2000 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

20012001 年,美国将主办国际数学奥林匹克。设 IIMMOO 是互不相同的正整数,且 IMO=2001I \cdot M \cdot O = 2001I+M+OI + M + O 的最大可能值是多少?

In the year 2001,2001, the United States will host the International Mathematical Olympiad. Let I,I, M,M, and OO be distinct positive integers such that the product IMO=2001.I \cdot M \cdot O = 2001. What is the largest possible value of the sum I+M+O?I + M + O?

2323

5555

9999

111111

671671

知识点:质因数分解最优化
难度评级:1000
小提示:

20012001 分解成质因数。

Factor 20012001 into primes

大提示:

要让和尽可能大,应让一个因数尽可能大,而另外两个因数尽可能小。

To maximize the sum, make one factor as large as possible and the others small

解答:

分解质因数得 2001=323292001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29

在乘积固定且三个正整数互不相同的条件下,要使和最大,取 I=1I = 1M=3M = 3,且 O=2329=667O = 23 \cdot 29 = 667

最大和为 1+3+667=6711 + 3 + 667 = 671

因此,正确答案是 E

Factoring gives 2001=32329.2001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29.

To maximize the sum of three distinct positive integers with this product, take I=1,I = 1, M=3,M = 3, and O=2329=667.O = 23 \cdot 29 = 667.

The largest sum is 1+3+667=671.1 + 3 + 667 = 671.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

2000(20002000)2000(2000^{2000}) 等于多少?

What is 2000(20002000)?2000(2000^{2000})?

200020012000^{2001}

400020004000^{2000}

200040002000^{4000}

4,000,00020004{,}000{,}000^{2000}

20004,000,0002000^{4{,}000{,}000}

知识点:指数
难度评级:950
小提示:

把前面的因数写成 200012000^1

Write the leading factor as 200012000^1

大提示:

同底数幂相乘时,指数相加。

Multiplying powers of the same base adds the exponents

解答:

2000=200012000 = 2000^1 得到 2000120002000=20001+2000=20002001 \begin{gathered} 2000^1 \cdot 2000^{2000} \\ = 2000^{1 + 2000} \\ = 2000^{2001} \end{gathered}\text{。}

其他选项都比这个值大。

因此,正确答案是 A

Writing 2000=20001,2000 = 2000^1, we get 2000120002000=20001+2000=20002001. \begin{gathered} 2000^1 \cdot 2000^{2000} \\ = 2000^{1 + 2000} \\ = 2000^{2001}. \end{gathered}

All of the other options are larger than this.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

Jenny 每天吃掉当天开始时罐子里软糖的 20%20\%。第二天结束时还剩 3232 颗。罐子里原来有多少颗软糖?

Each day, Jenny ate 20%20\% of the jellybeans that were in her jar at the beginning of that day. At the end of the second day, 3232 remained. How many jellybeans were in the jar originally?

4040

5050

5555

6060

7575

知识点:百分数逆推法
难度评级:1080
小提示:

每天吃掉 20%20\%,所以每天结束时剩下 80%80\%

Eating 20%20\% leaves 80%80\% at the end of each day

大提示:

两天后剩下原数量的 (0.8)2(0.8)^2

After two days, (0.8)2(0.8)^2 of the original amount remains

解答:

每天吃掉 20%20\%,所以每天结束时剩下 80%80\%。若原来有 xx 颗,则 (0.8)2x=32 (0.8)^2 x = 32\text{。}

解得 0.64x=320.64x = 32,所以 x=50x = 50

因此,正确答案是 B

Since 20%20\% is eaten each day, 80%80\% remains at the end of each day. If xx is the original number, then (0.8)2x=32. (0.8)^2 x = 32.

Solving gives 0.64x=32,0.64x = 32, so x=50.x = 50.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

Fibonacci 数列 11112233558813132121\ldots 以两个 11 开始,之后每一项都是前两项之和。十个数字中,哪一个最晚出现在 Fibonacci 数列某一项的个位上?

The Fibonacci sequence 1,1, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 8,8, 13,13, 21,21, \ldots starts with two 11s, and each term afterwards is the sum of its two predecessors. Which one of the ten digits is the last to appear in the units position of a number in the Fibonacci sequence?

00

44

66

77

99

难度评级:1240
小提示:

只追踪每一项的个位数字。

Track only the units digit of each term

大提示:

列出个位数字,直到十个数字都出现,并注意哪个最后出现。

List the units digits until all ten digits have appeared, and note which shows up last

解答:

个位数字序列开始为 1,1,2,3,5,8,3,1,4,5,9,4,3,7,0,7,7,4,1,5,6, \begin{gathered} 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, \\ 4, 3, 7, 0, 7, 7, 4, 1, 5, 6, \ldots \end{gathered}

查看这个列表,数字 66 是十个数字中最后出现的。

因此,正确答案是 C

The sequence of units digits begins 1,1,2,3,5,8,3,1,4,5,9,4,3,7,0,7,7,4,1,5,6, \begin{gathered} 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, \\ 4, 3, 7, 0, 7, 7, 4, 1, 5, 6, \ldots \end{gathered}

Scanning this list, the digit 66 is the last of the ten digits to appear.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

x2=p|x - 2| = p,且 x<2x \lt 2,则 xpx - p 是多少?

If x2=p,|x - 2| = p, where x<2,x \lt 2, then what is xp?x - p?

2-2

22

22p2 - 2p

2p22p - 2

2p2|2p - 2|

知识点:绝对值
难度评级:1150
小提示:

因为 x<2x \lt 2,所以 x2x - 2 为负,且 x2=2x|x - 2| = 2 - x

Since x<2,x \lt 2, the quantity x2x - 2 is negative, so x2=2x|x - 2| = 2 - x

大提示:

先由 2x=p2 - x = p 解出 xx,再计算 xpx - p

Solve 2x=p2 - x = p for x,x, then compute xpx - p

解答:

因为 x<2x \lt 2,所以 x2=2x=p|x - 2| = 2 - x = p,因此 x=2px = 2 - p

于是 xp=(2p)p=22p x - p = (2 - p) - p = 2 - 2p\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Since x<2,x \lt 2, we have x2=2x=p,|x - 2| = 2 - x = p, so x=2p.x = 2 - p.

Then xp=(2p)p=22p. x - p = (2 - p) - p = 2 - 2p.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

441818 之间选出两个不同的质数。用它们的乘积减去它们的和,可能得到下列哪个数?

Two different prime numbers between 44 and 1818 are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?

