2019 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

半径为 44 英寸的披萨面积比半径为 33 英寸的披萨面积大 NN%。最接近 NN 的整数是多少?

The area of a pizza with radius 44 inches is NN percent larger than the area of a pizza with radius 33 inches. What is the integer closest to N?N?

2525

3333

4444

6666

7878

知识点:圆面积百分数
难度评级:770
小提示:

两个面积之比为 42:324^2 : 3^2

The areas are in the ratio 42:324^2 : 3^2

大提示:

百分比增幅是 (1691)×100\left(\dfrac{16}{9} - 1\right) \times 100

The percent increase is (1691)×100\left(\dfrac{16}{9} - 1\right) \times 100

解答:

圆面积与半径的平方成正比,所以较大面积与较小面积的比为 169\dfrac{16}{9}

百分比增幅为 (1691)×100=700977.8 \left(\dfrac{16}{9} - 1\right) \times 100 = \dfrac{700}{9} \approx 77.8\text{。} 最接近的整数是 7878

所以正确答案是 E

The areas are proportional to the squares of the radii, so the ratio of the larger area to the smaller is 169.\dfrac{16}{9}.

The percent increase is (1691)×100=700977.8. \left(\dfrac{16}{9} - 1\right) \times 100 = \dfrac{700}{9} \approx 77.8. The closest integer is 78.78.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

假设 aabb150%150\%。那么 3b3baa 的百分之多少?

Suppose aa is 150%150\% of b.b. What percent of aa is 3b?3b?

5050

662366\dfrac{2}{3}

150150

200200

450450

难度评级:770
小提示:

写成 a=1.5ba = 1.5b

Write a=1.5ba = 1.5b

大提示:

计算 3ba\dfrac{3b}{a},再化成百分数

Compute 3ba\dfrac{3b}{a} and convert to a percentage

解答:

因为 a=1.5ba = 1.5b,所以 3ba=3b1.5b=2 \dfrac{3b}{a} = \dfrac{3b}{1.5b} = 2\text{。}

化成百分数,3b3baa200%200\%

所以正确答案是 D

Since a=1.5b,a = 1.5b, we have 3ba=3b1.5b=2. \dfrac{3b}{a} = \dfrac{3b}{1.5b} = 2.

As a percentage, 3b3b is 200%200\% of a.a.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

一个盒子里有 2828 个红球、2020 个绿球、1919 个黄球、1313 个蓝球、1111 个白球和 99 个黑球。从盒子里不放回地取球,至少要取出多少个球才能保证至少有 1515 个球颜色相同?

A box contains 2828 red balls, 2020 green balls, 1919 yellow balls, 1313 blue balls, 1111 white balls, and 99 black balls. What is the minimum number of balls that must be drawn from the box without replacement to guarantee that at least 1515 balls of a single color will be drawn?

7575

7676

7979

8484

9191

知识点:抽屉原理
难度评级:1020
小提示:

考虑最坏情况:尽可能多取球,但始终不达到同一种颜色 1515

Consider the worst case: draw as many as possible without ever reaching 1515 of one color

大提示:

对每种至少有 1414 个的颜色各取 1414 个,并取完数量较少的颜色

Take 1414 of each color that has at least 14,14, and all balls of the smaller colors

解答:

最坏情况下,我们取红、绿、黄各 1414 个,再取完所有蓝球 (13),(13), 白球 (11),(11), 和黑球 (9),(9), 仍没有任何一种颜色达到 1515 个。

这共有 14+14+14+13+11+9=75 14 + 14 + 14 + 13 + 11 + 9 = 75 个球。

再取下一个球就一定会凑成某种颜色的 1515 个,所以需要 7676 个球。

所以正确答案是 B

In the worst case, we draw 1414 each of red, green, and yellow, plus all of the blue (13),(13), white (11),(11), and black (9),(9), without reaching 1515 of any color.

That is 14+14+14+13+11+9=75 14 + 14 + 14 + 13 + 11 + 9 = 75 balls.

The next ball must complete a set of 15,15, so 7676 balls are needed.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

和为 4545 的连续整数最多可以有多少个?

What is the greatest number of consecutive integers whose sum is 45?45?

99

2525

4545

9090

120120

难度评级:1170
小提示:

这些整数可以是负数

The integers are allowed to be negative

大提示:

加上 44,43,,44-44, -43, \ldots, 44 的贡献为 00,所以把这段连续整数延伸到刚好超过 4545

Adding 44,43,,44-44, -43, \ldots, 44 contributes 0,0, so extend the run just past 4545

解答:

可以使用负整数。从 44-444444 的整数和为 00,所以从 44-444545 的整数和为 4545

这段共有 45(44)+1=9045 - (-44) + 1 = 90 个整数。反过来,如果 LL 个连续整数的和为 4545,那么它们和的两倍等于 LL 乘以某个整数,所以 9090LL 的倍数。因此 L90L\le90,证明这段最长。

因此,正确答案是 D

Negative integers are allowed. The integers from 44-44 to 4444 sum to 0,0, so the integers from 44-44 to 4545 sum to 45.45.

This run has 45(44)+1=9045 - (-44) + 1 = 90 integers. Conversely, if LL consecutive integers have sum 45,45, then twice their sum is LL times an integer, so 9090 is a multiple of L.L. Hence L90,L\le90, proving that this run is longest.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

两条斜率分别为 12\dfrac{1}{2}22 的直线在 (2,2)(2, 2) 相交。由这两条直线和直线 x+y=10x + y = 10 围成的三角形面积是多少?

Two lines with slopes 12\dfrac{1}{2} and 22 intersect at (2,2).(2, 2). What is the area of the triangle enclosed by these two lines and the line x+y=10?x + y = 10?

44

424\sqrt{2}

66

88

626\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1280
小提示:

分别求出两条直线与 x+y=10x + y = 10 的交点

Find where each line meets x+y=10x + y = 10

大提示:

三个顶点是 (2,2)(2, 2)(6,4)(6, 4),和 (4,6)(4, 6);使用鞋带公式

The three vertices are (2,2),(2, 2), (6,4),(6, 4), and (4,6);(4, 6); use the shoelace formula

解答:

两条直线分别为 y=12x+1y = \tfrac{1}{2}x + 1y=2x2y = 2x - 2。分别与 x+y=10x + y = 10 联立,得到点 (6,4)(6, 4)(4,6)(4, 6)

三角形顶点为 (2,2)(2, 2)(6,4)(6, 4),和 (4,6)(4, 6)。由鞋带公式,

122(46)+6(62)+4(24)=124+248=6 \begin{aligned} &\small \tfrac{1}{2}\left| 2(4 - 6) + 6(6 - 2) + 4(2 - 4) \right| \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2}\left| -4 + 24 - 8 \right| \\ &= 6 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The two lines are y=12x+1y = \tfrac{1}{2}x + 1 and y=2x2.y = 2x - 2. Intersecting each with x+y=10x + y = 10 gives the points (6,4)(6, 4) and (4,6).(4, 6).

The triangle has vertices (2,2),(2, 2), (6,4),(6, 4), and (4,6).(4, 6). By the shoelace formula,

122(46)+6(62)+4(24)=124+248=6. \begin{aligned} &\small \tfrac{1}{2}\left| 2(4 - 6) + 6(6 - 2) + 4(2 - 4) \right| \\ &= \tfrac{1}{2}\left| -4 + 24 - 8 \right| \\ &= 6. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

下图显示了直线 \ell 以及由正方形和线段组成的一个规则、无限、重复的图案。

在绘制此图形的平面中,下面四类刚体运动变换中,除恒等变换外,有多少类中的某个变换会把这个图形变到自身?

• 绕直线 \ell 上某点的某个旋转

• 沿平行于直线 \ell 方向的某个平移

• 关于直线 \ell 的反射

• 关于某条垂直于直线 \ell 的直线的某个反射

The figure below shows line \ell with a regular, infinite, recurring pattern of squares and line segments.

