2019 AMC 12A 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
半径为 英寸的披萨面积比半径为 英寸的披萨面积大 %。最接近 的整数是多少?
The area of a pizza with radius inches is percent larger than the area of a pizza with radius inches. What is the integer closest to
小提示:
两个面积之比为 。
The areas are in the ratio
大提示:
百分比增幅是
The percent increase is
解答:
圆面积与半径的平方成正比,所以较大面积与较小面积的比为 。
百分比增幅为 最接近的整数是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The areas are proportional to the squares of the radii, so the ratio of the larger area to the smaller is
The percent increase is The closest integer is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
2.
3.
一个盒子里有 个红球、 个绿球、 个黄球、 个蓝球、 个白球和 个黑球。从盒子里不放回地取球,至少要取出多少个球才能保证至少有 个球颜色相同?
A box contains red balls, green balls, yellow balls, blue balls, white balls, and black balls. What is the minimum number of balls that must be drawn from the box without replacement to guarantee that at least balls of a single color will be drawn?
答案:B
小提示:
考虑最坏情况:尽可能多取球,但始终不达到同一种颜色 个
Consider the worst case: draw as many as possible without ever reaching of one color
大提示:
对每种至少有 个的颜色各取 个,并取完数量较少的颜色
Take of each color that has at least and all balls of the smaller colors
解答:
最坏情况下,我们取红、绿、黄各 个,再取完所有蓝球 白球 和黑球 仍没有任何一种颜色达到 个。
这共有 个球。
再取下一个球就一定会凑成某种颜色的 个,所以需要 个球。
所以正确答案是 B。
In the worst case, we draw each of red, green, and yellow, plus all of the blue white and black without reaching of any color.
That is balls.
The next ball must complete a set of so balls are needed.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
和为 的连续整数最多可以有多少个?
What is the greatest number of consecutive integers whose sum is
小提示:
这些整数可以是负数
The integers are allowed to be negative
大提示:
加上 的贡献为 ,所以把这段连续整数延伸到刚好超过 。
Adding contributes so extend the run just past
解答:
可以使用负整数。从 到 的整数和为 ,所以从 到 的整数和为 。
这段共有 个整数。反过来,如果 个连续整数的和为 ,那么它们和的两倍等于 乘以某个整数,所以 是 的倍数。因此 ,证明这段最长。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Negative integers are allowed. The integers from to sum to so the integers from to sum to
This run has integers. Conversely, if consecutive integers have sum then twice their sum is times an integer, so is a multiple of Hence proving that this run is longest.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
两条斜率分别为 和 的直线在 相交。由这两条直线和直线 围成的三角形面积是多少?
Two lines with slopes and intersect at What is the area of the triangle enclosed by these two lines and the line
小提示:
分别求出两条直线与 的交点
Find where each line meets
大提示:
三个顶点是 ,,和 ;使用鞋带公式
The three vertices are and use the shoelace formula
解答:
两条直线分别为 和 。分别与 联立,得到点 和 。
三角形顶点为 ,,和 。由鞋带公式,
所以正确答案是 C。
The two lines are and Intersecting each with gives the points and
The triangle has vertices and By the shoelace formula,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
下图显示了直线 以及由正方形和线段组成的一个规则、无限、重复的图案。
在绘制此图形的平面中,下面四类刚体运动变换中,除恒等变换外,有多少类中的某个变换会把这个图形变到自身?
• 绕直线 上某点的某个旋转
• 沿平行于直线 方向的某个平移
• 关于直线 的反射
• 关于某条垂直于直线 的直线的某个反射
The figure below shows line with a regular, infinite, recurring pattern of squares and line segments.
How many of the following four kinds of rigid motion transformations of the plane in which this figure is drawn, other than the identity transformation, will transform this figure into itself?
• some rotation around a point of line
• some translation in the direction parallel to line
• the reflection across line
• some reflection across a line perpendicular to line
小提示:
平移一个完整周期显然可行
A translation by one period clearly works
大提示:
测试绕 上某点旋转 ,并检查两个反射是否能正确映射对角线段
Test a rotation about a point on and check that neither reflection maps the diagonal segments correctly
解答:
平移一个完整周期会把图形映到自身,所以平移可行。
绕 上适当的点旋转 会把直线上方的每个正方形送到直线下方的正方形,并且对角线段也对应,因此这个旋转可行。
关于 的反射会把上方朝右上的对角线送到下方朝右上的对角线,但实际下方的对角线朝左下,因此失败。关于垂直直线的反射也因同样原因失败。四类变换中只有 类可行。
所以正确答案是 C。
A translation by one full period maps the figure to itself, so translation works.
