2022 AMC 10B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
对所有实数 和 ,定义 为 。求
Define to be for all real numbers and What is the value of
小提示:
这个运算表示两个数的差的绝对值。
Remember that the operation is absolute difference
大提示:
从最里面的菱形运算开始计算。
Evaluate each diamond operation from the inside out
解答:
从最内层的运算开始,依次向外计算可得 因此,题中所求的差为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Working from the innermost operations outward gives Therefore, the given difference is
Thus, the answer is A .
2.
在菱形 中,点 在边 上,且 、、。求 的面积。
In rhombus point lies on segment so that and What is the area of
小提示:
利用两条直角边为 AP 和 BP 的直角三角形
Use the right triangle with legs AP and BP
大提示:
从 B 引出的高把菱形的边 AD 分成两段
The altitude from B splits the rhombus side AD
解答:
因为 是菱形,所以 在直角三角形 中,因此,菱形的底 ,高 ,面积为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since is a rhombus, Right triangle then gives Thus the rhombus has base and height so its area is
Thus, the answer is D .
3.
有多少个三位正整数含有奇数个偶数数字?
How many three-digit positive integers have an odd number of even digits?
小提示:
三位数的百位不能是 。
A three-digit number cannot start with
大提示:
按含偶数数字的位数进行分类计数。
Count by the number of even digit positions
解答:
百位和十位共有 种选择。固定这两位后,个位的奇偶性必须使三个数字中偶数数字的总数为奇数。所需奇偶性的数字总有 个,其中偶数数字包括 。
因此,符合条件的整数共有 个。
所以正确答案是 D。
There are choices for the hundreds and tens digits. Once those two digits are fixed, the units digit must have whichever parity makes the total number of even digits odd. There are always digits of the required parity (including among the even digits).
Therefore, the number of integers is
Thus, the answer is D .
4.
一头驴突然打嗝,第一次打嗝发生在某天下午 。假设它每隔 秒规律地打一次嗝。它第 次打嗝发生在什么时间?
A donkey suffers an attack of hiccups and the first hiccup happens at one afternoon. Suppose that the donkey hiccups regularly every seconds. At what time does the donkey’s th hiccup occur?
后 秒
seconds after
后 秒
seconds after
后 秒
seconds after
后 秒
seconds after
后 秒
seconds after
小提示:
将 之后经过的秒数换算成分钟和秒
Convert the elapsed seconds past into minutes and seconds
大提示:
数出 之后经过的五秒间隔数
Count the number of five-second intervals after
解答:
要求第 次打嗝,就要看它比第一次晚了 个间隔。
这相当于 秒。注意 ,所以这个时刻在第一次打嗝之后 分 秒。因此它是 再过 秒。
所以答案是 A。
Since we want to look at the th hiccup, we need to look at time that is hiccups after the first one.
This would be seconds. Note that so the time would be minutes and seconds after the first hiccup. This would therefore be and seconds.
Thus, the answer is A .
5.
求下式的值:
What is the value of
小提示:
把每个平方根因子改写成相邻两个分数的乘积。
Rewrite each square-root factor as a product of two nearby fractions
大提示:
分子中的因子会和根号里的对应因子配对。
Pair each factor in the numerator with the matching factor under the square root
解答:
设题中正数表达式为 。将它平方,并利用 ,可得 因为这个表达式为正数,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the given positive expression be Squaring it and using gives Hence
Thus, the answer is B .
6.
数列 的前十项中有多少个质数?
How many of the first ten numbers of the sequence are prime numbers?
小提示:
把第 项表示成两个重叠的、各由 个一组成的数之和
Express the th term as the sum of two overlapping blocks of ones
大提示:
每一项都可以分解为两个大于一的因数。
Each term in the sequence has an obvious factorization pattern
解答:
我们断言这些数都不可能是质数。
第 项可写成 这说明每一项都能写成两个大于 的整数的乘积,所以前十项中没有质数。
所以正确答案是 A。
We claim that none of these numbers can ever be prime.
We prove this claim by noticing that the th number is This shows that the number can be written as the product of two numbers greater than so there are no primes.
Thus, the answer is A .
7.
对多少个常数 ,多项式 有两个不同的整数根?
For how many values of the constant will the polynomial have two distinct integer roots?
小提示:
不同的根对会给出不同的 k 值
Different root pairs give different values of k
大提示:
两个整数根必须构成 的因数对
Integer roots must be factor pairs of
解答:
设两个根为 。展开 得到 。与题中多项式比较系数,可得 且 。
因此,需要找出满足 的不同整数 和 。所有可能的因数对为 以及
每个无序因数对都会给出一个不同的 值,所以共有 个可能的 值。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the roots be Expanding gives Comparing coefficients with the given polynomial yields and
Therefore, we need and distinct such that All the possible factor pairs are and
Each of these unordered pairs produces a unique value for so there are possible values for
Thus, B is the correct answer.
8.
