2000 AMC 12 真题
计时
1:15:00
1.
年,美国将主办国际数学奥林匹克。设 、 和 是互不相同的正整数,且 。 的最大可能值是多少?
In the year the United States will host the International Mathematical Olympiad. Let and be distinct positive integers such that the product What is the largest possible value of the sum
小提示:
将 分解成质因数。
Factor into primes
大提示:
要让和尽可能大,应让一个因数尽可能大,而另外两个因数尽可能小。
To maximize the sum, make one factor as large as possible and the others small
解答:
分解质因数得 。
在乘积固定且三个正整数互不相同的条件下,要使和最大,取 ,,且 。
最大和为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Factoring gives
To maximize the sum of three distinct positive integers with this product, take and
The largest sum is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
2.
等于多少?
What is
答案:A
小提示:
把前面的因数写成 。
Write the leading factor as
大提示:
同底数幂相乘时,指数相加。
Multiplying powers of the same base adds the exponents
解答:
将 得到
其他选项都比这个值大。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Writing we get
All of the other options are larger than this.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
3.
Jenny 每天吃掉当天开始时罐子里软糖的 。第二天结束时还剩 颗。罐子里原来有多少颗软糖?
Each day, Jenny ate of the jellybeans that were in her jar at the beginning of that day. At the end of the second day, remained. How many jellybeans were in the jar originally?
小提示:
每天吃掉 ,所以每天结束时剩下 。
Eating leaves at the end of each day
大提示:
两天后剩下原数量的 。
After two days, of the original amount remains
解答:
每天吃掉 ,所以每天结束时剩下 。若原来有 颗,则
解得 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Since is eaten each day, remains at the end of each day. If is the original number, then
Solving gives so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
4.
Fibonacci 数列 ,,,,,,,, 以两个 开始,之后每一项都是前两项之和。十个数字中,哪一个最晚出现在 Fibonacci 数列某一项的个位上?
The Fibonacci sequence starts with two s, and each term afterwards is the sum of its two predecessors. Which one of the ten digits is the last to appear in the units position of a number in the Fibonacci sequence?
小提示:
只追踪每一项的个位数字。
Track only the units digit of each term
大提示:
列出个位数字,直到十个数字都出现,并注意哪个最后出现。
List the units digits until all ten digits have appeared, and note which shows up last
解答:
个位数字序列开始为
查看这个列表,数字 是十个数字中最后出现的。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The sequence of units digits begins
Scanning this list, the digit is the last of the ten digits to appear.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
5.
若 ,且 ,则 是多少?
If where then what is
答案:C
小提示:
因为 ,所以 为负,且 。
Since the quantity is negative, so
大提示:
先由 解出 ,再计算 。
Solve for then compute
解答:
因为 ,所以 ,因此 。
于是
因此,正确答案是 C。
Since we have so
Then
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
从 和 之间选出两个不同的质数。用它们的乘积减去它们的和,可能得到下列哪个数?
Two different prime numbers between and are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?
小提示:
这些质数是 和 ;注意
The primes are and ; note that
大提示:
两个质数都是奇数,所以 ;再检验剩下的候选项。
Both primes are odd, so then test the remaining candidates
解答:
和 之间的质数是 和 。
对这样的两个质数, 是两个偶数的乘积减去 ,因此它同余于 。这样只剩下 和 。后者要求 ,但 中没有两个不同的数的乘积等于 。
实际上,
因此,正确答案是 C。
The primes between and are and
For two such primes, is a product of two even numbers minus hence it is This leaves and The latter would require but no two distinct numbers in have product
Indeed,
Thus, the correct answer is C.
7.
有多少个正整数 满足 是正整数?
How many positive integers have the property that is a positive integer?
小提示:
若 ,则 。
If then
大提示:
要使 为整数, 必须是 的正因数。
For to be an integer, must be a positive divisor of
解答:
若 ,则 ,所以 必须是 的正因数。
分别给出 ,也就是 和 。
共有 个这样的 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
If then so must be a positive divisor of
The possibilities give that is, and
There are such values of
Thus, the correct answer is E.