A rotation about a suitable point on sends each square above the line to the square below it, with the diagonal segments matching, so this rotation works.
Reflection across sends the top-right diagonals to top-right diagonals below the line, but the actual below-line diagonals point to the bottom-left, so it fails. A reflection across a perpendicular line fails for the same reason. Only of the four transformations work.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
7.
Melanie 计算 年各月份日期所组成的 个数值的平均数 、中位数 和众数。因此她的数据包含 个 、 个 、、 个 、 个 、 个 和 个 。设 为这些众数的中位数。下列哪个说法正确?
Melanie computes the mean the median and the modes of the values that are the dates in the months of Thus her data consist of s, s, s, s, s, and s. Let be the median of the modes. Which of the following statements is true?
小提示:
众数是 到 ,每个都出现 次,所以 是它们的中位数
The modes are through each appearing times, so is their median
大提示:
中位数 是第 个值;直接用总和计算 。
The median is the rd value; compute directly from the totals
解答:
数值 到 各出现 次,都是众数,所以 。
排序后 个值的第 个是中位数。数值 到 占据前 个位置,所以第 个位置是 ;因此 。
所有数值的总和是 ,所以 。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The values through each appear times and are the modes, so
The rd of the ordered values is the median. Values through fill the first positions, so position is thus
The total of all values is so
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is E.
8.
对于平面上的四条互不相同的直线,恰有 个不同的点同时位于其中两条或更多条直线上。所有可能的 值之和是多少?
For a set of four distinct lines in a plane, there are exactly distinct points that lie on two or more of the lines. What is the sum of all possible values of
小提示:
当直线处于一般位置时,最大值是 。
The maximum is when the lines are in general position
大提示:
按平行类和共点情况枚举构型;检查从 到 中哪些计数能实现
Enumerate configurations using parallel classes and concurrences; check which counts from to are achievable
解答:
当四条直线全部平行或全部共点时,交点数分别为 和 。三条平行线被第四条截时有 个交点。三条共点直线加上一条不经过公共点的直线时有 个交点。一对平行且没有三线共点时有 个交点;四条直线处于一般位置时有 个交点。
数值 不可能。两条直线在 点相交后,第三条若不经过 ,就至少产生一个新交点;第四条不同的直线还必须产生另一个新交点。如果其余直线都经过 ,则只有一个交点。因此可实现的值为 ,它们的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The values and occur when all four lines are parallel or all four are concurrent. Three parallel lines crossed by a fourth give points. Three concurrent lines together with a fourth line not through their common point give One parallel pair with no three concurrent gives and four lines in general position give
The value is impossible. Once two lines meet at a third line not through creates at least one new intersection; a fourth distinct line must then create another new point. If every remaining line passes through there is only one intersection point instead. Thus the achievable values are whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
9.
一个数列递归定义为 ,,且
对所有 成立。那么 可写成 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数。求 ?
A sequence of numbers is defined recursively by and
for all Then can be written as where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is
小提示:
对等式两边取倒数
Take reciprocals of both sides
大提示:
令 得到 ,这是一个等差数列
Setting gives an arithmetic sequence
解答:
取倒数,
令 则 ,所以 是等差数列,且 ,,公差为 。
因此 ,所以 。由于它们互质,。
所以正确答案是 E。
Taking reciprocals,
Let Then so is arithmetic with and common difference
Thus so Since these are relatively prime,
Thus, the correct answer is E.
10.
下图显示了 个半径为 的圆位于一个更大的圆内。所有交点都发生在相切点处。图中阴影区域,也就是在大圆内但在所有半径为 的圆外的区域,面积是多少?
The figure below shows circles of radius within a larger circle. All the intersections occur at points of tangency. What is the area of the region, shaded in the figure, inside the larger circle but outside all the circles of radius
小提示:
一个中心圆被六个圆围住,然后还有六个圆位于外侧的空隙中
A central circle is ringed by six circles, then six more sit in the outer notches
大提示:
最外层圆的圆心到中心的距离为 ,所以大圆半径为 。
The outermost centers are at distance from the center, so the big radius is
解答:
在中心放一个单位圆,六个圆围绕它且圆心距中心为 (形成一个六边形),再在外侧空隙中放六个圆,其圆心距中心为 。这共有 个圆。
最外层圆与大圆相切,所以大圆半径为 。它的面积为
减去 个单位圆的面积,剩下 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Place a unit circle at the center, six around it with centers at distance (a hexagon), and six more with centers at distance in the outer gaps. That is circles.