How many of the following four kinds of rigid motion transformations of the plane in which this figure is drawn, other than the identity transformation, will transform this figure into itself?

• some rotation around a point of line \ell

• some translation in the direction parallel to line \ell

• the reflection across line \ell

• some reflection across a line perpendicular to line \ell

00

11

22

33

44

知识点:变换对称性
难度评级:1310
小提示:

平移一个完整周期显然可行

A translation by one period clearly works

大提示:

测试绕 \ell 上某点旋转 180180^\circ,并检查两个反射是否能正确映射对角线段

Test a 180180^\circ rotation about a point on ,\ell, and check that neither reflection maps the diagonal segments correctly

解答:

平移一个完整周期会把图形映到自身,所以平移可行。

\ell 上适当的点旋转 180180^\circ 会把直线上方的每个正方形送到直线下方的正方形,并且对角线段也对应,因此这个旋转可行。

关于 \ell 的反射会把上方朝右上的对角线送到下方朝右上的对角线,但实际下方的对角线朝左下,因此失败。关于垂直直线的反射也因同样原因失败。四类变换中只有 22 类可行。

所以正确答案是 C

A translation by one full period maps the figure to itself, so translation works.

A 180180^\circ rotation about a suitable point on \ell sends each square above the line to the square below it, with the diagonal segments matching, so this rotation works.

Reflection across \ell sends the top-right diagonals to top-right diagonals below the line, but the actual below-line diagonals point to the bottom-left, so it fails. A reflection across a perpendicular line fails for the same reason. Only 22 of the four transformations work.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

Melanie 计算 20192019 年各月份日期所组成的 365365 个数值的平均数 μ\mu、中位数 MM 和众数。因此她的数据包含 121211121222\ldots121228281111292911113030773131。设 dd 为这些众数的中位数。下列哪个说法正确?

Melanie computes the mean μ,\mu, the median M,M, and the modes of the 365365 values that are the dates in the months of 2019.2019. Thus her data consist of 1212 11s, 1212 22s, ,\ldots, 1212 2828s, 1111 2929s, 1111 3030s, and 77 3131s. Let dd be the median of the modes. Which of the following statements is true?

μ<d<M\mu \lt d \lt M

M<d<μM \lt d \lt \mu

d=M=μd = M = \mu

d<M<μd \lt M \lt \mu

d<μ<Md \lt \mu \lt M

难度评级:1330
小提示:

众数是 112828,每个都出现 1212 次,所以 dd 是它们的中位数

The modes are 11 through 28,28, each appearing 1212 times, so dd is their median

大提示:

中位数 MM 是第 183183 个值;直接用总和计算 μ\mu

The median MM is the 183183rd value; compute μ\mu directly from the totals

解答:

数值 112828 各出现 1212 次,都是众数,所以 d=14+152=14.5d = \dfrac{14 + 15}{2} = 14.5

排序后 365365 个值的第 183183 个是中位数。数值 111515 占据前 180180 个位置,所以第 183183 个位置是 1616;因此 M=16M = 16

所有数值的总和是 12(1++28)12(1 + \cdots + 28) +11(29+30)+ 11(29 + 30) +731=5738+ 7 \cdot 31 = 5738,所以 μ=573836515.7\mu = \dfrac{5738}{365} \approx 15.7

因此 d<μ<Md \lt \mu \lt M

所以正确答案是 E

The values 11 through 2828 each appear 1212 times and are the modes, so d=14+152=14.5.d = \dfrac{14 + 15}{2} = 14.5.

The 183183rd of the 365365 ordered values is the median. Values 11 through 1515 fill the first 180180 positions, so position 183183 is 16;16; thus M=16.M = 16.

The total of all values is 12(1++28)12(1 + \cdots + 28) +11(29+30)+ 11(29 + 30) +731=5738,+ 7 \cdot 31 = 5738, so μ=573836515.7.\mu = \dfrac{5738}{365} \approx 15.7.

Therefore d<μ<M.d \lt \mu \lt M.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

对于平面上的四条互不相同的直线,恰有 NN 个不同的点同时位于其中两条或更多条直线上。所有可能的 NN 值之和是多少?

For a set of four distinct lines in a plane, there are exactly NN distinct points that lie on two or more of the lines. What is the sum of all possible values of N?N?

1414

1616

1818

1919

2121

难度评级:1380
小提示:

当直线处于一般位置时,最大值是 (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6

The maximum is (42)=6\binom{4}{2} = 6 when the lines are in general position

大提示:

按平行类和共点情况枚举构型;检查从 0066 中哪些计数能实现

Enumerate configurations using parallel classes and concurrences; check which counts from 00 to 66 are achievable

解答:

当四条直线全部平行或全部共点时,交点数分别为 0011。三条平行线被第四条截时有 33 个交点。三条共点直线加上一条不经过公共点的直线时有 44 个交点。一对平行且没有三线共点时有 55 个交点;四条直线处于一般位置时有 66 个交点。

数值 22 不可能。两条直线在 PP 点相交后,第三条若不经过 PP,就至少产生一个新交点;第四条不同的直线还必须产生另一个新交点。如果其余直线都经过 PP,则只有一个交点。因此可实现的值为 0,1,3,4,5,60,1,3,4,5,6,它们的和为 1919

因此,正确答案是 D

The values 00 and 11 occur when all four lines are parallel or all four are concurrent. Three parallel lines crossed by a fourth give 33 points. Three concurrent lines together with a fourth line not through their common point give 4.4. One parallel pair with no three concurrent gives 5,5, and four lines in general position give 6.6.

The value 22 is impossible. Once two lines meet at P,P, a third line not through PP creates at least one new intersection; a fourth distinct line must then create another new point. If every remaining line passes through P,P, there is only one intersection point instead. Thus the achievable values are 0,1,3,4,5,6,0,1,3,4,5,6, whose sum is 19.19.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

一个数列递归定义为 a1=1a_1 = 1a2=37a_2 = \dfrac{3}{7},且

an=an2an12an2an1 a_n = \dfrac{a_{n-2} \cdot a_{n-1}}{2a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}

对所有 n3n \ge 3 成立。那么 a2019a_{2019} 可写成 pq\dfrac{p}{q},其中 ppqq 是互质的正整数。求 p+qp + q

A sequence of numbers is defined recursively by a1=1,a_1 = 1, a2=37,a_2 = \dfrac{3}{7}, and

an=an2an12an2an1 a_n = \dfrac{a_{n-2} \cdot a_{n-1}}{2a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}

for all n3.n \ge 3. Then a2019a_{2019} can be written as pq,\dfrac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. What is p+q?p + q?

20202020

40394039

60576057

60616061

80788078

难度评级:1500
小提示:

对等式两边取倒数

Take reciprocals of both sides

大提示:

bn=1anb_n = \dfrac{1}{a_n} 得到 bn=2bn1bn2b_n = 2b_{n-1} - b_{n-2},这是一个等差数列

Setting bn=1anb_n = \dfrac{1}{a_n} gives bn=2bn1bn2,b_n = 2b_{n-1} - b_{n-2}, an arithmetic sequence

解答:

取倒数,1an=2an2an1an2an1=2an11an2 \begin{aligned} \dfrac{1}{a_n} &= \dfrac{2a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}{a_{n-2}a_{n-1}} \\ &= \dfrac{2}{a_{n-1}} - \dfrac{1}{a_{n-2}} \end{aligned}\text{。}

bn=1anb_n = \dfrac{1}{a_n}bn=2bn1bn2b_n = 2b_{n-1} - b_{n-2},所以 bnb_n 是等差数列,且 b1=1b_1 = 1b2=73b_2 = \dfrac{7}{3},公差为 43\dfrac{4}{3}

因此 b2019=1+201843=80753b_{2019} = 1 + 2018 \cdot \dfrac{4}{3} = \dfrac{8075}{3},所以 a2019=38075a_{2019} = \dfrac{3}{8075}。由于它们互质,p+q=8078p + q = 8078

所以正确答案是 E

Taking reciprocals, 1an=2an2an1an2an1=2an11an2. \begin{aligned} \dfrac{1}{a_n} &= \dfrac{2a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}{a_{n-2}a_{n-1}} \\ &= \dfrac{2}{a_{n-1}} - \dfrac{1}{a_{n-2}}. \end{aligned}

Let bn=1an.b_n = \dfrac{1}{a_n}. Then bn=2bn1bn2,b_n = 2b_{n-1} - b_{n-2}, so bnb_n is arithmetic with b1=1,b_1 = 1, b2=73,b_2 = \dfrac{7}{3}, and common difference 43.\dfrac{4}{3}.