2121

6060

119119

180180

231231

难度评级:1310
小提示:

这些质数是 5,7,11,135, 7, 11, 131717;注意 xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1

The primes are 5,7,11,13,5, 7, 11, 13, and 1717; note that xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1

大提示:

两个质数都是奇数,所以 (x1)(y1)13(mod4)(x-1)(y-1)-1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4;再检验剩下的候选项。

Both primes are odd, so (x1)(y1)13(mod4);(x-1)(y-1)-1 \equiv 3 \pmod 4; then test the remaining candidates

解答:

441818 之间的质数是 5,7,11,135, 7, 11, 131717

对这样的两个质数,xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1 是两个偶数的乘积减去 11,因此它同余于 3(mod4)3 \pmod 4。这样只剩下 119119231231。后者要求 (x1)(y1)=232(x-1)(y-1)=232,但 {4,6,10,12,16}\{4,6,10,12,16\} 中没有两个不同的数的乘积等于 232232

实际上,1113(11+13)=14324=119 \begin{aligned} 11 \cdot 13 - (11 + 13) &= 143 - 24 \\ &= 119 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The primes between 44 and 1818 are 5,7,11,13,5, 7, 11, 13, and 17.17.

For two such primes, xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1 is a product of two even numbers minus 1,1, hence it is 3(mod4).3 \pmod 4. This leaves 119119 and 231.231. The latter would require (x1)(y1)=232,(x-1)(y-1)=232, but no two distinct numbers in {4,6,10,12,16}\{4,6,10,12,16\} have product 232.232.

Indeed, 1113(11+13)=14324=119. \begin{aligned} 11 \cdot 13 - (11 + 13) &= 143 - 24 \\ &= 119. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

有多少个正整数 bb 满足 logb729\log_b 729 是正整数?

How many positive integers bb have the property that logb729\log_b 729 is a positive integer?

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1370
小提示:

logb729=n\log_b 729 = n,则 bn=729=36b^n = 729 = 3^6

If logb729=n,\log_b 729 = n, then bn=729=36b^n = 729 = 3^6

大提示:

要使 bb 为整数,nn 必须是 66 的正因数。

For bb to be an integer, nn must be a positive divisor of 66

解答:

logb729=n\log_b 729 = n,则 bn=729=36b^n = 729 = 3^6,所以 nn 必须是 66 的正因数。

n=1,2,3,6n = 1, 2, 3, 6 分别给出 b=36,33,32,31b = 3^6, 3^3, 3^2, 3^1,也就是 729,27,9729, 27, 933

共有 44 个这样的 bb

因此,正确答案是 E

If logb729=n,\log_b 729 = n, then bn=729=36,b^n = 729 = 3^6, so nn must be a positive divisor of 6.6.

The possibilities n=1,2,3,6n = 1, 2, 3, 6 give b=36,33,32,31,b = 3^6, 3^3, 3^2, 3^1, that is, 729,27,9,729, 27, 9, and 3.3.

There are 44 such values of b.b.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

图形 00112233 分别由 115513132525 个互不重叠的单位正方形组成。如果继续这个规律,图形 100100 中会有多少个互不重叠的单位正方形?

Figures 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, and 33 consist of 1,1, 5,5, 13,13, and 2525 nonoverlapping unit squares, respectively. If the pattern were continued, how many nonoverlapping unit squares would there be in figure 100?100?

1040110401

1980119801

2020120201

3980139801

4080140801

难度评级:1370
小提示:

每个图形都是一个菱形,各行长度按奇数 1,3,5,1, 3, 5, \ldots 增大后再减小。

Each figure is a diamond whose rows are the odd numbers 1,3,5,1, 3, 5, \ldots up and back down

大提示:

图形 nnn2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n + 1)^2 个单位正方形。

Figure nn has n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n + 1)^2 unit squares

解答:

图形 nn 是一个菱形,各行长度按奇数增大后再减小,所以共有 n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n + 1)^2 个单位正方形。这与 n=0,1,2,3n = 0, 1, 2, 3 时的 1,5,13,251, 5, 13, 25 相符。

因此图形 100100 中单位正方形的个数为 1002+1012=10000+10201=20201 \begin{aligned} 100^2 + 101^2 &= 10000 + 10201 \\ &= 20201 \end{aligned} 个。

因此,正确答案是 C

Figure nn is a diamond whose row lengths increase through the odd numbers and back down, giving a total of n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n + 1)^2 unit squares. This matches 1,5,13,251, 5, 13, 25 for n=0,1,2,3.n = 0, 1, 2, 3.

Therefore figure 100100 has 1002+1012=10000+10201=20201 \begin{aligned} 100^2 + 101^2 &= 10000 + 10201 \\ &= 20201 \end{aligned} unit squares.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

Walter 老师给一个五人数学班考试。她把成绩按随机顺序输入电子表格,表格在每输入一个成绩后重新计算班级平均分。Walter 老师注意到每次输入后,平均分总是整数。五个成绩按升序为 71717676808082829191。Walter 老师最后输入的成绩是多少?

Mrs. Walter gave an exam in a mathematics class of five students. She entered the scores in random order into a spreadsheet, which recalculated the class average after each score was entered. Mrs. Walter noticed that after each score was entered, the average was always an integer. The scores (listed in ascending order) were 71,71, 76,76, 80,80, 82,82, and 91.91. What was the last score Mrs. Walter entered?

7171

7676

8080

8282

9191

难度评级:1580
小提示:

kk 个输入成绩的和必须能被 kk 整除。

The sum of the first kk scores entered must be divisible by kk

大提示:

先用能被 33 整除,再用能被 44 整除;这些成绩模 33 的余数是 2,1,2,1,12, 1, 2, 1, 1

Use divisibility by 33 then by 44; the residues of the scores modulo 33 are 2,1,2,1,12, 1, 2, 1, 1

解答:

总和为 71+76+80+82+91=40071 + 76 + 80 + 82 + 91 = 400,可被 55 整除。前三个成绩的和必须能被 33 整除。

33,这些成绩的余数是 2,1,2,1,12, 1, 2, 1, 1。唯一和为 33 的倍数的三元组是 76+82+91=24976 + 82 + 91 = 249,所以它们是前三个成绩(其中 9191 第三个,因为前两个 76768282,必须奇偶性相同)。

因为 2491(mod4)249 \equiv 1 \pmod 4,第四个成绩必须 3(mod4)\equiv 3 \pmod 4,即 7171。于是最后输入的是 8080

因此,正确答案是 C

The total is 71+76+80+82+91=400,71 + 76 + 80 + 82 + 91 = 400, which is divisible by 5.5. The sum of the first three scores must be divisible by 3.3.