8.
图形 ,, 和 分别由 ,, 和 个互不重叠的单位正方形组成。如果继续这个规律,图形 中会有多少个互不重叠的单位正方形?
Figures and consist of and nonoverlapping unit squares, respectively. If the pattern were continued, how many nonoverlapping unit squares would there be in figure
小提示:
每个图形都是一个菱形,各行长度按奇数 增大后再减小。
Each figure is a diamond whose rows are the odd numbers up and back down
大提示:
图形 有 个单位正方形。
Figure has unit squares
解答:
图形 是一个菱形,各行长度按奇数增大后再减小,所以共有 个单位正方形。这与 时的 相符。
因此图形 中单位正方形的个数为 个。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Figure is a diamond whose row lengths increase through the odd numbers and back down, giving a total of unit squares. This matches for
Therefore figure has unit squares.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
Walter 老师给一个五人数学班考试。她把成绩按随机顺序输入电子表格,表格在每输入一个成绩后重新计算班级平均分。Walter 老师注意到每次输入后,平均分总是整数。五个成绩按升序为 ,,, 和 。Walter 老师最后输入的成绩是多少?
Mrs. Walter gave an exam in a mathematics class of five students. She entered the scores in random order into a spreadsheet, which recalculated the class average after each score was entered. Mrs. Walter noticed that after each score was entered, the average was always an integer. The scores (listed in ascending order) were and What was the last score Mrs. Walter entered?
小提示:
前 个输入成绩的和必须能被 整除。
The sum of the first scores entered must be divisible by
大提示:
先用能被 整除,再用能被 整除;这些成绩模 的余数是 。
Use divisibility by then by ; the residues of the scores modulo are
解答:
总和为 ,可被 整除。前三个成绩的和必须能被 整除。
模 ,这些成绩的余数是 。唯一和为 的倍数的三元组是 ,所以它们是前三个成绩(其中 第三个,因为前两个 和 ,必须奇偶性相同)。
因为 ,第四个成绩必须 ,即 。于是最后输入的是 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The total is which is divisible by The sum of the first three scores must be divisible by
Modulo the scores are The only triple summing to a multiple of is so these are the first three (with third, since the first two, and must have equal parity).
Since the fourth score must be which is That leaves as the last score entered.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
10.
点 关于 -平面反射,得到的像 再绕 -轴旋转 得到 ,最后 沿正 方向平移 个单位得到 。 的坐标是什么?
The point is reflected in the -plane, then its image is rotated by about the -axis to produce and finally, is translated by units in the positive direction to produce What are the coordinates of
小提示:
关于 -平面反射会使 -坐标变号。
Reflecting in the -plane negates the -coordinate
大提示:
绕 -轴旋转 会使 -坐标和 -坐标都变号。
A turn about the -axis negates both the - and -coordinates
解答:
关于 -平面反射得到 。
绕 -轴旋转 会使 和 变号,得到 。
沿正 方向平移 个单位得到 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Reflecting in the -plane gives
Rotating about the -axis negates and giving
Translating units in the positive direction gives
Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
两个非零实数 和 满足 。求下式的一个可能值:
Two non-zero real numbers, and satisfy Find a possible value of
12.
设 、 和 是非负整数,且 。求下式的最大值:
Let and be nonnegative integers such that What is the maximum value of
答案:E
小提示:
。
大提示:
三个因数 的和为 ,所以它们越接近相等,乘积越大。
The three factors sum to so their product is largest when they are equal
解答:
注意
因为 ,原式等于 。这三个因数的和为 ,乘积在它们都等于 时最大,等于 。
最大值为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
Observe that
Since this equals The three factors sum to so their product is maximized when each equals giving
The maximum value is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
13.