The outermost circles are tangent to the big circle, whose radius is therefore Its area is
Subtracting the unit circles leaves
Thus, the correct answer is A.
11.
对某个正整数 ,分数 的 进制循环表示为 。求 ?
For some positive integer the repeating base- representation of the (base-ten) fraction is What is
12.
13.
有多少种方法给整数 ,,, 分别涂上红、绿、蓝三种颜色之一,使得每个数的颜色都与它的每个真因数的颜色不同?
How many ways are there to paint each of the integers either red, green, or blue so that each number has a different color from each of its proper divisors?
小提示:
数 和 不受限制;处理链 以及 上的限制
Numbers and are unconstrained; handle the chain and the constraints on
大提示:
的颜色必须避开 和 的颜色,所以计数取决于 和 是否同色
The color of must avoid both and so count depends on whether and share a color
解答:
质数 和 在这里没有真因数,因此各有 种选择。
沿着链 有 种涂法。数 必须与 不同色,所以一旦 的颜色确定,它就有 种选择。
数 必须与 和 都不同色。对 和 的颜色求和(同色有 对,异色有 对), 合起来的因子为 。
再乘上 和 的涂法数 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The primes and have no proper divisors here, giving choices each.
Along the chain there are colorings. Number must differ from giving choices once is set.
Number must differ from both and Summing over the colors of and (equal in pairs, unequal in pairs), the combined factor for totals
Multiplying by the ways for and gives
Thus, the correct answer is E.
14.
对某个复数 ,多项式
恰有 个不同的根。 是多少?
For a certain complex number the polynomial
has exactly distinct roots. What is
小提示:
第一和第三个因式给出根 和 。
The first and third factors give roots and
大提示:
要只有 个不同根, 必须复用其中两个根;它的两根乘积为 。
For only distinct roots, must reuse two of these; its roots multiply to
解答:
因式 和 的根分别为 和 ,这 个值互不相同。
要使 恰有 个不同根, 的根必须在这些根中。它们的乘积必须等于 ,唯一可行的配对是从两个因式各取一个根,例如 。
此时 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The factors and have roots and which are distinct values.
For to have exactly distinct roots, the roots of must lie among these. Their product must equal and the only such pair is one root from each factor, for example
Then so
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
正实数 和 满足
且左边四项都是正整数,其中 表示以 为底的对数。 是多少?
Positive real numbers and have the property that
and all four terms on the left are positive integers, where denotes the base logarithm. What is
小提示:
令 且 ;则 必须是整数
Let and then must be an integer
大提示:
令 ,,方程变为
With the equation becomes
解答:
令 且 ,则 且 。要使它为整数, 必须为偶数;同理 也必须为偶数。
写成 ,,方程 变为 。
唯一解为 ,因此 。
所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let and so and For this to be an integer, is even; likewise
Writing the equation becomes
The only solution is giving
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
数字 ,,, 被随机放入一个 方格的 个格子中。每个格子放一个数,每个数恰好使用一次。每一行和每一列中的数字和都为奇数的概率是多少?
The numbers are randomly placed into the squares of a grid. Each square gets one number, and each of the numbers is used once. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers in each row and each column is odd?
小提示:
有 个奇数和 个偶数;每一行和每一列都需要含有奇数个奇数
There are odd and even numbers; each row and column needs an odd count of odd numbers
大提示:
奇数项必须填满一整行和一整列,形成一个由 个格子组成的加号形
The odd entries must fill one entire row and one entire column, forming a plus shape of cells
解答:
有 个奇数和 个偶数。每一行和每一列都必须包含奇数个奇数项。
要放置 个奇数项并使每一行和每一列的奇数项个数都为奇数,唯一的形状是填满一整行和一整列(一个由 个格子组成的加号形)。这样的图案有 种。
每种图案中,奇数有 种放法,偶数有 种放法,所以概率为
所以正确答案是 B。
There are odd and even numbers. Each row and column must contain an odd number of odd entries.