Modulo 3,3, the scores are 2,1,2,1,1.2, 1, 2, 1, 1. The only triple summing to a multiple of 33 is 76+82+91=249,76 + 82 + 91 = 249, so these are the first three (with 9191 third, since the first two, 7676 and 82,82, must have equal parity).

Since 2491(mod4),249 \equiv 1 \pmod 4, the fourth score must be 3(mod4),\equiv 3 \pmod 4, which is 71.71. That leaves 8080 as the last score entered.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

P=(1,2,3)P = (1, 2, 3) 关于 xyxy-平面反射,得到的像 QQ 再绕 xx-轴旋转 180180^\circ 得到 RR,最后 RR 沿正 yy 方向平移 55 个单位得到 SSSS 的坐标是什么?

The point P=(1,2,3)P = (1, 2, 3) is reflected in the xyxy-plane, then its image QQ is rotated by 180180^\circ about the xx-axis to produce R,R, and finally, RR is translated by 55 units in the positive yy direction to produce S.S. What are the coordinates of S?S?

(1,7,3)(1, 7, -3)

(1,7,3)(-1, 7, -3)

(1,2,8)(-1, -2, 8)

(1,3,3)(-1, 3, 3)

(1,3,3)(1, 3, 3)

难度评级:1390
小提示:

关于 xyxy-平面反射会使 zz-坐标变号。

Reflecting in the xyxy-plane negates the zz-coordinate

大提示:

xx-轴旋转 180180^\circ 会使 yy-坐标和 zz-坐标都变号。

A 180180^\circ turn about the xx-axis negates both the yy- and zz-coordinates

解答:

(1,2,3)(1, 2, 3) 关于 xyxy-平面反射得到 Q=(1,2,3)Q = (1, 2, -3)

xx-轴旋转 180180^\circ 会使 yyzz 变号,得到 R=(1,2,3)R = (1, -2, 3)

沿正 yy 方向平移 55 个单位得到 S=(1,3,3)S = (1, 3, 3)

因此,正确答案是 E

Reflecting (1,2,3)(1, 2, 3) in the xyxy-plane gives Q=(1,2,3).Q = (1, 2, -3).

Rotating 180180^\circ about the xx-axis negates yy and z,z, giving R=(1,2,3).R = (1, -2, 3).

Translating 55 units in the positive yy direction gives S=(1,3,3).S = (1, 3, 3).

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

两个非零实数 aabb 满足 ab=abab = a - b。求下式的一个可能值:ab+baab\frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} - ab\text{。}

Two non-zero real numbers, aa and b,b, satisfy ab=ab.ab = a - b. Find a possible value of ab+baab.\frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} - ab.

2-2

12-\dfrac{1}{2}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

22

难度评级:1530
小提示:

通分:ab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab = \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}

Combine over a common denominator: ab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab = \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}

大提示:

在分子中用 aba - b 替换 abab,再展开。

Replace abab with aba - b in the numerator and expand

解答:

通分得 ab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab \frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} - ab = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}\text{。}

在分子中用 aba - b 替换 abab,得 a2+b2(ab)2=a2+b2(a22ab+b2)=2ab \begin{gathered} a^2 + b^2 - (a - b)^2 \\ = a^2 + b^2 \\ {}- (a^2 - 2ab + b^2) \\ = 2ab \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此原式等于 2abab=2\dfrac{2ab}{ab} = 2

因此,正确答案是 E

Combining over a common denominator, ab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab. \frac{a}{b} + \frac{b}{a} - ab = \frac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}.

Replacing abab with aba - b in the numerator, a2+b2(ab)2=a2+b2(a22ab+b2)=2ab. \begin{gathered} a^2 + b^2 - (a - b)^2 \\ = a^2 + b^2 \\ {}- (a^2 - 2ab + b^2) \\ = 2ab. \end{gathered}

Therefore the expression equals 2abab=2.\dfrac{2ab}{ab} = 2.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

AAMMCC 是非负整数,且 A+M+C=12A + M + C = 12。求下式的最大值:AMC+AM+MC+CA \begin{aligned} &A \cdot M \cdot C + A \cdot M \\ &\quad {}+ M \cdot C + C \cdot A \end{aligned}\text{?}

Let A,A, M,M, and CC be nonnegative integers such that A+M+C=12.A + M + C = 12. What is the maximum value of AMC+AM+MC+CA? \begin{aligned} &A \cdot M \cdot C + A \cdot M \\ &\quad {}+ M \cdot C + C \cdot A? \end{aligned}

6262

7272

9292

102102

112112

难度评级:1650
小提示:

AMC+AM+MC+CAAMC + AM + MC + CA =(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)= (A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) (A+M+C)1- (A + M + C) - 1

AMC+AM+MC+CAAMC + AM + MC + CA =(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)= (A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) (A+M+C)1- (A + M + C) - 1

大提示:

三个因数 A+1,M+1,C+1A+1, M+1, C+1 的和为 1515,所以它们越接近相等,乘积越大。

The three factors A+1,M+1,C+1A+1, M+1, C+1 sum to 15,15, so their product is largest when they are equal

解答:

注意 AMC+AM+MC+CA=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+M+C)1 \begin{aligned} &AMC + AM + MC + CA \\ &\quad = (A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) \\ &\quad {}- (A + M + C) - 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 A+M+C=12A + M + C = 12,原式等于 (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)13(A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) - 13。这三个因数的和为 1515,乘积在它们都等于 55 时最大,等于 53=1255^3 = 125

最大值为 12513=112125 - 13 = 112

因此,正确答案是 E

Observe that AMC+AM+MC+CA=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+M+C)1. \begin{aligned} &AMC + AM + MC + CA \\ &\quad = (A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) \\ &\quad {}- (A + M + C) - 1. \end{aligned}

Since A+M+C=12,A + M + C = 12, this equals (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)13.(A + 1)(M + 1)(C + 1) - 13. The three factors sum to 15,15, so their product is maximized when each equals 5,5, giving 53=125.5^3 = 125.

The maximum value is 12513=112.125 - 13 = 112.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

某天早上,Angela 家的每个人都喝了一杯 88-盎司的咖啡牛奶混合饮品。每杯中咖啡和牛奶的量可能不同,但都不为零。Angela 喝掉了全家牛奶总量的四分之一和咖啡总量的六分之一。这个家庭有多少人?

One morning each member of Angela’s family drank an 88-ounce mixture of coffee with milk. The amounts of coffee and milk varied from cup to cup, but were never zero. Angela drank a quarter of the total amount of milk and a sixth of the total amount of coffee. How many people are in the family?