Thus b2019=1+201843=80753,b_{2019} = 1 + 2018 \cdot \dfrac{4}{3} = \dfrac{8075}{3}, so a2019=38075.a_{2019} = \dfrac{3}{8075}. Since these are relatively prime, p+q=8078.p + q = 8078.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

10.

下图显示了 1313 个半径为 11 的圆位于一个更大的圆内。所有交点都发生在相切点处。图中阴影区域,也就是在大圆内但在所有半径为 11 的圆外的区域,面积是多少?

The figure below shows 1313 circles of radius 11 within a larger circle. All the intersections occur at points of tangency. What is the area of the region, shaded in the figure, inside the larger circle but outside all the circles of radius 1?1?

4π34\pi\sqrt{3}

7π7\pi

π(33+2)\pi(3\sqrt{3} + 2)

10π(31)10\pi(\sqrt{3} - 1)

π(3+6)\pi(\sqrt{3} + 6)

难度评级:1500
小提示:

一个中心圆被六个圆围住,然后还有六个圆位于外侧的空隙中

A central circle is ringed by six circles, then six more sit in the outer notches

大提示:

最外层圆的圆心到中心的距离为 232\sqrt{3},所以大圆半径为 23+12\sqrt{3} + 1

The outermost centers are at distance 232\sqrt{3} from the center, so the big radius is 23+12\sqrt{3} + 1

解答:

在中心放一个单位圆,六个圆围绕它且圆心距中心为 22(形成一个六边形),再在外侧空隙中放六个圆,其圆心距中心为 232\sqrt{3}。这共有 1+6+6=131 + 6 + 6 = 13 个圆。

最外层圆与大圆相切,所以大圆半径为 23+12\sqrt{3} + 1。它的面积为 π(23+1)2=π(13+43) \pi(2\sqrt{3} + 1)^2 = \pi(13 + 4\sqrt{3})\text{。}

减去 1313 个单位圆的面积,剩下 π(13+43)13π=4π3\pi(13 + 4\sqrt{3}) - 13\pi = 4\pi\sqrt{3}

所以正确答案是 A

Place a unit circle at the center, six around it with centers at distance 22 (a hexagon), and six more with centers at distance 232\sqrt{3} in the outer gaps. That is 1+6+6=131 + 6 + 6 = 13 circles.

The outermost circles are tangent to the big circle, whose radius is therefore 23+1.2\sqrt{3} + 1. Its area is π(23+1)2=π(13+43). \pi(2\sqrt{3} + 1)^2 = \pi(13 + 4\sqrt{3}).

Subtracting the 1313 unit circles leaves π(13+43)13π=4π3.\pi(13 + 4\sqrt{3}) - 13\pi = 4\pi\sqrt{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

对某个正整数 kk,分数 751\dfrac{7}{51}kk 进制循环表示为 0.23k=0.232323k0.\overline{23}_k = 0.232323\ldots_k。求 kk

For some positive integer k,k, the repeating base-kk representation of the (base-ten) fraction 751\dfrac{7}{51} is 0.23k=0.232323k.0.\overline{23}_k = 0.232323\ldots_k. What is k?k?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

难度评级:1440
小提示:

kk 进制中两位循环节的值为 2k+3k21\dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1}

A two-digit repeating block in base kk equals 2k+3k21\dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1}

大提示:

2k+3k21=751\dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1} = \dfrac{7}{51},然后清分母

Set 2k+3k21=751\dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1} = \dfrac{7}{51} and clear denominators

解答:

循环节给出 0.23k=2k+3k21=751 0.\overline{23}_k = \dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1} = \dfrac{7}{51}\text{。}

交叉相乘得 51(2k+3)=7(k21)51(2k + 3) = 7(k^2 - 1),所以 7k2102k160=07k^2 - 102k - 160 = 0

由二次公式,k=102+1488414=102+12214=16 \begin{aligned} k &= \dfrac{102 + \sqrt{14884}}{14} \\ &= \dfrac{102 + 122}{14} = 16 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The repeating block gives 0.23k=2k+3k21=751. 0.\overline{23}_k = \dfrac{2k + 3}{k^2 - 1} = \dfrac{7}{51}.

Cross-multiplying, 51(2k+3)=7(k21),51(2k + 3) = 7(k^2 - 1), so 7k2102k160=0.7k^2 - 102k - 160 = 0.

The quadratic formula gives k=102+1488414=102+12214=16. \begin{aligned} k &= \dfrac{102 + \sqrt{14884}}{14} \\ &= \dfrac{102 + 122}{14} = 16. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

正实数 x1x \ne 1y1y \ne 1 满足 log2x=logy16\log_2 x = \log_y 16xy=64xy = 64(log2xy)2\left(\log_2 \dfrac{x}{y}\right)^2 是多少?

Positive real numbers x1x \ne 1 and y1y \ne 1 satisfy log2x=logy16\log_2 x = \log_y 16 and xy=64.xy = 64. What is (log2xy)2?\left(\log_2 \dfrac{x}{y}\right)^2?

252\dfrac{25}{2}

2020

452\dfrac{45}{2}

2525

3232

知识点:对数方程组
难度评级:1560
小提示:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 y;则 logy16=4b\log_y 16 = \dfrac{4}{b}

Let a=log2xa = \log_2 x and b=log2y;b = \log_2 y; then logy16=4b\log_y 16 = \dfrac{4}{b}

大提示:

可得 ab=4ab = 4a+b=6a + b = 6;注意 (log2xy)2=(ab)2\left(\log_2\tfrac{x}{y}\right)^2 = (a - b)^2

You get ab=4ab = 4 and a+b=6;a + b = 6; note (log2xy)2=(ab)2\left(\log_2\tfrac{x}{y}\right)^2 = (a - b)^2

解答:

a=log2xa = \log_2 xb=log2yb = \log_2 y,则 logy16=4b\log_y 16 = \dfrac{4}{b},所以 a=4ba = \dfrac{4}{b},从而 ab=4ab = 4

因为 xy=64xy = 64,所以 a+b=6a + b = 6

因此 (log2xy)2=(ab)2=(a+b)24ab=3616=20 \begin{aligned} \left(\log_2 \tfrac{x}{y}\right)^2 &= (a - b)^2 \\ &= (a + b)^2 - 4ab \\ &= 36 - 16 = 20 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let a=log2xa = \log_2 x and b=log2y.b = \log_2 y. Then logy16=4b,\log_y 16 = \dfrac{4}{b}, so a=4b,a = \dfrac{4}{b}, giving ab=4.ab = 4.

Since xy=64,xy = 64, we have a+b=6.a + b = 6.

Therefore (log2xy)2=(ab)2=(a+b)24ab=3616=20. \begin{aligned} \left(\log_2 \tfrac{x}{y}\right)^2 &= (a - b)^2 \\ &= (a + b)^2 - 4ab \\ &= 36 - 16 = 20. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

有多少种方法给整数 2233\ldots99 分别涂上红、绿、蓝三种颜色之一,使得每个数的颜色都与它的每个真因数的颜色不同?