The only way to place odd entries with every row and column odd is to fill one complete row and one complete column (a plus shape of cells). There are such patterns.
Each pattern admits placements of the odd numbers and of the even numbers, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
设 表示多项式 的所有根的 次幂之和。特别地,、,且 。设 , 和 为实数,使得 对 ,, 成立。 是多少?
Let denote the sum of the th powers of the roots of the polynomial In particular, and Let and be real numbers such that for What is
18.
有一个以 为球心、半径为 的球。一个三边长分别为 , 和 的三角形位于空间中,它的每条边都与该球相切。求 到这个三角形所在平面的距离。
A sphere with center has radius A triangle with sides of length and is situated in space so that each of its sides is tangent to the sphere. What is the distance between and the plane determined by the triangle?
答案:D
小提示:
球与该平面相交成一个圆,这个圆与三边都相切,所以它是三角形的内切圆
The sphere meets the plane in a circle tangent to all three sides, so that circle is the incircle
大提示:
若距离为 ,截圆半径为 ,它等于三角形的内切圆半径
If is the distance, the cross-circle has radius which equals the inradius
解答:
球与三角形所在平面相交成一个半径为 的圆,其中 是 到该平面的距离。因为每条边都与球相切,这个圆就是三角形的内切圆。
该三角形面积为 ,半周长为 ,所以内切圆半径为 。
因此 ,得 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The sphere intersects the triangle’s plane in a circle of radius where is the distance from to the plane. Since each side is tangent to the sphere, this circle is the triangle’s incircle.
The triangle has area and semiperimeter so its inradius is
Thus giving and
Thus, the correct answer is D.
19.
在边长均为整数的 中,
的最小可能周长是多少?
In with integer side lengths,
What is the least possible perimeter for
小提示:
由给定的余弦值求 。
Find from the given cosines
大提示:
由正弦定理,边长成比例 。
By the Law of Sines the sides are proportional to
解答:
每个正弦值为 :,,。
由正弦定理,边长比为 。最小的整数边长为 ,它们满足三角形不等式。
最小周长为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Each sine is
By the Law of Sines the sides are in ratio The smallest integer sides are which satisfy the triangle inequality.
The least perimeter is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
20.
按如下方式从 到 之间(含端点)选择一个实数。先抛一枚公平硬币。如果正面朝上,则再抛一次;第二次若正面朝上就选 ,若反面朝上就选 。如果第一次抛硬币反面朝上,则从闭区间 中均匀随机选一个数。独立地用这种方式选出两个随机数 和 。求 的概率。
Real numbers between and inclusive, are chosen in the following manner. A fair coin is flipped. If it lands heads, then it is flipped again and the chosen number is if the second flip is heads and if the second flip is tails. On the other hand, if the first coin flip is tails, then the number is chosen uniformly at random from the closed interval Two random numbers and are chosen independently in this manner. What is the probability that
小提示:
每个数以概率 等于 ,以概率 等于 ,并以概率 在 上均匀分布
Each number is with probability with probability and uniform on with probability
大提示:
分成九种类型组合;两个都均匀时,
Split into the nine type-combinations; for two uniforms,
解答:
每个变量以概率 等于 ,以概率 等于 ,并以概率 在 上均匀分布。
考虑九种类型组合:数对 和 各贡献 。四种“定点对均匀”的情况各贡献 。“均匀对均匀”的情况贡献 。
总和为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Each variable equals with probability equals with probability and is uniform on with probability
Considering the nine combinations of types: the pairs and each contribute Each of the four point-versus-uniform cases contributes The uniform-versus-uniform case contributes
The total is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
设 求
Let What is
小提示:
,所以 只取决于 。
so depends only on
大提示:
当 时,指数 中 出现六次, 出现三次, 出现三次
Over the exponent is six times, three times, and three times
解答:
因为 ,所以 ,只取决于 。
对 到 ,余数 为 (给出 )出现六次,为 (给出 )出现三次,为 (给出 )出现三次。所以第一个和为 。
第二个和同理为 。两者乘积为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since we have depending only on
For to the residue is (giving ) six times, (giving ) three times, and (giving ) three times. So the first sum is
The second sum is likewise Their product is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
22.
