小提示:
令鲍勃的速度为 ,自动扶梯向上的速度为 ,可见台阶数为
Let Bob’s speed be the escalator’s upward speed be and the visible count be
大提示:
对两人分别把 写成净速度与行走时间的乘积
Write as net speed times travel time for each person
解答:
鲍勃所用的时间为 ,所以 ,即 。艾尔所用的时间为 ,所以 ,即 。令两式相等,得到 ,从而 ,且 。
Bob’s time is so or Al’s time is so or Equating gives hence and
11.
使 可以表示为 个连续正整数之和的最大 是多少?
Find the largest possible for which is expressible as the sum of consecutive positive integers.
小提示:
将这个和写成
Write the sum as
大提示:
可能的项数只能是 的因数;再要求首项为正
The only possible lengths divide ; then enforce a positive first term
解答:
若首项为 ,则 。因此 的形式为 或 。可行的最大偶数选择为 ,此时 ,且 。接下来的候选值 和 ,都会使首项非正,所有更大的选择也是如此。因此 。
If the first term is then Thus is or The largest viable even choice is for which and The next candidates, and force a nonpositive first term, as do all larger choices. Hence
12.
设 是满足其立方根形如 的最小整数,其中 为正整数,且 。求 。
Let be the smallest integer whose cube root has the form where is a positive integer and Find
小提示:
对固定的 ,最小的可能整数为
For fixed the smallest possible integer is
大提示:
比较 与
Compare with
解答:
对给定的 ,使立方根刚好大于 的最接近候选整数为 。我们需要 ,即 。当 时不成立,而当 时成立。右端在正整数 的范围内递增,所以每个更小的 都不成立;每个更大的 所对应的最小候选整数 也更大。因此,最小的 在 时取得。
For a given the closest integer cube-root candidate above is We need or This fails at and holds at The right-hand side is increasing for positive so every smaller fails; every larger has a larger least candidate Hence the smallest occurs with
13.
给定一个由互不相同的实数组成的数列 、、、,可以通过一次或多次“冒泡遍历”将其按升序排列。对一个给定数列进行一次冒泡遍历,是先比较第二项与第一项,并且仅当第二项较小时交换两项;接着比较第三项与第二项,并且仅当第三项较小时交换两项;依此顺序进行,直到把最后一项 与它当时的前一项比较,并且仅当最后一项较小时交换两项。
下面的例子展示数列 、、、 如何经过一次冒泡遍历变成数列 、、、。每一步中被比较的两个数都加有下划线。
设 ,初始数列的各项 、、、 互不相同,并以随机顺序排列。经过一次冒泡遍历后,初始时记作 的数最终处在第 位的概率为最简分数 。求 。
A given sequence of distinct real numbers can be put in ascending order by means of one or more “bubble passes.” A bubble pass through a given sequence consists of comparing the second term with the first term, and exchanging them if and only if the second term is smaller, then comparing the third term with the second term and exchanging them if and only if the third term is smaller, and so on in order, through comparing the last term, with its current predecessor and exchanging them if and only if the last term is smaller.
The example below shows how the sequence is transformed into the sequence by one bubble pass. The numbers compared at each step are underlined.
Suppose that and that the terms of the initial sequence are distinct from one another and are in random order. Let in lowest terms, be the probability that the number that begins as will end up, after one bubble pass, in the th place. Find
小提示:
当比较进行到位置 后,该位置上的数是原数列前 项的最大值
After the comparison reaching position that position holds the maximum of the first original terms
大提示:
确定 和 在前 项中的相对大小排名
Characterize the relative ranks of and among the first terms
解答:
要使 一直向右移动到第 位,它必须大于 中的其他每一项。它恰好在第 位停下的条件是 。因此,在前 项中, 必须最大, 必须为第二大。这两个指定排名同时发生的概率为 。所以 。
For to move right to position it must exceed every other term among It stops at position exactly when Thus among the first terms, must be greatest and second greatest. These two ordered rank assignments have probability Therefore
14.
15.
如图,正方形 、 内接于直角三角形 。若 ,且 ,求 。
Squares are inscribed in right triangle as shown. Find if and
小提示:
设两条直角边长为 和 ,并利用第一个正方形建立 与 的关系
Let the legs be and and use the first square to relate to
大提示:
对第二个正方形,利用斜边上的高以及相似截面的长度关系
For the second square, use the altitude to the hypotenuse and similar cross-sections
解答:
令 、,并将斜边长记为 。因为 的边长为 ,由直角边方向内接正方形的标准关系可得 ,所以 。因而 。
斜边上的高为 。若 的边长为 ,由相似关系可得 。代入并化简为 。因此 由于 ,上式化为 所以 ,又因为 ,得到 。
Put and let the hypotenuse be Since has side the standard leg-aligned-square relation gives so Hence
The altitude to the hypotenuse is If the side of is similarity gives Substitution simplifies this to Therefore Since this becomes Thus and gives