某天早上,Angela 家的每个人都喝了一杯 -盎司的咖啡牛奶混合饮品。每杯中咖啡和牛奶的量可能不同,但都不为零。Angela 喝掉了全家牛奶总量的四分之一和咖啡总量的六分之一。这个家庭有多少人?
One morning each member of Angela’s family drank an -ounce mixture of coffee with milk. The amounts of coffee and milk varied from cup to cup, but were never zero. Angela drank a quarter of the total amount of milk and a sixth of the total amount of coffee. How many people are in the family?
小提示:
设 Angela 自己的一杯中有 杯咖啡和 杯牛奶,且 。
Suppose Angela’s own cup contains units of coffee and units of milk with
大提示:
则全家共有 杯咖啡和 杯牛奶,所以人数为 。
Then the family total is coffee and milk, so the number of people is
解答:
以 -盎司的一杯为单位计量,所以 Angela 的杯中有 杯咖啡和 杯牛奶,且 。
因为 Angela 喝掉了咖啡总量的六分之一,所以咖啡总量为 ;因为她喝掉了牛奶总量的四分之一,所以牛奶总量为 。人数等于总杯数:
这必须是整数,所以 是整数。又因 ,只能有 ,从而人数为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Measure amounts in -ounce cups, so Angela’s cup holds coffee and milk with
Since Angela drank a sixth of the coffee, the total coffee is ; since she drank a quarter of the milk, the total milk is The number of people equals the total number of cups,
This is an integer only when is an integer, and since this forces giving people.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
14.
当列表
的平均数、中位数和众数按递增顺序排列后,它们形成一个非常数等差数列。所有可能的实数 的和是多少?
When the mean, median, and mode of the list
are arranged in increasing order, they form a non-constant arithmetic progression. What is the sum of all possible real values of
小提示:
众数是 ,平均数是 。
The mode is and the mean is
大提示:
按 相对于其他数的位置分情况,并要求等差数列非常数。
Split into cases by where falls relative to the other numbers, and require a non-constant progression
解答:
六个固定数的和为 ,所以平均数是 ,众数是 。若 ,则 同时是中位数和众数,会迫使等差数列为常数,所以 。
情形 : 中位数为 。要求 构成等差数列,得到此范围内唯一的值 。
情形 : 中位数为 ,等差数列 迫使平均数为 ,所以 ,得 。
所有可能值的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The six fixed numbers sum to so the mean is and the mode is If then is both median and mode, forcing a constant progression, so
Case : the median is Requiring to form an arithmetic progression yields as the only value in this range.
Case : the median is and the progression forces the mean to be so giving
The sum of all possible values is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
15.
设函数 满足 。求所有满足 的 的和。
Let be a function for which Find the sum of all values of for which
小提示:
要计算 ,令 ,所以 。
To evaluate set so
大提示:
这样会得到关于 的二次方程;使用根和公式 。
This gives a quadratic in ; use the sum-of-roots formula
解答:
令 得到 ,所以
整理得 。
由根和公式,所有 的和为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Setting gives so
This rearranges to
By the sum-of-roots formula, the sum of the values of is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
16.
一个 行 列的棋盘,每个方格中都写有一个数,从左上角开始编号,第一行编号为 ,,,,第二行编号为 ,,,,依此向下。如果重新编号,使左列从上到下为 ,,,,第二列为 ,,,,依此向右,有些方格在两种编号方式下得到相同的数。求这些方格中数字的和(任一种编号方式下都一样)。
A checkerboard of rows and columns has a number written in each square, beginning in the upper left corner, so that the first row is numbered the second row and so on down the board. If the board is renumbered so that the left column, top to bottom, is the second column and so on across the board, some squares have the same numbers in both numbering systems. Find the sum of the numbers in these squares (under either system).