How many ways are there to paint each of the integers 2,2, 3,3, ,\ldots, 99 either red, green, or blue so that each number has a different color from each of its proper divisors?

144144

216216

256256

384384

432432

难度评级:1630
小提示:

5577 不受限制;处理链 2,4,82, 4, 8 以及 6,96, 9 上的限制

Numbers 55 and 77 are unconstrained; handle the chain 2,4,82, 4, 8 and the constraints on 6,96, 9

大提示:

66 的颜色必须避开 2233 的颜色,所以计数取决于 2233 是否同色

The color of 66 must avoid both 22 and 3,3, so count depends on whether 22 and 33 share a color

解答:

质数 5577 在这里没有真因数,因此各有 33 种选择。

沿着链 2482 \to 4 \to 8321=63 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 = 6 种涂法。数 99 必须与 33 不同色,所以一旦 33 的颜色确定,它就有 22 种选择。

66 必须与 2233 都不同色。对 2233 的颜色求和(同色有 33 对,异色有 66 对),4,8,9,64, 8, 9, 6 合起来的因子为 22(32+61)=482 \cdot 2 \cdot (3 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1) = 48

再乘上 5577 的涂法数 99,得到 489=43248 \cdot 9 = 432

所以正确答案是 E

The primes 55 and 77 have no proper divisors here, giving 33 choices each.

Along the chain 248,2 \to 4 \to 8, there are 321=63 \cdot 2 \cdot 1 = 6 colorings. Number 99 must differ from 3,3, giving 22 choices once 33 is set.

Number 66 must differ from both 22 and 3.3. Summing over the colors of 22 and 33 (equal in 33 pairs, unequal in 66 pairs), the combined factor for 4,8,9,64, 8, 9, 6 totals 22(32+61)=48.2 \cdot 2 \cdot (3 \cdot 2 + 6 \cdot 1) = 48.

Multiplying by the 99 ways for 55 and 77 gives 489=432.48 \cdot 9 = 432.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

对某个复数 cc,多项式

P(x)=(x22x+2)(x2cx+4)(x24x+8) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^2 - 2x + 2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x^2 - cx + 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x^2 - 4x + 8) \end{aligned}

恰有 44 个不同的根。c|c| 是多少?

For a certain complex number c,c, the polynomial

P(x)=(x22x+2)(x2cx+4)(x24x+8) \begin{aligned} P(x) &= (x^2 - 2x + 2) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x^2 - cx + 4) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (x^2 - 4x + 8) \end{aligned}

has exactly 44 distinct roots. What is c?|c|?

22

6\sqrt{6}

222\sqrt{2}

33

10\sqrt{10}

难度评级:1690
小提示:

第一和第三个因式给出根 1±i1 \pm i2±2i2 \pm 2i

The first and third factors give roots 1±i1 \pm i and 2±2i2 \pm 2i

大提示:

要只有 44 个不同根,x2cx+4x^2 - cx + 4 必须复用其中两个根;它的两根乘积为 44

For only 44 distinct roots, x2cx+4x^2 - cx + 4 must reuse two of these; its roots multiply to 44

解答:

因式 x22x+2x^2 - 2x + 2x24x+8x^2 - 4x + 8 的根分别为 1±i1 \pm i2±2i2 \pm 2i,这 44 个值互不相同。

要使 PP 恰有 44 个不同根,x2cx+4x^2 - cx + 4 的根必须在这些根中。它们的乘积必须等于 44,唯一可行的配对是从两个因式各取一个根,例如 (1+i)(22i)=4(1 + i)(2 - 2i) = 4

此时 c=(1+i)+(22i)=3ic = (1 + i) + (2 - 2i) = 3 - i,所以 c=32+12=10|c| = \sqrt{3^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{10}

所以正确答案是 E

The factors x22x+2x^2 - 2x + 2 and x24x+8x^2 - 4x + 8 have roots 1±i1 \pm i and 2±2i,2 \pm 2i, which are 44 distinct values.

For PP to have exactly 44 distinct roots, the roots of x2cx+4x^2 - cx + 4 must lie among these. Their product must equal 4,4, and the only such pair is one root from each factor, for example (1+i)(22i)=4.(1 + i)(2 - 2i) = 4.

Then c=(1+i)+(22i)=3i,c = (1 + i) + (2 - 2i) = 3 - i, so c=32+12=10.|c| = \sqrt{3^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

正实数 aabb 满足

loga+logb+loga+logb=100 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{\log a} + \sqrt{\log b} \\ &\quad {}+ \log \sqrt{a} + \log \sqrt{b} = 100 \end{aligned}

且左边四项都是正整数,其中 log\log 表示以 1010 为底的对数。abab 是多少?

Positive real numbers aa and bb have the property that

loga+logb+loga+logb=100 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{\log a} + \sqrt{\log b} \\ &\quad {}+ \log \sqrt{a} + \log \sqrt{b} = 100 \end{aligned}

and all four terms on the left are positive integers, where log\log denotes the base 1010 logarithm. What is ab?ab?

105210^{52}

1010010^{100}

1014410^{144}

1016410^{164}

1020010^{200}

难度评级:1730
小提示:

loga=p\sqrt{\log a} = plogb=q\sqrt{\log b} = q;则 loga=p22\log\sqrt{a} = \tfrac{p^2}{2} 必须是整数

Let loga=p\sqrt{\log a} = p and logb=q;\sqrt{\log b} = q; then loga=p22\log\sqrt{a} = \tfrac{p^2}{2} must be an integer

大提示:

p=2mp = 2mq=2nq = 2n,方程变为 m(m+1)+n(n+1)=50m(m+1) + n(n+1) = 50

With p=2m,p = 2m, q=2n,q = 2n, the equation becomes m(m+1)+n(n+1)=50m(m+1) + n(n+1) = 50

解答:

loga=p\sqrt{\log a} = plogb=q\sqrt{\log b} = q,则 loga=p2\log a = p^2loga=p22\log\sqrt{a} = \dfrac{p^2}{2}。要使它为整数,pp 必须为偶数;同理 qq 也必须为偶数。

写成 p=2mp = 2mq=2nq = 2n,方程 p+q+p22+q22=100p + q + \dfrac{p^2}{2} + \dfrac{q^2}{2} = 100 变为 m(m+1)+n(n+1)=50m(m+1) + n(n+1) = 50

唯一解为 {m,n}={4,5}\{m, n\} = \{4, 5\},因此 log(ab)=p2+q2\log(ab) = p^2 + q^2 =4(16+25)=164= 4(16 + 25) = 164

所以 ab=10164ab = 10^{164}

所以正确答案是 D

Let loga=p\sqrt{\log a} = p and logb=q,\sqrt{\log b} = q, so loga=p2\log a = p^2 and loga=p22.\log\sqrt{a} = \dfrac{p^2}{2}. For this to be an integer, pp is even; likewise q.q.

Writing p=2m,p = 2m, q=2n,q = 2n, the equation p+q+p22+q22=100p + q + \dfrac{p^2}{2} + \dfrac{q^2}{2} = 100 becomes m(m+1)+n(n+1)=50.m(m+1) + n(n+1) = 50.

The only solution is {m,n}={4,5},\{m, n\} = \{4, 5\}, giving log(ab)=p2+q2\log(ab) = p^2 + q^2 =4(16+25)=164.= 4(16 + 25) = 164.

Therefore ab=10164.ab = 10^{164}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

数字 1122\ldots99 被随机放入一个 3×33 \times 3 方格的 99 个格子中。每个格子放一个数,每个数恰好使用一次。每一行和每一列中的数字和都为奇数的概率是多少?

The numbers 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 99 are randomly placed into the 99 squares of a 3×33 \times 3 grid. Each square gets one number, and each of the numbers is used once. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers in each row and each column is odd?