33

44

55

66

77

难度评级:1710
小提示:

设 Angela 自己的一杯中有 cc 杯咖啡和 mm 杯牛奶,且 c+m=1c + m = 1

Suppose Angela’s own cup contains cc units of coffee and mm units of milk with c+m=1c + m = 1

大提示:

则全家共有 6c6c 杯咖啡和 4m4m 杯牛奶,所以人数为 6c+4m6c + 4m

Then the family total is 6c6c coffee and 4m4m milk, so the number of people is 6c+4m6c + 4m

解答:

88-盎司的一杯为单位计量,所以 Angela 的杯中有 cc 杯咖啡和 mm 杯牛奶,且 c+m=1c + m = 1

因为 Angela 喝掉了咖啡总量的六分之一,所以咖啡总量为 6c6c;因为她喝掉了牛奶总量的四分之一,所以牛奶总量为 4m4m。人数等于总杯数:6c+4m=6c+4(1c)=4+2c \begin{aligned} 6c + 4m &= 6c + 4(1 - c) \\ &= 4 + 2c \end{aligned}\text{。}

这必须是整数,所以 2c2c 是整数。又因 0<c<10 \lt c \lt 1,只能有 c=12c = \tfrac12,从而人数为 4+1=54 + 1 = 5

因此,正确答案是 C

Measure amounts in 88-ounce cups, so Angela’s cup holds cc coffee and mm milk with c+m=1.c + m = 1.

Since Angela drank a sixth of the coffee, the total coffee is 6c6c; since she drank a quarter of the milk, the total milk is 4m.4m. The number of people equals the total number of cups, 6c+4m=6c+4(1c)=4+2c. \begin{aligned} 6c + 4m &= 6c + 4(1 - c) \\ &= 4 + 2c. \end{aligned}

This is an integer only when 2c2c is an integer, and since 0<c<10 \lt c \lt 1 this forces c=12,c = \tfrac12, giving 4+1=54 + 1 = 5 people.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

当列表 10,2,5,2,4,2,x10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2, x

的平均数、中位数和众数按递增顺序排列后,它们形成一个非常数等差数列。所有可能的实数 xx 的和是多少?

When the mean, median, and mode of the list 10,2,5,2,4,2,x10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2, x

are arranged in increasing order, they form a non-constant arithmetic progression. What is the sum of all possible real values of x?x?

33

66

99

1717

2020

难度评级:1840
小提示:

众数是 22,平均数是 25+x7\dfrac{25 + x}{7}

The mode is 2,2, and the mean is 25+x7\dfrac{25 + x}{7}

大提示:

xx 相对于其他数的位置分情况,并要求等差数列非常数。

Split into cases by where xx falls relative to the other numbers, and require a non-constant progression

解答:

六个固定数的和为 2525,所以平均数是 25+x7\dfrac{25 + x}{7},众数是 22。若 x2x \le 2,则 22 同时是中位数和众数,会迫使等差数列为常数,所以 x>2x \gt 2

情形 2<x<42 \lt x \lt 4 中位数为 xx。要求 2,x,25+x72, x, \dfrac{25 + x}{7} 构成等差数列,得到此范围内唯一的值 x=3x = 3

情形 x4x \ge 4 中位数为 44,等差数列 2,4,62, 4, 6 迫使平均数为 66,所以 25+x7=6\dfrac{25 + x}{7} = 6,得 x=17x = 17

所有可能值的和为 3+17=203 + 17 = 20

因此,正确答案是 E

The six fixed numbers sum to 25,25, so the mean is 25+x7,\dfrac{25 + x}{7}, and the mode is 2.2. If x2,x \le 2, then 22 is both median and mode, forcing a constant progression, so x>2.x \gt 2.

Case 2<x<42 \lt x \lt 4: the median is x.x. Requiring 2,x,25+x72, x, \dfrac{25 + x}{7} to form an arithmetic progression yields x=3x = 3 as the only value in this range.

Case x4x \ge 4: the median is 4,4, and the progression 2,4,62, 4, 6 forces the mean to be 6,6, so 25+x7=6,\dfrac{25 + x}{7} = 6, giving x=17.x = 17.

The sum of all possible values is 3+17=20.3 + 17 = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

设函数 ff 满足 f ⁣(x3)=x2+x+1f\!\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right) = x^2 + x + 1。求所有满足 f(3z)=7f(3z) = 7zz 的和。

Let ff be a function for which f ⁣(x3)=x2+x+1.f\!\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right) = x^2 + x + 1. Find the sum of all values of zz for which f(3z)=7.f(3z) = 7.

13-\dfrac{1}{3}

19-\dfrac{1}{9}

00

59\dfrac{5}{9}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

难度评级:1650
小提示:

要计算 f(3z)f(3z),令 x3=3z\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z,所以 x=9zx = 9z

To evaluate f(3z),f(3z), set x3=3z,\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z, so x=9zx = 9z

大提示:

这样会得到关于 zz 的二次方程;使用根和公式 ba-\dfrac{b}{a}

This gives a quadratic in zz; use the sum-of-roots formula ba-\dfrac{b}{a}

解答:

x3=3z\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z 得到 x=9zx = 9z,所以 f(3z)=(9z)2+9z+1=81z2+9z+1=7 \begin{aligned} f(3z) &= (9z)^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 81z^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 7 \end{aligned}\text{。}

整理得 81z2+9z6=081z^2 + 9z - 6 = 0

由根和公式,所有 zz 的和为 981=19-\dfrac{9}{81} = -\dfrac{1}{9}

因此,正确答案是 B

Setting x3=3z\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z gives x=9z,x = 9z, so f(3z)=(9z)2+9z+1=81z2+9z+1=7. \begin{aligned} f(3z) &= (9z)^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 81z^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 7. \end{aligned}

This rearranges to 81z2+9z6=0.81z^2 + 9z - 6 = 0.

By the sum-of-roots formula, the sum of the values of zz is 981=19.-\dfrac{9}{81} = -\dfrac{1}{9}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

一个 13131717 列的棋盘,每个方格中都写有一个数,从左上角开始编号,第一行编号为 1122\ldots1717,第二行编号为 18181919\ldots3434,依此向下。如果重新编号,使左列从上到下为 1122\ldots1313,第二列为 14141515\ldots2626,依此向右,有些方格在两种编号方式下得到相同的数。求这些方格中数字的和(任一种编号方式下都一样)。

A checkerboard of 1313 rows and 1717 columns has a number written in each square, beginning in the upper left corner, so that the first row is numbered 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 17,17, the second row 18,18, 19,19, ,\ldots, 34,34, and so on down the board. If the board is renumbered so that the left column, top to bottom, is 1,1, 2,2, ,\ldots, 13,13, the second column 14,14, 15,15, ,\ldots, 2626 and so on across the board, some squares have the same numbers in both numbering systems. Find the sum of the numbers in these squares (under either system).