小提示:
第 行第 列的方格原来编号为 ,重新编号后为 。
The square in row column is numbered originally and after
大提示:
令两个表达式相等,得到 ;找出所有合法的 。
Setting the two expressions equal gives ; find all valid
解答:
方格 原来的编号为 ,重新编号后为 。令它们相等,得
满足 且 的解为 ,,,,和 。
这些方格中的数为 和 ,总和为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
The square is numbered originally and after renumbering. Setting these equal gives
The solutions with and are and
These squares hold the numbers and whose sum is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
17.
一个以 为圆心、半径为 的圆经过点 。线段 在点 处与圆相切,且 。若点 位于 上,且 平分 ,则 等于多少?
A circle centered at has radius and contains the point Segment is tangent to the circle at and If point lies on and bisects then what is
小提示:
因为 且 ,所以 ,。
Since and we have and
大提示:
角平分线给出 ,且 。
The bisector gives and
解答:
因为 且 在 点与圆相切,角 为直角,所以
因为 平分 ,由角平分线定理得 。又 ,
分子分母同乘 得到 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Because and is tangent at angle is right, so
Since bisects the angle bisector theorem gives Using
Multiplying numerator and denominator by gives
Thus, the correct answer is D.
18.
年的第 天是星期二, 年的第 天也是星期二。那么 年的第 天是星期几?
In year the th day of the year is a Tuesday. In year the th day is also a Tuesday. On what day of the week did the th day of year occur?
星期四
Thursday
星期五
Friday
星期六
Saturday
星期日
Sunday
星期一
Monday
小提示:
两个日期在同一星期几,当且仅当它们之间相隔的天数是 的倍数。
Two dates fall on the same weekday exactly when the number of days between them is a multiple of
大提示:
用两个给定的星期二判断 中哪一年是闰年。
Use the two given Tuesdays to decide which of is a leap year
解答:
从 年第 天到 年第 天,若 不是闰年,相隔 天。但 ,会落在星期一,而不是星期二。
所以 是闰年,相隔 天,正好仍为星期二。因此 年不是闰年。
年第 天比 年第 天早 天。因为 ,所以那一天比星期二早 天,即星期四。
因此,正确答案是 A。
From day of year to day of year the number of days is if is not a leap year. But which would land on a Monday, not a Tuesday.
So year is a leap year, and the gap is days, giving a Tuesday as stated. It follows that year is not a leap year.
The th day of year precedes the Tuesday on day of year by days. Since that day is weekdays before Tuesday, namely Thursday.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
19.
在三角形 中,、、。设 为 的中点, 为角 的角平分线与 的交点。下列哪一个数最接近三角形 的面积?
In triangle and Let denote the midpoint of and let denote the intersection of with the bisector of angle Which of the following is closest to the area of triangle
小提示:
由海伦公式, 的面积为 ,所以从 到 的高为 。
By Heron’s formula the area of is so the altitude from to is
大提示:
距 的距离为 ;角平分线交点 满足 。
is at distance from ; the bisector foot satisfies
解答:
由海伦公式, 的面积为 ,所以从 到 的高为 。
中点 到 的距离为 。从 作出的角平分线与 相交于 ,且 ,所以 。
和 都在 上,所以 的底为 ,高为 ,面积为
因此,正确答案是 C。
By Heron’s formula, the area of is so the altitude from to is
The midpoint is from The bisector from meets at with so
Both and lie on so has base and altitude giving area
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
若正数 、 和 满足 以及 则 等于多少?
If and are positive numbers satisfying and then what is
小提示:
将三个方程相加,并另外将三个方程相乘。
Add the three equations, and separately multiply all three together
大提示:
展开乘积会得到 ,再加上你已经算出的和。
Expanding the product produces plus the sum you already computed
解答:
三个方程相加得
三个方程相乘得
展开乘积,得到 中间括号中的一组之和就是 ,所以 。
因此 ,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Adding the three equations gives
Multiplying them gives
Expanding the product, The middle group is the sum so
Hence so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
过直角三角形斜边上的一点,作两条分别平行于两条直角边的直线,把三角形分成一个正方形和两个较小的直角三角形。若其中一个小直角三角形的面积是正方形面积的 倍,则另一个小直角三角形面积与正方形面积的比是多少?