考虑下面 个集合,每个集合含 个元素:其中有多少个集合恰好含有两个 的倍数?
Consider the following sets of elements each: How many of these sets contain exactly two multiples of
小提示:
一个区间恰含两个倍数,当且仅当其中第一个 的倍数末位为 、 或
A block has two multiples exactly when its first multiple of ends in or
大提示:
追踪 的各个倍数的个位数字
Track the units digits of the multiples of
解答:
一个由十个连续整数组成的集合恰好含有两个 的倍数,当且仅当其中第一个 的倍数位于前三个位置之一。因此,这个倍数的个位数字必须是 、 或 。
这些个位数字所对应的 的倍数分别为 对每个表达式, 都会给出不超过 的数,因此每一类对应 个集合。总数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
A block of ten consecutive integers contains exactly two multiples of precisely when its first multiple of is in one of the first three positions. Thus that multiple must have units digit or
The multiples of with those units digits are, respectively, For each expression, gives a value at most so each class contributes blocks. Therefore, the total is
Thus, the answer is B .
9.
和式 可写成 ,其中 和 为正整数。求 。
The sum can be expressed as where and are positive integers. What is
小提示:
把每一项写成两个相邻阶乘倒数的差。
Look for a difference involving consecutive factorial reciprocals
大提示:
把每一项改写成会裂项相消的形式。
Rewrite each term so the sum telescopes
解答:
每一项都可以裂项相消,因为 求和后,中间所有阶乘的倒数都相消,只剩下 因此,,所以 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Each term telescopes because Summing makes every intermediate factorial reciprocal cancel, leaving Hence and
Thus, our answer is D .
10.
Camila 写下五个正整数。这些整数的唯一众数比中位数大 ,且中位数比算术平均数大 。众数的最小可能值是多少?
Camila writes down five positive integers. The unique mode of these integers is greater than their median, and the median is greater than their arithmetic mean. What is the least possible value for the mode?
小提示:
唯一众数必须占据最后两个位置
The unique mode must occupy the last two positions
大提示:
将排好序的五个整数记为 a、b、c、d、e
Let the ordered integers be a,b,c,d,e
解答:
设五个数按从小到大为 。中位数为 ,众数为 。
因为众数大于中位数且唯一,最后两个数必须都是 ,所以数列为 。
平均数为 ,所以 化简得 ,所以 。
为了让众数唯一, 和 必须是不同的正整数,且都小于 。由于 为偶数,最小可行和为 ,所以 ,即 。
因此最小可能众数为 ,并且 确实可行。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let the integers in increasing order be The median is and the unique mode is
Because the mode is larger than the median and is unique, the last two entries must both be so the list is
The mean is so Hence so
To keep the mode unique, and must be distinct positive integers, both less than Since is even, the smallest such sum is so giving
The smallest possible mode is therefore and it is attainable with
Thus, the answer is D .
11.
一个大型学区的所有高中都参加了卖 T 恤的募款活动。下面哪个选项在逻辑上等价于这句话:“没有比 Euclid HS 更大的学校卖出的 T 恤比 Euclid HS 更多”?
All the high schools in a large school district are involved in a fundraiser selling T-shirts. Which of the choices below is logically equivalent to the statement “No school bigger than Euclid HS sold more T-shirts than Euclid HS”?
所有比 Euclid HS 小的学校卖出的 T 恤都比 Euclid HS 少。
All schools smaller than Euclid HS sold fewer T-shirts than Euclid HS.
没有任何卖出 T 恤比 Euclid HS 更多的学校比 Euclid HS 更大。
No school that sold more T-shirts than Euclid HS is bigger than Euclid HS.
所有比 Euclid HS 大的学校卖出的 T 恤都比 Euclid HS 少。
All schools bigger than Euclid HS sold fewer T-shirts than Euclid HS.
所有卖出 T 恤比 Euclid HS 少的学校都比 Euclid HS 小。
All schools that sold fewer T-shirts than Euclid HS are smaller than Euclid HS.
所有比 Euclid HS 小的学校卖出的 T 恤都比 Euclid HS 多。
All schools smaller than Euclid HS sold more T-shirts than Euclid HS.
小提示:
使用原命题的逆否命题
Use the contrapositive of the implication
大提示:
把原命题改写成“如果……那么……”的形式
Translate the statement into an implication
解答:
原命题可写为:如果一所学校比 Euclid HS 更大,那么它卖出的 T 恤就不比 Euclid HS 更多。其逆否命题是:如果一所学校卖出的 T 恤比 Euclid HS 更多,那么它就不比 Euclid HS 更大。这正是选项 B。选项 C 比原命题更强,因为它还排除了较大的学校卖出同样多 T 恤的情形。
所以正确答案是 B。
The statement says: if a school is bigger than Euclid HS, then it did not sell more T-shirts than Euclid HS. Its contrapositive is: if a school sold more T-shirts than Euclid HS, then it is not bigger than Euclid HS. This is exactly choice B . Choice C is stronger than the original statement because it rules out a bigger school selling the same number of T-shirts.