222222

333333

444444

555555

666666

难度评级:1770
小提示:

mm 行第 nn 列的方格原来编号为 17(m1)+n17(m - 1) + n,重新编号后为 13(n1)+m13(n - 1) + m

The square in row m,m, column nn is numbered 17(m1)+n17(m - 1) + n originally and 13(n1)+m13(n - 1) + m after

大提示:

令两个表达式相等,得到 4m3n=14m - 3n = 1;找出所有合法的 (m,n)(m, n)

Setting the two expressions equal gives 4m3n=14m - 3n = 1; find all valid (m,n)(m, n)

解答:

方格 (m,n)(m, n) 原来的编号为 17(m1)+n17(m - 1) + n,重新编号后为 13(n1)+m13(n - 1) + m。令它们相等,得 4m3n=1 4m - 3n = 1\text{。}

满足 1m131 \le m \le 131n171 \le n \le 17 的解为 (1,1)(1, 1)(4,5)(4, 5)(7,9)(7, 9)(10,13)(10, 13),和 (13,17)(13, 17)

这些方格中的数为 1,56,111,1661, 56, 111, 166221221,总和为 555555

因此,正确答案是 D

The square (m,n)(m, n) is numbered 17(m1)+n17(m - 1) + n originally and 13(n1)+m13(n - 1) + m after renumbering. Setting these equal gives 4m3n=1. 4m - 3n = 1.

The solutions with 1m131 \le m \le 13 and 1n171 \le n \le 17 are (1,1),(1, 1), (4,5),(4, 5), (7,9),(7, 9), (10,13),(10, 13), and (13,17).(13, 17).

These squares hold the numbers 1,56,111,166,1, 56, 111, 166, and 221,221, whose sum is 555.555.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

一个以 OO 为圆心、半径为 11 的圆经过点 AA。线段 ABAB 在点 AA 处与圆相切,且 AOB=θ\angle AOB = \theta。若点 CC 位于 OA\overline{OA} 上,且 BCBC 平分 ABO\angle ABO,则 OCOC 等于多少?

A circle centered at OO has radius 11 and contains the point A.A. Segment ABAB is tangent to the circle at AA and AOB=θ.\angle AOB = \theta. If point CC lies on OA\overline{OA} and BCBC bisects ABO,\angle ABO, then what is OC?OC?

sec2θtanθ\sec^2\theta - \tan\theta

12\dfrac{1}{2}

cos2θ1+sinθ\dfrac{\cos^2\theta}{1 + \sin\theta}

11+sinθ\dfrac{1}{1 + \sin\theta}

sinθcos2θ\dfrac{\sin\theta}{\cos^2\theta}

难度评级:1870
小提示:

因为 OA=1OA = 1OAB=90\angle OAB = 90^\circ,所以 BA=tanθBA = \tan\thetaOB=secθOB = \sec\theta

Since OA=1OA = 1 and OAB=90,\angle OAB = 90^\circ, we have BA=tanθBA = \tan\theta and OB=secθOB = \sec\theta

大提示:

角平分线给出 OCCA=OBBA\dfrac{OC}{CA} = \dfrac{OB}{BA},且 OC+CA=OA=1OC + CA = OA = 1

The bisector gives OCCA=OBBA,\dfrac{OC}{CA} = \dfrac{OB}{BA}, and OC+CA=OA=1OC + CA = OA = 1

解答:

因为 OA=1OA = 1ABABAA 点与圆相切,角 OABOAB 为直角,所以 BA=tanθ,OB=secθ BA = \tan\theta, \qquad OB = \sec\theta\text{。}

因为 BCBC 平分 ABO\angle ABO,由角平分线定理得 OCCA=OBBA\dfrac{OC}{CA} = \dfrac{OB}{BA}。又 OC+CA=OA=1OC + CA = OA = 1OC=OBOB+BA=secθsecθ+tanθ \begin{aligned} OC &= \frac{OB}{OB + BA} \\ &= \frac{\sec\theta}{\sec\theta + \tan\theta} \end{aligned}\text{。}

分子分母同乘 cosθ\cos\theta 得到 OC=11+sinθOC = \dfrac{1}{1 + \sin\theta}

因此,正确答案是 D

Because OA=1OA = 1 and ABAB is tangent at A,A, angle OABOAB is right, so BA=tanθ,OB=secθ. BA = \tan\theta, \qquad OB = \sec\theta.

Since BCBC bisects ABO,\angle ABO, the angle bisector theorem gives OCCA=OBBA.\dfrac{OC}{CA} = \dfrac{OB}{BA}. Using OC+CA=OA=1,OC + CA = OA = 1, OC=OBOB+BA=secθsecθ+tanθ. \begin{aligned} OC &= \frac{OB}{OB + BA} \\ &= \frac{\sec\theta}{\sec\theta + \tan\theta}. \end{aligned}

Multiplying numerator and denominator by cosθ\cos\theta gives OC=11+sinθ.OC = \dfrac{1}{1 + \sin\theta}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

NN 年的第 300300 天是星期二,N+1N + 1 年的第 200200 天也是星期二。那么 N1N - 1 年的第 100100 天是星期几?

In year N,N, the 300300th day of the year is a Tuesday. In year N+1,N + 1, the 200200th day is also a Tuesday. On what day of the week did the 100100th day of year N1N - 1 occur?

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

星期日

Sunday

星期一

Monday

难度评级:1870
小提示:

两个日期在同一星期几,当且仅当它们之间相隔的天数是 77 的倍数。

Two dates fall on the same weekday exactly when the number of days between them is a multiple of 77

大提示:

用两个给定的星期二判断 N1,N,N+1N - 1, N, N + 1 中哪一年是闰年。

Use the two given Tuesdays to decide which of N1,N,N+1N - 1, N, N + 1 is a leap year

解答:

NN 年第 300300 天到 N+1N + 1 年第 200200 天,若 NN 不是闰年,相隔 365300+200=265365 - 300 + 200 = 265 天。但 265=737+6265 = 7 \cdot 37 + 6,会落在星期一,而不是星期二。

所以 NN 是闰年,相隔 266=738266 = 7 \cdot 38 天,正好仍为星期二。因此 N1N - 1 年不是闰年。

N1N - 1 年第 100100 天比 NN 年第 300300 天早 365100+300=565365 - 100 + 300 = 565 天。因为 565=780+5565 = 7 \cdot 80 + 5,所以那一天比星期二早 55 天,即星期四。

因此,正确答案是 A

From day 300300 of year NN to day 200200 of year N+1,N + 1, the number of days is 365300+200=265365 - 300 + 200 = 265 if NN is not a leap year. But 265=737+6,265 = 7 \cdot 37 + 6, which would land on a Monday, not a Tuesday.