Through a point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle, lines are drawn parallel to the legs of the triangle so that the triangle is divided into a square and two smaller right triangles. The area of one of the two small right triangles is times the area of the square. What is the ratio of the area of the other small right triangle to the area of the square?
小提示:
设正方形边长为 ;一个小三角形沿正方形的一条边有一条长为 的直角边,所以它的面积是 。
Let the square have side ; one small triangle has a leg along the square, so its area is
大提示:
两个小三角形相似,所以另一个三角形对应的直角边长为 。
The two small triangles are similar, so the other triangle’s matching leg is
解答:
设正方形边长为 。与正方形一边相邻的小三角形有一条长为 的垂直边,所以它的面积为 ,从而 。
两个小三角形相似,所以另一个三角形沿正方形的直角边长为 ,面积为
因此,正确答案是 D。
Let the square have side The small triangle sharing one side of the square has a perpendicular leg so its area is giving
The two small triangles are similar, so the other triangle’s leg along the square is and its area is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
22.
下图显示了由四次多项式 定义的曲线的一部分。下列哪一项最小?
The graph below shows a portion of the curve defined by the quartic polynomial Which of the following is the smallest?
的零点的乘积
The product of the zeros of
的非实零点的乘积
The product of the non-real zeros of
的系数之和
The sum of the coefficients of
的实零点之和
The sum of the real zeros of
小提示:
图像显示恰有两个实零点,且都为正数,所以 有两个非实(共轭)零点。
The graph shows exactly two real zeros, both positive, so has two non-real (conjugate) zeros
大提示:
所有零点的乘积等于 ,即 -截距;再除以实零点的乘积。
The product of all zeros equals the -intercept; divide it by the product of the real zeros
解答:
图像与 -轴恰好相交两次,且两次都在正数处,所以 有两个实零点和两个非实(复共轭)零点。
从图像读出:系数之和为 ;;实零点之和大于 ;所有零点的乘积为 ,即 -截距,小于 。
设实零点的乘积为 ,则 。非实零点的乘积为 ,它小于 。
这比列出的其他每一个量都小。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The graph crosses the -axis exactly twice, both times at positive values, so has two real zeros and two non-real (complex conjugate) zeros.
Reading off the graph: the sum of the coefficients is the sum of the real zeros is greater than and the product of all zeros is the -intercept, which is less than
Let be the product of the real zeros, so The product of the non-real zeros is which is less than
This is smaller than every other listed quantity.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
23.
Gamble 教授买了一张彩票,需要从 到 (含)中选出六个不同的整数。他选择的数字满足这六个数字的常用对数之和为整数。碰巧中奖彩票上的整数也有相同性质,即常用对数之和为整数。Gamble 教授持有中奖彩票的概率是多少?
Professor Gamble buys a lottery ticket, which requires that he pick six different integers from through inclusive. He chooses his numbers so that the sum of the base-ten logarithms of his six numbers is an integer. It so happens that the integers on the winning ticket have the same property -- the sum of the base-ten logarithms is an integer. What is the probability that Professor Gamble holds the winning ticket?