121\dfrac{1}{21}

114\dfrac{1}{14}

563\dfrac{5}{63}

221\dfrac{2}{21}

17\dfrac{1}{7}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

55 个奇数和 44 个偶数;每一行和每一列都需要含有奇数个奇数

There are 55 odd and 44 even numbers; each row and column needs an odd count of odd numbers

大提示:

奇数项必须填满一整行和一整列,形成一个由 55 个格子组成的加号形

The odd entries must fill one entire row and one entire column, forming a plus shape of 55 cells

解答:

55 个奇数和 44 个偶数。每一行和每一列都必须包含奇数个奇数项。

要放置 55 个奇数项并使每一行和每一列的奇数项个数都为奇数,唯一的形状是填满一整行和一整列(一个由 3+31=53 + 3 - 1 = 5 个格子组成的加号形)。这样的图案有 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 种。

每种图案中,奇数有 5!5! 种放法,偶数有 4!4! 种放法,所以概率为 95!4!9!=114 \dfrac{9 \cdot 5! \cdot 4!}{9!} = \dfrac{1}{14}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

There are 55 odd and 44 even numbers. Each row and column must contain an odd number of odd entries.

The only way to place 55 odd entries with every row and column odd is to fill one complete row and one complete column (a plus shape of 3+31=53 + 3 - 1 = 5 cells). There are 33=93 \cdot 3 = 9 such patterns.

Each pattern admits 5!5! placements of the odd numbers and 4!4! of the even numbers, so the probability is 95!4!9!=114. \dfrac{9 \cdot 5! \cdot 4!}{9!} = \dfrac{1}{14}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

sks_k 表示多项式 x35x2+8x13x^3 - 5x^2 + 8x - 13 的所有根的 kk 次幂之和。特别地,s0=3s_0 = 3s1=5s_1 = 5,且 s2=9s_2 = 9。设 aabbcc 为实数,使得 sk+1=ask+bsk1+csk2s_{k+1} = a\,s_k + b\,s_{k-1} + c\,s_{k-2}k=2k = 233\ldots 成立。a+b+ca + b + c 是多少?

Let sks_k denote the sum of the kkth powers of the roots of the polynomial x35x2+8x13.x^3 - 5x^2 + 8x - 13. In particular, s0=3,s_0 = 3, s1=5,s_1 = 5, and s2=9.s_2 = 9. Let a,a, b,b, and cc be real numbers such that sk+1=ask+bsk1+csk2s_{k+1} = a\,s_k + b\,s_{k-1} + c\,s_{k-2} for k=2,k = 2, 3,3, .\ldots. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

6-6

00

66

1010

2626

难度评级:1860
小提示:

每个根 rr 都满足 r3=5r28r+13r^3 = 5r^2 - 8r + 13

Each root rr satisfies r3=5r28r+13r^3 = 5r^2 - 8r + 13

大提示:

乘以 rk2r^{k-2},再对所有根求和,就能读出 a,b,ca, b, c

Multiply by rk2r^{k-2} and sum over the roots to read off a,b,ca, b, c

解答:

每个根 rr 都满足 r3=5r28r+13r^3 = 5r^2 - 8r + 13,因此 rk+1=5rk8rk1+13rk2r^{k+1} = 5r^k - 8r^{k-1} + 13r^{k-2}

对三个根求和,得到 sk+1=5sk8sk1+13sk2s_{k+1} = 5s_k - 8s_{k-1} + 13s_{k-2},所以 a=5a = 5b=8b = -8c=13c = 13

因此 a+b+c=58+13=10a + b + c = 5 - 8 + 13 = 10

所以正确答案是 D

Every root rr satisfies r3=5r28r+13,r^3 = 5r^2 - 8r + 13, so rk+1=5rk8rk1+13rk2.r^{k+1} = 5r^k - 8r^{k-1} + 13r^{k-2}.

Summing over the three roots gives sk+1=5sk8sk1+13sk2,s_{k+1} = 5s_k - 8s_{k-1} + 13s_{k-2}, so a=5,a = 5, b=8,b = -8, c=13.c = 13.

Therefore a+b+c=58+13=10.a + b + c = 5 - 8 + 13 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

有一个以 OO 为球心、半径为 66 的球。一个三边长分别为 151515152424 的三角形位于空间中,它的每条边都与该球相切。求 OO 到这个三角形所在平面的距离。

A sphere with center OO has radius 6.6. A triangle with sides of length 15,15, 15,15, and 2424 is situated in space so that each of its sides is tangent to the sphere. What is the distance between OO and the plane determined by the triangle?

232\sqrt{3}

44

323\sqrt{2}

252\sqrt{5}

55

难度评级:1910
小提示:

球与该平面相交成一个圆,这个圆与三边都相切,所以它是三角形的内切圆

The sphere meets the plane in a circle tangent to all three sides, so that circle is the incircle

大提示:

若距离为 dd,截圆半径为 36d2\sqrt{36 - d^2},它等于三角形的内切圆半径

If dd is the distance, the cross-circle has radius 36d2,\sqrt{36 - d^2}, which equals the inradius

解答:

球与三角形所在平面相交成一个半径为 36d2\sqrt{36 - d^2} 的圆,其中 ddOO 到该平面的距离。因为每条边都与球相切,这个圆就是三角形的内切圆。

该三角形面积为 12249=108\tfrac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 9 = 108,半周长为 2727,所以内切圆半径为 10827=4\dfrac{108}{27} = 4

因此 36d2=4\sqrt{36 - d^2} = 4,得 d2=20d^2 = 20,所以 d=25d = 2\sqrt{5}

所以正确答案是 D

The sphere intersects the triangle’s plane in a circle of radius 36d2,\sqrt{36 - d^2}, where dd is the distance from OO to the plane. Since each side is tangent to the sphere, this circle is the triangle’s incircle.

The triangle has area 12249=108\tfrac{1}{2} \cdot 24 \cdot 9 = 108 and semiperimeter 27,27, so its inradius is 10827=4.\dfrac{108}{27} = 4.

Thus 36d2=4,\sqrt{36 - d^2} = 4, giving d2=20d^2 = 20 and d=25.d = 2\sqrt{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

在边长均为整数的 ABC\triangle ABC 中,

cosA=1116,cosB=78,cosC=14 \begin{aligned} \cos A &= \dfrac{11}{16}, \\ \cos B &= \dfrac{7}{8}, \\ \cos C &= -\dfrac{1}{4} \end{aligned}\text{。}

ABC\triangle ABC 的最小可能周长是多少?

In ABC\triangle ABC with integer side lengths,

cosA=1116,cosB=78,cosC=14. \begin{aligned} \cos A &= \dfrac{11}{16}, \\ \cos B &= \dfrac{7}{8}, \\ \cos C &= -\dfrac{1}{4}. \end{aligned}

What is the least possible perimeter for ABC?\triangle ABC?

99

1212

2323

2727

4444

难度评级:2000
小提示:

由给定的余弦值求 sinA,sinB,sinC\sin A, \sin B, \sin C

Find sinA,sinB,sinC\sin A, \sin B, \sin C from the given cosines

大提示:

由正弦定理,边长成比例 sinA:sinB:sinC=3:2:4\sin A : \sin B : \sin C = 3 : 2 : 4

By the Law of Sines the sides are proportional to sinA:sinB:sinC=3:2:4\sin A : \sin B : \sin C = 3 : 2 : 4

解答:

每个正弦值为 1cos2\sqrt{1 - \cos^2}sinA=31516\sin A = \dfrac{3\sqrt{15}}{16}sinB=21516\sin B = \dfrac{2\sqrt{15}}{16}sinC=41516\sin C = \dfrac{4\sqrt{15}}{16}

由正弦定理,边长比为 3:2:43 : 2 : 4。最小的整数边长为 3,2,43, 2, 4,它们满足三角形不等式。

最小周长为 3+2+4=93 + 2 + 4 = 9

所以正确答案是 A

Each sine is 1cos2:\sqrt{1 - \cos^2}: sinA=31516,\sin A = \dfrac{3\sqrt{15}}{16}, sinB=21516,\sin B = \dfrac{2\sqrt{15}}{16}, sinC=41516.\sin C = \dfrac{4\sqrt{15}}{16}.