So year NN is a leap year, and the gap is 266=738266 = 7 \cdot 38 days, giving a Tuesday as stated. It follows that year N1N - 1 is not a leap year.

The 100100th day of year N1N - 1 precedes the Tuesday on day 300300 of year NN by 365100+300=565365 - 100 + 300 = 565 days. Since 565=780+5,565 = 7 \cdot 80 + 5, that day is 55 weekdays before Tuesday, namely Thursday.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=13AB = 13BC=14BC = 14AC=15AC = 15。设 DDBC\overline{BC} 的中点,EE 为角 BACBAC 的角平分线与 BC\overline{BC} 的交点。下列哪一个数最接近三角形 ADEADE 的面积?

In triangle ABC,ABC, AB=13,AB = 13, BC=14,BC = 14, and AC=15.AC = 15. Let DD denote the midpoint of BC\overline{BC} and let EE denote the intersection of BC\overline{BC} with the bisector of angle BAC.BAC. Which of the following is closest to the area of triangle ADE?ADE?

22

2.52.5

33

3.53.5

44

难度评级:1810
小提示:

由海伦公式,ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 8484,所以从 AABCBC 的高为 1212

By Heron’s formula the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 84,84, so the altitude from AA to BCBC is 1212

大提示:

DDBB 的距离为 77;角平分线交点 EE 满足 BE:EC=13:15BE : EC = 13 : 15

DD is at distance 77 from BB; the bisector foot EE satisfies BE:EC=13:15BE : EC = 13 : 15

解答:

由海伦公式,ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 21876=84\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84,所以从 AABCBC 的高为 28414=12\dfrac{2 \cdot 84}{14} = 12

中点 DDBB 的距离为 77。从 AA 作出的角平分线与 BCBC 相交于 EE,且 BE:EC=AB:AC=13:15BE : EC = AB : AC = 13 : 15,所以 BE=141328=6.5BE = 14 \cdot \dfrac{13}{28} = 6.5

DDEE 都在 BCBC 上,所以 ADE\triangle ADE 的底为 DE=76.5=0.5DE = 7 - 6.5 = 0.5,高为 1212,面积为 120.512=3 \tfrac12 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 12 = 3\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

By Heron’s formula, the area of ABC\triangle ABC is 21876=84,\sqrt{21 \cdot 8 \cdot 7 \cdot 6} = 84, so the altitude from AA to BCBC is 28414=12.\dfrac{2 \cdot 84}{14} = 12.

The midpoint DD is 77 from B.B. The bisector from AA meets BCBC at EE with BE:EC=AB:AC=13:15,BE : EC = AB : AC = 13 : 15, so BE=141328=6.5.BE = 14 \cdot \dfrac{13}{28} = 6.5.

Both DD and EE lie on BC,BC, so ADE\triangle ADE has base DE=76.5=0.5DE = 7 - 6.5 = 0.5 and altitude 12,12, giving area 120.512=3. \tfrac12 \cdot 0.5 \cdot 12 = 3.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

若正数 xxyyzz 满足 x+1y=4x + \frac{1}{y} = 4\text{,} y+1z=1y + \frac{1}{z} = 1\text{,} 以及 z+1x=73z + \frac{1}{x} = \frac{7}{3}\text{,}xyzxyz 等于多少?

If x,x, y,y, and zz are positive numbers satisfying x+1y=4,x + \frac{1}{y} = 4, y+1z=1,y + \frac{1}{z} = 1, and z+1x=73,z + \frac{1}{x} = \frac{7}{3}, then what is xyz?xyz?

23\dfrac{2}{3}

11

43\dfrac{4}{3}

22

73\dfrac{7}{3}

难度评级:1970
小提示:

将三个方程相加,并另外将三个方程相乘。

Add the three equations, and separately multiply all three together

大提示:

展开乘积会得到 xyz+1xyzxyz + \dfrac{1}{xyz},再加上你已经算出的和。

Expanding the product produces xyz+1xyzxyz + \dfrac{1}{xyz} plus the sum you already computed

解答:

三个方程相加得 (x+1y)+(y+1z)+(z+1x)=4+1+73=223 \begin{gathered} \left(x + \tfrac1y\right) + \left(y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ {}+ \left(z + \tfrac1x\right) \\ = 4 + 1 + \tfrac73 \\ = \tfrac{22}{3}\text{。} \end{gathered}

三个方程相乘得 4173=283 4 \cdot 1 \cdot \tfrac73 = \tfrac{28}{3}\text{。}

展开乘积,得到 (x+1y)(y+1z)(z+1x)=xyz+(x+y+z+1x+1y+1z)+1xyz \begin{aligned} &\left(x + \tfrac1y\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(z + \tfrac1x\right) \\ &= xyz \\ &\quad {}+ \left(x + y + z + \tfrac1x + \tfrac1y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{xyz}\text{。} \end{aligned} 中间括号中的一组之和就是 223\tfrac{22}{3},所以 xyz+1xyz=283223=2xyz + \dfrac{1}{xyz} = \tfrac{28}{3} - \tfrac{22}{3} = 2

因此 (xyz1)2=0(xyz - 1)^2 = 0,所以 xyz=1xyz = 1

因此,正确答案是 B

Adding the three equations gives (x+1y)+(y+1z)+(z+1x)=4+1+73=223. \begin{gathered} \left(x + \tfrac1y\right) + \left(y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ {}+ \left(z + \tfrac1x\right) \\ = 4 + 1 + \tfrac73 \\ = \tfrac{22}{3}. \end{gathered}

Multiplying them gives 4173=283. 4 \cdot 1 \cdot \tfrac73 = \tfrac{28}{3}.

Expanding the product, (x+1y)(y+1z)(z+1x)=xyz+(x+y+z+1x+1y+1z)+1xyz. \begin{aligned} &\left(x + \tfrac1y\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ &\quad {}\cdot \left(z + \tfrac1x\right) \\ &= xyz \\ &\quad {}+ \left(x + y + z + \tfrac1x + \tfrac1y + \tfrac1z\right) \\ &\quad {}+ \frac{1}{xyz}. \end{aligned} The middle group is the sum 223,\tfrac{22}{3}, so xyz+1xyz=283223=2.xyz + \dfrac{1}{xyz} = \tfrac{28}{3} - \tfrac{22}{3} = 2.