小提示:
对数之和为整数,当且仅当这六个数的乘积是 的幂。
The sum of logarithms is an integer exactly when the product of the six numbers is a power of
大提示:
只能选形如 的数;平衡总的 因子和 因子。
Only numbers of the form can appear; balance the total factors of and
解答:
对数之和为整数 ,当且仅当六个数的乘积为 。因为 ,每个选中的数都必须形如 ,所以只能来自
对每个数记录因数 的个数比因数 的个数多多少:。乘积为 的幂,要求六个所选数中 与 的总指数相等,也就是这些差值之和为 。
负差值只有 的 和 的 。总差值为 的六数彩票必须同时包含两者:缺少任意一个,都没有足够的零和小正差值凑满六个数。因此另外四个数的差值之和必须为 。差值为 的数有两个(),差值为 的数有两个(),差值为 的数有两个();若使用差值至少为 的数,就没有足够的零差值数凑满四个。因此必须取两个差值为 的数、一个差值为 的数和一个差值为 的数。恰有四张有效彩票:,,,和 。
Gamble 教授持有其中一张,而只有一张与中奖彩票相同,所以概率为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The sum of the logarithms is an integer exactly when the product of the six numbers is Since each chosen number must be of the form so it comes from
For each, record the excess of factors of over factors of : The product is a power of only if the six chosen values have equal totals of s and s, i.e. their excesses sum to
The only negative excesses are for and for A six-number ticket with total excess must contain both: omitting either leaves too few zero and small positive excesses to reach six numbers. The other four numbers must therefore have total excess There are two numbers of excess (), two of excess (), and two of excess (); any number of excess at least would leave too few zeros to complete a four-number selection. Thus we must take both excess- numbers, one excess- number, and one excess- number. This gives exactly four valid tickets: and
Professor Gamble holds one of these four, and only one matches the winning ticket, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
若圆弧 和 的圆心分别为 和 ,则存在一个圆同时与圆弧 、圆弧 以及线段 相切。若圆弧 的长度为 ,则这个圆的周长是多少?
If circular arcs and have centers at and respectively, then there exists a circle tangent to both arc and arc and to If the length of arc is then what is the circumference of the circle?
小提示:
两条圆弧的半径都是 ,且 到 和 的距离都为 ,所以 是等边三角形。
Both arcs have radius and is at distance from both and so is equilateral
大提示:
在 点使用幂定理,并用 求小圆半径 。
Use Power of a Point at with to find the small circle’s radius
解答:
每条圆弧的半径都是 ,且 到 和 的距离都为 ,所以 是等边三角形。因此圆弧 对应半径为 的圆上的 圆心角,该大圆的整周长为 。
设小圆半径为 ,并在线段 的中点 处相切,其中 。由点幂定理,,所以 从而 ,因而 。
周长之比等于半径之比,所以小圆的周长为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Each arc has radius and is at distance from both and so is equilateral. Thus arc subtends of a circle of radius whose full circumference is
Let the small circle have radius and touch at its midpoint where By Power of a Point, so giving hence
The circumferences are in the ratio of the radii, so the small circle’s circumference is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
八个全等的等边三角形,每个颜色都不同,被用来构造一个正八面体。构造这个八面体有多少种可区分的方法?(如果两个着色八面体不能通过旋转变得完全一样,则称它们可区分。)
Eight congruent equilateral triangles, each of a different color, are used to construct a regular octahedron. How many distinguishable ways are there to construct the octahedron? (Two colored octahedrons are distinguishable if neither can be rotated to look just like the other.)
小提示:
在考虑旋转之前,有 种方式把八种不同颜色放到八个面上。
There are ways to place the eight distinct colors before accounting for rotations
大提示:
八面体的旋转群有 个元素,并且颜色都不同时,每种着色的稳定子都是平凡的。
The rotation group of the octahedron has elements, and distinct colors give each arrangement a trivial stabilizer
解答:
将八种不同颜色分配给八个面共有 种方式。两个分配表示同一个八面体,当且仅当其中一个可以旋转成另一个。
正八面体的旋转群有 个元素。因为八种颜色全都不同,没有非平凡旋转会固定一种着色,所以每个可区分的八面体恰好对应 种分配。
因此可区分的八面体数量为
因此,正确答案是 E。
There are ways to assign the eight distinct colors to the eight faces. Two assignments give the same octahedron exactly when one is a rotation of the other.
The rotation group of a regular octahedron has elements. Because all eight colors are different, no nontrivial rotation fixes a coloring, so each distinguishable octahedron corresponds to exactly assignments.
Therefore the number of distinguishable octahedrons is
Thus, the correct answer is E.