圆 和 都以 为圆心,半径分别为 和 。等边三角形 的内部位于 的内部但位于 的外部,顶点 在 上,且包含边 的直线与 相切。线段 与 交于 ,且 。若 可写成 的形式,其中 ,,, 为正整数,且 ,求 。
Circles and both centered at have radii and respectively. Equilateral triangle whose interior lies in the interior of but in the exterior of has vertex on and the line containing side is tangent to Segments and intersect at and Then can be written in the form for positive integers with What is
小提示:
令 。因为 ,所以 且 。
Let Since we have and
大提示:
把 放在原点,令 水平; 在直线 上,距 为 ,且距 为 。
Place at the origin with horizontal; lies on line at distance from and from
解答:
令 。因为 ,所以 且 。把 放在原点,令 在 -轴上,,,顶点 。
点 共线,所以 对某个标量 成立。两个条件确定它: 到直线 的距离为 得 ,且 在 上,得 ,因为 。
解得 且 。有效构型中 与 位于 的两侧,所以 。因此
因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Let Since we have and Put at the origin with on the -axis, and apex
Points are collinear, so for some scalar Two conditions pin it down: is at distance from line giving and is on giving since
Solving, and The valid configuration has and on opposite sides of so Therefore
Then
Thus, the correct answer is E.
23.
定义二元运算 和 如下:
和
对所有使这些表达式有定义的实数 和 成立。数列 递归定义为 ,且 对所有整数 成立。最接近 的整数是多少?
Define binary operations and by
and
for all real numbers and for which these expressions are defined. The sequence is defined recursively by and for all integers To the nearest integer, what is
24.
在 到 之间(含端点),有多少个整数 使得 是整数?(规定 。)
For how many integers between and inclusive, is an integer? (Recall that )
小提示:
用 比较分子和分母中素数 的指数
Compare the exponent of a prime in numerator and denominator using
大提示:
失败要求 是素数幂 ,且
Failure requires to be a prime power with
解答:
固定一个质数 。由勒让德公式,分子中 的指数减去分母中该质数的指数为 若 是 除以 的余数,则第 个加项为 。
令 。前 个加项都是 。如果 不是 的幂,写成 ,其中 。当 时,下一个加项至少为 ,其后各项都非负;当 时,所有加项本来就非负。因此除非 是 的幂,否则 。
当 时,勒让德公式将条件化为 。在不超过 的质数幂中,这个条件恰好在 (即 为质数)以及 时失败。不超过 的质数共有 个,再加上 ,共 个失败值。因此有 个 满足条件。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Fix a prime By Legendre’s formula, the difference between the exponent of in the numerator and its exponent in the denominator is If is the remainder of modulo the th summand is
Let The first summands are If is not a power of write with When the next summand is at least and all later summands are nonnegative; when every summand is already nonnegative. Thus unless is a power of
For Legendre’s formula reduces the requirement to Among prime powers at most this fails exactly when (so is prime) and when There are primes at most plus giving failures. Hence values of work.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
设 是一个三角形,其角度恰为 ,,和 。对每个正整数 ,定义 为从 到直线 的高的垂足。同样,定义 为从 到直线 的高的垂足,定义 为从 到直线 的高的垂足。使 成为钝角三角形的最小正整数 是多少?
Let be a triangle whose angle measures are exactly and For each positive integer define to be the foot of the altitude from to line Likewise, define to be the foot of the altitude from to line and to be the foot of the altitude from to line What is the least positive integer for which is obtuse?
小提示:
对锐角三角形,垂足三角形的角为 。
For an acute triangle, the orthic triangle has angles
大提示:
追踪相对 的偏差:每一步都把偏差乘以 ,当某个偏差超过 时三角形变为钝角
Track the deviation from each step multiplies it by and the triangle turns obtuse when a deviation exceeds
解答:
对锐角三角形,垂足三角形(高的垂足构成的三角形)的每个角为 ,其中 是原三角形的对应角。
把一个角写成 ,新角就是 ,所以每一步都会把相对 的偏差乘以 。初始偏差为 。
步后,偏差大小为 度。三角形第一次变成钝角时这个值超过 ,即 。因为 且 ,最小的 是 。
所以正确答案是 E。
For an acute triangle, the orthic triangle (feet of the altitudes) has angles for each original angle
Writing an angle as the new angle is so each deviation from is multiplied by The initial deviations are
After steps a deviation has magnitude degrees. The triangle first becomes obtuse when this exceeds i.e. Since and the least such is
Thus, the correct answer is E.