Hence (xyz1)2=0,(xyz - 1)^2 = 0, so xyz=1.xyz = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

过直角三角形斜边上的一点,作两条分别平行于两条直角边的直线,把三角形分成一个正方形和两个较小的直角三角形。若其中一个小直角三角形的面积是正方形面积的 mm 倍,则另一个小直角三角形面积与正方形面积的比是多少?

Through a point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle, lines are drawn parallel to the legs of the triangle so that the triangle is divided into a square and two smaller right triangles. The area of one of the two small right triangles is mm times the area of the square. What is the ratio of the area of the other small right triangle to the area of the square?

12m+1\dfrac{1}{2m + 1}

mm

1m1 - m

14m\dfrac{1}{4m}

18m2\dfrac{1}{8m^2}

知识点:相似面积比
难度评级:1970
小提示:

设正方形边长为 11;一个小三角形沿正方形的一条边有一条长为 rr 的直角边,所以它的面积是 r2=m\dfrac{r}{2} = m

Let the square have side 11; one small triangle has a leg rr along the square, so its area is r2=m\dfrac{r}{2} = m

大提示:

两个小三角形相似,所以另一个三角形对应的直角边长为 1r\dfrac{1}{r}

The two small triangles are similar, so the other triangle’s matching leg is 1r\dfrac{1}{r}

解答:

设正方形边长为 11。与正方形一边相邻的小三角形有一条长为 rr 的垂直边,所以它的面积为 121r=m\tfrac12 \cdot 1 \cdot r = m,从而 r=2mr = 2m

两个小三角形相似,所以另一个三角形沿正方形的直角边长为 1r\dfrac1r,面积为 1211r=12r=14m \frac12 \cdot 1 \cdot \frac1r = \frac{1}{2r} = \frac{1}{4m}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the square have side 1.1. The small triangle sharing one side of the square has a perpendicular leg r,r, so its area is 121r=m,\tfrac12 \cdot 1 \cdot r = m, giving r=2m.r = 2m.

The two small triangles are similar, so the other triangle’s leg along the square is 1r,\dfrac1r, and its area is 1211r=12r=14m. \frac12 \cdot 1 \cdot \frac1r = \frac{1}{2r} = \frac{1}{4m}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

下图显示了由四次多项式 P(x)=x4+ax3+bx2+cx+dP(x) = x^4 + ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d 定义的曲线的一部分。下列哪一项最小?

The graph below shows a portion of the curve defined by the quartic polynomial P(x)=x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d.P(x) = x^4 + ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d. Which of the following is the smallest?

P(1)P(-1)

PP 的零点的乘积

The product of the zeros of PP

PP 的非实零点的乘积

The product of the non-real zeros of PP

PP 的系数之和

The sum of the coefficients of PP

PP 的实零点之和

The sum of the real zeros of PP

难度评级:2030
小提示:

图像显示恰有两个实零点,且都为正数,所以 PP 有两个非实(共轭)零点。

The graph shows exactly two real zeros, both positive, so PP has two non-real (conjugate) zeros

大提示:

所有零点的乘积等于 dd,即 yy-截距;再除以实零点的乘积。

The product of all zeros equals d,d, the yy-intercept; divide it by the product of the real zeros

解答:

图像与 xx-轴恰好相交两次,且两次都在正数处,所以 PP 有两个实零点和两个非实(复共轭)零点。

从图像读出:系数之和为 P(1)>3P(1) \gt 3P(1)>4P(-1) \gt 4;实零点之和大于 4.54.5;所有零点的乘积为 dd,即 yy-截距,小于 66

设实零点的乘积为 RR,则 R>4.5R \gt 4.5。非实零点的乘积为 dR\dfrac dR,它小于 64.5<2\dfrac{6}{4.5} \lt 2

这比列出的其他每一个量都小。

因此,正确答案是 C

The graph crosses the xx-axis exactly twice, both times at positive values, so PP has two real zeros and two non-real (complex conjugate) zeros.

Reading off the graph: the sum of the coefficients is P(1)>3;P(1) \gt 3; P(1)>4;P(-1) \gt 4; the sum of the real zeros is greater than 4.5;4.5; and the product of all zeros is d,d, the yy-intercept, which is less than 6.6.

Let RR be the product of the real zeros, so R>4.5.R \gt 4.5. The product of the non-real zeros is dR,\dfrac dR, which is less than 64.5<2.\dfrac{6}{4.5} \lt 2.

This is smaller than every other listed quantity.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

Gamble 教授买了一张彩票,需要从 114646(含)中选出六个不同的整数。他选择的数字满足这六个数字的常用对数之和为整数。碰巧中奖彩票上的整数也有相同性质,即常用对数之和为整数。Gamble 教授持有中奖彩票的概率是多少?

Professor Gamble buys a lottery ticket, which requires that he pick six different integers from 11 through 46,46, inclusive. He chooses his numbers so that the sum of the base-ten logarithms of his six numbers is an integer. It so happens that the integers on the winning ticket have the same property -- the sum of the base-ten logarithms is an integer. What is the probability that Professor Gamble holds the winning ticket?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

11

难度评级:2330
小提示:

对数之和为整数,当且仅当这六个数的乘积是 1010 的幂。

The sum of logarithms is an integer exactly when the product of the six numbers is a power of 1010

大提示:

只能选形如 2a5b2^a 5^b 的数;平衡总的 22 因子和 55 因子。

Only numbers of the form 2a5b2^a 5^b can appear; balance the total factors of 22 and 55

解答:

对数之和为整数 kk,当且仅当六个数的乘积为 10k10^k。因为 10=2510 = 2 \cdot 5,每个选中的数都必须形如 2a5b2^a 5^b,所以只能来自 1,2,4,5,8,10,16,20,25,32,40 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40\text{。}

对每个数记录因数 22 的个数比因数 55 的个数多多少:0,1,2,1,3,0,4,1,2,5,20, 1, 2, -1, 3, 0, 4, 1, -2, 5, 2。乘积为 1010 的幂,要求六个所选数中 2255 的总指数相等,也就是这些差值之和为 00

负差值只有 551-125252-2。总差值为 00 的六数彩票必须同时包含两者:缺少任意一个,都没有足够的零和小正差值凑满六个数。因此另外四个数的差值之和必须为 33。差值为 00 的数有两个(1,101,10),差值为 11 的数有两个(2,202,20),差值为 22 的数有两个(4,404,40);若使用差值至少为 33 的数,就没有足够的零差值数凑满四个。因此必须取两个差值为 00 的数、一个差值为 11 的数和一个差值为 22 的数。恰有四张有效彩票:{1,5,10,20,25,40}\{1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 40\}{1,2,5,10,25,40}\{1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 40\}{1,2,4,5,10,25}\{1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 25\},和 {1,4,5,10,20,25}\{1, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25\}

Gamble 教授持有其中一张,而只有一张与中奖彩票相同,所以概率为 14\dfrac14

所以正确答案是 B

The sum of the logarithms is an integer kk exactly when the product of the six numbers is 10k.10^k. Since 10=25,10 = 2 \cdot 5, each chosen number must be of the form 2a5b,2^a 5^b, so it comes from 1,2,4,5,8,10,16,20,25,32,40. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40.

