2022 AMC 10B 第 12 题

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12.

一对公平的 66 面骰子掷 nn 次。使得至少有一次掷出的点数和为 77 的概率大于 12\dfrac{1}{2} 的最小 nn 是多少?

A pair of fair 66-sided dice is rolled nn times. What is the least value of nn such that the probability that the sum of the numbers face up on a roll equals 77 at least once is greater than 12?\dfrac{1}{2}?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:C
知识点:骰子(概率)对立事件概率
难度评级:960
小提示:

比较 (56)n\left(\frac56\right)^n12\frac12

Compare (56)n\left(\frac56\right)^n with 12\frac12

大提示:

使用补事件:没有一次掷出的点数和为 77

Use the complement: no roll has sum 77

解答:

可以改求使一次也没有掷出点数和为 77 的概率小于 12\dfrac 12 的最小 nn。每次掷出点数和为 77 的概率是 16\dfrac 16,所以没有掷出点数和 77 的概率是 56\dfrac 56

因此,所有投掷都没有出现点数和 77 的概率是 (56)n\left(\dfrac 56\right)^n。我们要找使 (56)n<12\left(\dfrac 56\right)^n < \dfrac 12 的最小 nn

n=3n=3 时,概率为 125216\dfrac{125}{216},大于 12\dfrac 12

n=4n=4 时,概率为 6251296\dfrac{625}{1296},小于 12\dfrac 12。因此答案是 44

所以正确答案是 C

To compute this, we can also find the least nn such that the probability of not rolling a 77 is less than 12.\dfrac 12. Each roll has an independent probability of 16\dfrac 16 of getting 7,7, so it has a 56\dfrac 56 probability of not landing on 7.7.

Thus, the probability of none of the rolls being 77 is (56)n.\left(\dfrac 56\right)^n. We must find the least nn such that (56)n<12.\left(\dfrac 56\right)^n < \dfrac 12.

If n=3,n=3, then the probability is 125216,\dfrac{125}{216}, which is greater than 12.\dfrac 12.

If n=4,n=4, then the probability is 6251296,\dfrac{625}{1296}, which is less than 12.\dfrac 12. This makes the answer 4.4.

Thus, the answer is C .

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