By the Law of Sines the sides are in ratio 3:2:4.3 : 2 : 4. The smallest integer sides are 3,2,4,3, 2, 4, which satisfy the triangle inequality.

The least perimeter is 3+2+4=9.3 + 2 + 4 = 9.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

20.

按如下方式从 0011 之间(含端点)选择一个实数。先抛一枚公平硬币。如果正面朝上,则再抛一次;第二次若正面朝上就选 00,若反面朝上就选 11。如果第一次抛硬币反面朝上,则从闭区间 [0,1][0, 1] 中均匀随机选一个数。独立地用这种方式选出两个随机数 xxyy。求 xy>12|x - y| \gt \dfrac{1}{2} 的概率。

Real numbers between 00 and 1,1, inclusive, are chosen in the following manner. A fair coin is flipped. If it lands heads, then it is flipped again and the chosen number is 00 if the second flip is heads and 11 if the second flip is tails. On the other hand, if the first coin flip is tails, then the number is chosen uniformly at random from the closed interval [0,1].[0, 1]. Two random numbers xx and yy are chosen independently in this manner. What is the probability that xy>12?|x - y| \gt \dfrac{1}{2}?

13\dfrac{1}{3}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

916\dfrac{9}{16}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:2070
小提示:

每个数以概率 14\tfrac14 等于 00,以概率 14\tfrac14 等于 11,并以概率 12\tfrac12[0,1][0,1] 上均匀分布

Each number is 00 with probability 14,\tfrac14, 11 with probability 14,\tfrac14, and uniform on [0,1][0,1] with probability 12\tfrac12

大提示:

分成九种类型组合;两个都均匀时,P ⁣(xy>12)=14P\!\left(|x - y| \gt \tfrac12\right) = \tfrac14

Split into the nine type-combinations; for two uniforms, P ⁣(xy>12)=14P\!\left(|x - y| \gt \tfrac12\right) = \tfrac14

解答:

每个变量以概率 14\tfrac14 等于 00,以概率 14\tfrac14 等于 11,并以概率 12\tfrac12[0,1][0, 1] 上均匀分布。

考虑九种类型组合:数对 (0,1)(0, 1)(1,0)(1, 0) 各贡献 116\tfrac{1}{16}。四种“定点对均匀”的情况各贡献 116\tfrac{1}{16}。“均匀对均匀”的情况贡献 1414=116\tfrac14 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac{1}{16}

总和为 2+4+116=716\dfrac{2 + 4 + 1}{16} = \dfrac{7}{16}

所以正确答案是 B

Each variable equals 00 with probability 14,\tfrac14, equals 11 with probability 14,\tfrac14, and is uniform on [0,1][0, 1] with probability 12.\tfrac12.

Considering the nine combinations of types: the pairs (0,1)(0, 1) and (1,0)(1, 0) each contribute 116.\tfrac{1}{16}. Each of the four point-versus-uniform cases contributes 116.\tfrac{1}{16}. The uniform-versus-uniform case contributes 1414=116.\tfrac14 \cdot \tfrac14 = \tfrac{1}{16}.

The total is 2+4+116=716.\dfrac{2 + 4 + 1}{16} = \dfrac{7}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

z=1+i2 z = \dfrac{1 + i}{\sqrt{2}}\text{。}

(z12+z22+z32++z122)(1z12+1z22+1z32++1z122) \begin{aligned} &\left(z^{1^2} + z^{2^2} + z^{3^2} + \cdots + z^{12^2}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \scriptsize \left(\dfrac{1}{z^{1^2}} + \dfrac{1}{z^{2^2}} + \dfrac{1}{z^{3^2}} + \cdots + \dfrac{1}{z^{12^2}}\right)\text{?} \end{aligned}

Let z=1+i2. z = \dfrac{1 + i}{\sqrt{2}}. What is

(z12+z22+z32++z122)(1z12+1z22+1z32++1z122)? \begin{aligned} &\left(z^{1^2} + z^{2^2} + z^{3^2} + \cdots + z^{12^2}\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \scriptsize \left(\dfrac{1}{z^{1^2}} + \dfrac{1}{z^{2^2}} + \dfrac{1}{z^{3^2}} + \cdots + \dfrac{1}{z^{12^2}}\right)? \end{aligned}

1818

7236272 - 36\sqrt{2}

3636

7272

72+36272 + 36\sqrt{2}

难度评级:2160
小提示:

z=eiπ4z = e^{\frac{i\pi}{4}},所以 zk2z^{k^2} 只取决于 k2mod8k^2 \bmod 8

z=eiπ4,z = e^{\frac{i\pi}{4}}, so zk2z^{k^2} depends only on k2mod8k^2 \bmod 8

大提示:

k=1,,12k = 1, \ldots, 12 时,指数 k2mod8k^2 \bmod 811 出现六次,44 出现三次,00 出现三次

Over k=1,,12,k = 1, \ldots, 12, the exponent k2mod8k^2 \bmod 8 is 11 six times, 44 three times, and 00 three times

解答:

因为 z=eiπ4z = e^{\frac{i\pi}{4}},所以 zk2=eiπk24z^{k^2} = e^{\frac{i\pi k^2}{4}},只取决于 k2mod8k^2 \bmod 8

k=1k = 11212,余数 k2mod8k^2 \bmod 811(给出 zz)出现六次,为 44(给出 1-1)出现三次,为 00(给出 11)出现三次。所以第一个和为 6z3+3=6z6z - 3 + 3 = 6z

第二个和同理为 6z3+3=6z\dfrac{6}{z} - 3 + 3 = \dfrac{6}{z}。两者乘积为 6z6z=366z \cdot \dfrac{6}{z} = 36

所以正确答案是 C

Since z=eiπ4,z = e^{\frac{i\pi}{4}}, we have zk2=eiπk24,z^{k^2} = e^{\frac{i\pi k^2}{4}}, depending only on k2mod8.k^2 \bmod 8.

For k=1k = 1 to 12,12, the residue k2mod8k^2 \bmod 8 is 11 (giving zz) six times, 44 (giving 1-1) three times, and 00 (giving 11) three times. So the first sum is 6z3+3=6z.6z - 3 + 3 = 6z.

The second sum is likewise 6z3+3=6z.\dfrac{6}{z} - 3 + 3 = \dfrac{6}{z}. Their product is 6z6z=36.6z \cdot \dfrac{6}{z} = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

ω\omegaγ\gamma 都以 OO 为圆心,半径分别为 20201717。等边三角形 ABCABC 的内部位于 ω\omega 的内部但位于 γ\gamma 的外部,顶点 AAω\omega 上,且包含边 BCBC 的直线与 γ\gamma 相切。线段 AOAOBCBC 交于 PP,且 BPCP=3\dfrac{BP}{CP} = 3。若 ABAB 可写成 mnpq\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{n}} - \dfrac{p}{\sqrt{q}} 的形式,其中 mmnnppqq 为正整数,且 gcd(m,n)=gcd(p,q)=1\gcd(m, n) = \gcd(p, q) = 1,求 m+n+p+qm + n + p + q

Circles ω\omega and γ,\gamma, both centered at O,O, have radii 2020 and 17,17, respectively. Equilateral triangle ABC,ABC, whose interior lies in the interior of ω\omega but in the exterior of γ,\gamma, has vertex AA on ω,\omega, and the line containing side BCBC is tangent to γ.\gamma. Segments AOAO and BCBC intersect at P,P, and BPCP=3.\dfrac{BP}{CP} = 3. Then ABAB can be written in the form mnpq\dfrac{m}{\sqrt{n}} - \dfrac{p}{\sqrt{q}} for positive integers m,m, n,n, p,p, qq with gcd(m,n)=gcd(p,q)=1.\gcd(m, n) = \gcd(p, q) = 1. What is m+n+p+q?m + n + p + q?