For each, record the excess of factors of 22 over factors of 55: 0,1,2,1,3,0,4,1,2,5,2.0, 1, 2, -1, 3, 0, 4, 1, -2, 5, 2. The product is a power of 1010 only if the six chosen values have equal totals of 22s and 55s, i.e. their excesses sum to 0.0.

The only negative excesses are 1-1 for 55 and 2-2 for 25.25. A six-number ticket with total excess 00 must contain both: omitting either leaves too few zero and small positive excesses to reach six numbers. The other four numbers must therefore have total excess 3.3. There are two numbers of excess 00 (1,101,10), two of excess 11 (2,202,20), and two of excess 22 (4,404,40); any number of excess at least 33 would leave too few zeros to complete a four-number selection. Thus we must take both excess-00 numbers, one excess-11 number, and one excess-22 number. This gives exactly four valid tickets: {1,5,10,20,25,40},\{1, 5, 10, 20, 25, 40\}, {1,2,5,10,25,40},\{1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 40\}, {1,2,4,5,10,25},\{1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 25\}, and {1,4,5,10,20,25}.\{1, 4, 5, 10, 20, 25\}.

Professor Gamble holds one of these four, and only one matches the winning ticket, so the probability is 14.\dfrac14.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

若圆弧 ACACBCBC 的圆心分别为 BBAA,则存在一个圆同时与圆弧 ACAC、圆弧 BCBC 以及线段 AB\overline{AB} 相切。若圆弧 BCBC 的长度为 1212,则这个圆的周长是多少?

If circular arcs ACAC and BCBC have centers at BB and A,A, respectively, then there exists a circle tangent to both arc ACAC and arc BC,BC, and to AB.\overline{AB}. If the length of arc BCBC is 12,12, then what is the circumference of the circle?

2424

2525

2626

2727

2828

知识点:圆幂相切圆
难度评级:2390
小提示:

两条圆弧的半径都是 ABAB,且 CCAABB 的距离都为 ABAB,所以 ABC\triangle ABC 是等边三角形。

Both arcs have radius AB,AB, and CC is at distance ABAB from both AA and B,B, so ABC\triangle ABC is equilateral

大提示:

AA 点使用幂定理,并用 AD=12ABAD = \tfrac12 AB 求小圆半径 r=38ABr = \tfrac38 AB

Use Power of a Point at AA with AD=12ABAD = \tfrac12 AB to find the small circle’s radius r=38ABr = \tfrac38 AB

解答:

每条圆弧的半径都是 ABAB,且 CCAABB 的距离都为 ABAB,所以 ABC\triangle ABC 是等边三角形。因此圆弧 BCBC 对应半径为 ABAB 的圆上的 6060^\circ 圆心角,该大圆的整周长为 612=726 \cdot 12 = 72

设小圆半径为 rr,并在线段 AB\overline{AB} 的中点 DD 处相切,其中 AD=12ABAD = \tfrac12 AB。由点幂定理,AD2=AB(AB2r)AD^2 = AB(AB - 2r),所以 AB24=AB22rAB \frac{AB^2}{4} = AB^2 - 2r\,AB\text{,} 从而 2r=34AB2r = \tfrac34 AB,因而 r=38ABr = \tfrac38 AB

周长之比等于半径之比,所以小圆的周长为 3872=27\tfrac38 \cdot 72 = 27

因此,正确答案是 D

Each arc has radius AB,AB, and CC is at distance ABAB from both AA and B,B, so ABC\triangle ABC is equilateral. Thus arc BCBC subtends 6060^\circ of a circle of radius AB,AB, whose full circumference is 612=72.6 \cdot 12 = 72.

Let the small circle have radius rr and touch AB\overline{AB} at its midpoint D,D, where AD=12AB.AD = \tfrac12 AB. By Power of a Point, AD2=AB(AB2r),AD^2 = AB(AB - 2r), so AB24=AB22rAB, \frac{AB^2}{4} = AB^2 - 2r\,AB, giving 2r=34AB,2r = \tfrac34 AB, hence r=38AB.r = \tfrac38 AB.

The circumferences are in the ratio of the radii, so the small circle’s circumference is 3872=27.\tfrac38 \cdot 72 = 27.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

八个全等的等边三角形,每个颜色都不同,被用来构造一个正八面体。构造这个八面体有多少种可区分的方法?(如果两个着色八面体不能通过旋转变得完全一样,则称它们可区分。)

Eight congruent equilateral triangles, each of a different color, are used to construct a regular octahedron. How many distinguishable ways are there to construct the octahedron? (Two colored octahedrons are distinguishable if neither can be rotated to look just like the other.)

210210

560560

840840

12601260

16801680

难度评级:2440
小提示:

在考虑旋转之前,有 8!8! 种方式把八种不同颜色放到八个面上。

There are 8!8! ways to place the eight distinct colors before accounting for rotations

大提示:

八面体的旋转群有 2424 个元素,并且颜色都不同时,每种着色的稳定子都是平凡的。

The rotation group of the octahedron has 2424 elements, and distinct colors give each arrangement a trivial stabilizer

解答:

将八种不同颜色分配给八个面共有 8!8! 种方式。两个分配表示同一个八面体,当且仅当其中一个可以旋转成另一个。

正八面体的旋转群有 2424 个元素。因为八种颜色全都不同,没有非平凡旋转会固定一种着色,所以每个可区分的八面体恰好对应 2424 种分配。

因此可区分的八面体数量为 8!24=4032024=1680 \frac{8!}{24} = \frac{40320}{24} = 1680\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

There are 8!8! ways to assign the eight distinct colors to the eight faces. Two assignments give the same octahedron exactly when one is a rotation of the other.

The rotation group of a regular octahedron has 2424 elements. Because all eight colors are different, no nontrivial rotation fixes a coloring, so each distinguishable octahedron corresponds to exactly 2424 assignments.

Therefore the number of distinguishable octahedrons is 8!24=4032024=1680. \frac{8!}{24} = \frac{40320}{24} = 1680.

Thus, the correct answer is E.