4242

8686

9292

114114

130130

难度评级:2310
小提示:

s=ABs = AB。因为 BPCP=3\tfrac{BP}{CP} = 3,所以 BP=3s4BP = \tfrac{3s}{4}CP=s4CP = \tfrac{s}{4}

Let s=AB.s = AB. Since BPCP=3,\tfrac{BP}{CP} = 3, we have BP=3s4BP = \tfrac{3s}{4} and CP=s4CP = \tfrac{s}{4}

大提示:

PP 放在原点,令 BCBC 水平;OO 在直线 APAP 上,距 BCBC1717,且距 AA2020

Place PP at the origin with BCBC horizontal; OO lies on line APAP at distance 1717 from BCBC and 2020 from AA

解答:

s=ABs = AB。因为 BPCP=3\dfrac{BP}{CP} = 3,所以 BP=3s4BP = \dfrac{3s}{4}CP=s4CP = \dfrac{s}{4}。把 PP 放在原点,令 BCBCxx-轴上,B=(3s4,0)B = \left(-\tfrac{3s}{4}, 0\right)C=(s4,0)C = \left(\tfrac{s}{4}, 0\right),顶点 A=(s4,s32)A = \left(-\tfrac{s}{4}, \tfrac{s\sqrt{3}}{2}\right)

P,O,AP, O, A 共线,所以 O=tAO = t \cdot A 对某个标量 tt 成立。两个条件确定它:OO 到直线 BCBC 的距离为 1717ts32=17|t| \cdot \dfrac{s\sqrt{3}}{2} = 17,且 AAω\omega 上,得 t1s134=20|t - 1| \cdot \dfrac{s\sqrt{13}}{4} = 20,因为 A=s134|A| = \dfrac{s\sqrt{13}}{4}

解得 ts=343|t| s = \dfrac{34}{\sqrt{3}}t1s=8013|t - 1| s = \dfrac{80}{\sqrt{13}}。有效构型中 OOAA 位于 PP 的两侧,所以 t1s=ts+s|t-1|s=|t|s+s。因此 AB=s=8013343 AB = s = \dfrac{80}{\sqrt{13}} - \dfrac{34}{\sqrt{3}}\text{。}

因此 m+n+p+q=80+13m + n + p + q = 80 + 13 +34+3=130+ 34 + 3 = 130

所以正确答案是 E

Let s=AB.s = AB. Since BPCP=3,\dfrac{BP}{CP} = 3, we have BP=3s4BP = \dfrac{3s}{4} and CP=s4.CP = \dfrac{s}{4}. Put PP at the origin with BCBC on the xx-axis, B=(3s4,0),B = \left(-\tfrac{3s}{4}, 0\right), C=(s4,0),C = \left(\tfrac{s}{4}, 0\right), and apex A=(s4,s32).A = \left(-\tfrac{s}{4}, \tfrac{s\sqrt{3}}{2}\right).

Points P,O,AP, O, A are collinear, so O=tAO = t \cdot A for some scalar t.t. Two conditions pin it down: OO is at distance 1717 from line BC,BC, giving ts32=17,|t| \cdot \dfrac{s\sqrt{3}}{2} = 17, and AA is on ω,\omega, giving t1s134=20|t - 1| \cdot \dfrac{s\sqrt{13}}{4} = 20 since A=s134.|A| = \dfrac{s\sqrt{13}}{4}.

Solving, ts=343|t| s = \dfrac{34}{\sqrt{3}} and t1s=8013.|t - 1| s = \dfrac{80}{\sqrt{13}}. The valid configuration has OO and AA on opposite sides of P,P, so t1s=ts+s.|t-1|s=|t|s+s. Therefore AB=s=8013343. AB = s = \dfrac{80}{\sqrt{13}} - \dfrac{34}{\sqrt{3}}.

Then m+n+p+q=80+13m + n + p + q = 80 + 13 +34+3=130.+ 34 + 3 = 130.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

定义二元运算 \diamondsuit\heartsuit 如下:

ab=alog7(b) a \diamondsuit b = a^{\log_7(b)} ab=a1log7(b) a \heartsuit b = a^{\frac{1}{\log_7(b)}}

对所有使这些表达式有定义的实数 aabb 成立。数列 (an)(a_n) 递归定义为 a3=32a_3 = 3 \heartsuit 2,且 an=(n(n1))an1 a_n = (n \heartsuit (n - 1)) \diamondsuit a_{n-1} 对所有整数 n4n \ge 4 成立。最接近 log7(a2019)\log_7(a_{2019}) 的整数是多少?

Define binary operations \diamondsuit and \heartsuit by

ab=alog7(b) a \diamondsuit b = a^{\log_7(b)} and ab=a1log7(b) a \heartsuit b = a^{\frac{1}{\log_7(b)}}

for all real numbers aa and bb for which these expressions are defined. The sequence (an)(a_n) is defined recursively by a3=32a_3 = 3 \heartsuit 2 and an=(n(n1))an1 a_n = (n \heartsuit (n - 1)) \diamondsuit a_{n-1} for all integers n4.n \ge 4. To the nearest integer, what is log7(a2019)?\log_7(a_{2019})?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:2240
小提示:

施加 log7\log_7:则 log7(ab)=log7alog7b\log_7(a \diamondsuit b) = \log_7 a \cdot \log_7 b

Apply log7:\log_7: then log7(ab)=log7alog7b\log_7(a \diamondsuit b) = \log_7 a \cdot \log_7 b

大提示:

L(x)=log7xL(x) = \log_7 x,递推变为 L(an)=L(an1)L(n)L(n1)L(a_n) = L(a_{n-1}) \cdot \dfrac{L(n)}{L(n-1)}

Writing L(x)=log7x,L(x) = \log_7 x, the recurrence becomes L(an)=L(an1)L(n)L(n1)L(a_n) = L(a_{n-1}) \cdot \dfrac{L(n)}{L(n-1)}

解答:

L(x)=log7xL(x) = \log_7 x。则 L(ab)=L(a)L(b)L(a \diamondsuit b) = L(a)L(b),且 L(ab)=L(a)L(b)L(a \heartsuit b) = \dfrac{L(a)}{L(b)}

所以 L(a3)=L(3)L(2)L(a_3) = \dfrac{L(3)}{L(2)},且 L(an)=L(n)L(n1)L(an1)L(a_n) = \dfrac{L(n)}{L(n-1)} \cdot L(a_{n-1})。该乘积会裂项相消:L(aN)=L(3)L(2)L(N)L(3)=L(N)L(2) \begin{aligned} L(a_N) &= \dfrac{L(3)}{L(2)} \cdot \dfrac{L(N)}{L(3)} \\ &= \dfrac{L(N)}{L(2)} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 L(a2019)=log72019log72L(a_{2019}) = \dfrac{\log_7 2019}{\log_7 2} =log2201910.98= \log_2 2019 \approx 10.98,四舍五入为 1111

所以正确答案是 D

Let L(x)=log7x.L(x) = \log_7 x. Then L(ab)=L(a)L(b)L(a \diamondsuit b) = L(a)L(b) and L(ab)=L(a)L(b).L(a \heartsuit b) = \dfrac{L(a)}{L(b)}.

So L(a3)=L(3)L(2),L(a_3) = \dfrac{L(3)}{L(2)}, and L(an)=L(n)L(n1)L(an1).L(a_n) = \dfrac{L(n)}{L(n-1)} \cdot L(a_{n-1}). The product telescopes: L(aN)=L(3)L(2)L(N)L(3)=L(N)L(2). \begin{aligned} L(a_N) &= \dfrac{L(3)}{L(2)} \cdot \dfrac{L(N)}{L(3)} \\ &= \dfrac{L(N)}{L(2)}. \end{aligned}

Hence L(a2019)=log72019log72L(a_{2019}) = \dfrac{\log_7 2019}{\log_7 2} =log2201910.98,= \log_2 2019 \approx 10.98, which rounds to 11.11.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

115050 之间(含端点),有多少个整数 nn 使得 (n21)!(n!)n \dfrac{(n^2 - 1)!}{(n!)^n} 是整数?(规定 0!=10! = 1。)

For how many integers nn between 11 and 50,50, inclusive, is (n21)!(n!)n \dfrac{(n^2 - 1)!}{(n!)^n} an integer? (Recall that 0!=1.0! = 1.)

3131

3232

3333

3434

3535

难度评级:2420
小提示:

vp(m!)=msp(m)p1v_p(m!) = \dfrac{m - s_p(m)}{p - 1} 比较分子和分母中素数 pp 的指数

Compare the exponent of a prime pp in numerator and denominator using vp(m!)=msp(m)p1v_p(m!) = \dfrac{m - s_p(m)}{p - 1}

大提示:

失败要求 nn 是素数幂 pap^a,且 pa1<2a(p1)p^a - 1 \lt 2a(p - 1)

Failure requires nn to be a prime power pap^a with pa1<2a(p1)p^a - 1 \lt 2a(p - 1)

解答:

固定一个质数 pnp\le n。由勒让德公式,分子中 pp 的指数减去分母中该质数的指数为 Dp=k1n21pknk1npk \begin{aligned} D_p &=\sum_{k\ge1}\left\lfloor\dfrac{n^2-1}{p^k}\right\rfloor\\ &\quad-n\sum_{k\ge1}\left\lfloor\dfrac{n}{p^k}\right\rfloor \end{aligned}\text{。}rkr_knn 除以 pkp^k 的余数,则第 kk 个加项为 nrk1pk\left\lfloor\dfrac{nr_k-1}{p^k}\right\rfloor

a=vp(n)a=v_p(n)。前 aa 个加项都是 1-1。如果 nn 不是 pp 的幂,写成 n=pamn=p^a m,其中 m2m\ge2。当 a1a\ge1 时,下一个加项至少为 np1a\dfrac{n}{p}-1\ge a,其后各项都非负;当 a=0a=0 时,所有加项本来就非负。因此除非 nnpp 的幂,否则 Dp0D_p\ge0

n=pan=p^a 时,勒让德公式将条件化为 pa12a(p1)p^a-1\ge2a(p-1)。在不超过 5050 的质数幂中,这个条件恰好在 a=1a=1(即 nn 为质数)以及 n=22=4n=2^2=4 时失败。不超过 5050 的质数共有 1515 个,再加上 n=4n=4,共 1616 个失败值。因此有 5016=3450 - 16 = 34nn 满足条件。

因此,正确答案是 D

Fix a prime pn.p\le n. By Legendre’s formula, the difference between the exponent of pp in the numerator and its exponent in the denominator is Dp=k1n21pknk1npk. \begin{aligned} D_p &=\sum_{k\ge1}\left\lfloor\dfrac{n^2-1}{p^k}\right\rfloor\\ &\quad-n\sum_{k\ge1}\left\lfloor\dfrac{n}{p^k}\right\rfloor. \end{aligned} If rkr_k is the remainder of nn modulo pk,p^k, the kkth summand is nrk1pk.\left\lfloor\dfrac{nr_k-1}{p^k}\right\rfloor.

Let a=vp(n).a=v_p(n). The first aa summands are 1.-1. If nn is not a power of p,p, write n=pamn=p^a m with m2.m\ge2. When a1,a\ge1, the next summand is at least np1a,\dfrac{n}{p}-1\ge a, and all later summands are nonnegative; when a=0,a=0, every summand is already nonnegative. Thus Dp0D_p\ge0 unless nn is a power of p.p.

For n=pa,n=p^a, Legendre’s formula reduces the requirement to pa12a(p1).p^a-1\ge2a(p-1). Among prime powers at most 50,50, this fails exactly when a=1a=1 (so nn is prime) and when n=22=4.n=2^2=4. There are 1515 primes at most 50,50, plus n=4,n=4, giving 1616 failures. Hence 5016=3450 - 16 = 34 values of nn work.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

A0B0C0\triangle A_0 B_0 C_0 是一个三角形,其角度恰为 59.99959.999^\circ6060^\circ,和 60.00160.001^\circ。对每个正整数 nn,定义 AnA_n 为从 An1A_{n-1} 到直线 Bn1Cn1B_{n-1}C_{n-1} 的高的垂足。同样,定义 BnB_n 为从 Bn1B_{n-1} 到直线 An1Cn1A_{n-1}C_{n-1} 的高的垂足,定义 CnC_n 为从 Cn1C_{n-1} 到直线 An1Bn1A_{n-1}B_{n-1} 的高的垂足。使 AnBnCn\triangle A_n B_n C_n 成为钝角三角形的最小正整数 nn 是多少?

Let A0B0C0\triangle A_0 B_0 C_0 be a triangle whose angle measures are exactly 59.999,59.999^\circ, 60,60^\circ, and 60.001.60.001^\circ. For each positive integer nn define AnA_n to be the foot of the altitude from An1A_{n-1} to line Bn1Cn1.B_{n-1}C_{n-1}. Likewise, define BnB_n to be the foot of the altitude from Bn1B_{n-1} to line An1Cn1,A_{n-1}C_{n-1}, and CnC_n to be the foot of the altitude from Cn1C_{n-1} to line An1Bn1.A_{n-1}B_{n-1}. What is the least positive integer nn for which AnBnCn\triangle A_n B_n C_n is obtuse?

1010

1111

1313

1414

1515

知识点:高线递推导角
难度评级:2520
小提示:

对锐角三角形,垂足三角形的角为 1802α180^\circ - 2\alpha

For an acute triangle, the orthic triangle has angles 1802α180^\circ - 2\alpha

大提示:

追踪相对 6060^\circ 的偏差:每一步都把偏差乘以 2-2,当某个偏差超过 3030^\circ 时三角形变为钝角

Track the deviation from 60:60^\circ: each step multiplies it by 2,-2, and the triangle turns obtuse when a deviation exceeds 3030^\circ

解答:

对锐角三角形,垂足三角形(高的垂足构成的三角形)的每个角为 1802α180^\circ - 2\alpha,其中 α\alpha 是原三角形的对应角。

把一个角写成 60+x60^\circ + x,新角就是 602x60^\circ - 2x,所以每一步都会把相对 6060^\circ 的偏差乘以 2-2。初始偏差为 ±0.001\pm 0.001^\circ

nn 步后,偏差大小为 0.0012n0.001 \cdot 2^n 度。三角形第一次变成钝角时这个值超过 3030^\circ,即 2n>300002^n \gt 30000。因为 214=163842^{14} = 16384215=327682^{15} = 32768,最小的 nn1515

所以正确答案是 E

For an acute triangle, the orthic triangle (feet of the altitudes) has angles 1802α180^\circ - 2\alpha for each original angle α.\alpha.

Writing an angle as 60+x,60^\circ + x, the new angle is 602x,60^\circ - 2x, so each deviation from 6060^\circ is multiplied by 2.-2. The initial deviations are ±0.001.\pm 0.001^\circ.

After nn steps a deviation has magnitude 0.0012n0.001 \cdot 2^n degrees. The triangle first becomes obtuse when this exceeds 30,30^\circ, i.e. 2n>30000.2^n \gt 30000. Since 214=163842^{14} = 16384 and 215=32768,2^{15} = 32768, the least such nn is 15.15.

Thus, the correct answer is E.