Thus, the answer is B .
12.
一对公平的 面骰子掷 次。使得至少有一次掷出的点数和为 的概率大于 的最小 是多少?
A pair of fair -sided dice is rolled times. What is the least value of such that the probability that the sum of the numbers face up on a roll equals at least once is greater than
小提示:
比较 与 。
Compare with
大提示:
使用补事件:没有一次掷出的点数和为 。
Use the complement: no roll has sum
解答:
可以改求使一次也没有掷出点数和为 的概率小于 的最小 。每次掷出点数和为 的概率是 ,所以没有掷出点数和 的概率是 。
因此,所有投掷都没有出现点数和 的概率是 。我们要找使 的最小 。
当 时,概率为 ,大于 。
当 时,概率为 ,小于 。因此答案是 。
所以正确答案是 C。
To compute this, we can also find the least such that the probability of not rolling a is less than Each roll has an independent probability of of getting so it has a probability of not landing on
Thus, the probability of none of the rolls being is We must find the least such that
If then the probability is which is greater than
If then the probability is which is less than This makes the answer
Thus, the answer is C .
13.
一对质数的正差为 ,它们的立方的正差为 。大于这两个质数的最小质数的各位数字之和是多少?
The positive difference between a pair of primes is equal to and the positive difference between the cubes of the two primes is What is the sum of the digits of the least prime that is greater than those two primes?
小提示:
对立方差进行因式分解
Factor the difference of cubes
大提示:
设这一对孪生质数为 和
Let the twin primes be and
解答:
由于两个质数相差 ,可以将它们写成 ,其中 是它们的平均数。
于是 即
因此 ,所以 。
因此两个质数为 。大于它们的最小质数是 ,其数字和为 。
所以答案是 E。
Since the primes are away from each other, we can make them equal to where is their average.
Then, making
Therefore, so
The primes are therefore The least prime greater than both of those is and its digit sum is
Thus, the answer is E .
14.
设 是 的子集,并且 中任意两个元素(可以相同)的和都不是 的元素。 最多可以含有多少个元素?
Suppose that is a subset of such that the sum of any two (not necessarily distinct) elements of is never an element of What is the maximum number of elements may contain?
小提示:
将小于最大元素的数配对,使每一对的和都等于这个最大元素
Pair the numbers below the maximum element so that each pair sums to that maximum
大提示:
设 为 中的最大元素
Let be the largest element of
解答:
集合 有 个元素,且任意两个元素之和都大于 ,所以这个大小可以达到。
反过来,设 是 的最大元素。对 中每个满足 的 ,数 不能也属于 。
因此,在小于 的数中,和为 的每一对至多选一个;若 为偶数,中间的数也不能选。于是小于 的元素至多有 个,计入 本身后总数至多为 。
这个上界在 时最大,等于 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The set has elements, and every pair has sum greater than so this size is attainable.
Conversely, let be the maximum element of For every element of satisfying the number and the number cannot both belong to
Thus, among the numbers below at most one number can be chosen from each pair with sum ; if is even, the middle number cannot be chosen either. Hence at most elements lie below and including gives at most elements.
The maximum value of this has yielding
Thus, the answer is B .
15.
设 是一个公差为 的等差数列的前 项和。商 与 无关。求 。
Let be the sum of the first terms of an arithmetic sequence that has a common difference of The quotient does not depend on What is
小提示:
利用商与 n 无关这一条件
Force the quotient to be independent of n
大提示:
用首项和公差表示这个等差数列。
Write the arithmetic sequence in terms of first term and common difference
解答:
将第 项写成 ,于是第一项的前一项为 。那么
因此
要使这个表达式与 无关,最后一个分式的分子 必须为 。因此 。
所以
所以答案是 D。
Write the th term as so the term before the first term is Then
Hence
For this expression to be independent of its numerator in the final fraction must be Thus
Therefore,
Thus, the answer is D .
16.
下图显示一个边长为 和 的矩形,以及一个边长为 的正方形。正方形的三个顶点分别在矩形的三条不同边上,如图所示。求同时位于正方形和矩形内部的区域面积。
The diagram below shows a rectangle with side lengths and and a square with side length Three vertices of the square lie on three different sides of the rectangle, as shown. What is the area of the region inside both the square and the rectangle?
小提示:
边长 给出 –– 的斜率关系
The side length gives a –– slope relation
大提示:
对倾斜的正方形使用坐标法或相似三角形
Use coordinates or similar triangles for the tilted square
解答:
按下图标记各点:
因为 ,且正方形边长 ,直角三角形 给出 。又因为 ,且 共线,所以 。直角三角形 和 的斜边相等,都是 ,所以两三角形全等。因此 ,且 。
直角三角形 与 相似,所以 因此 。阴影区域 是梯形,两条平行边为 和 ,高为垂直边 。它的面积为
所以答案是 D。
Label the points as shown:
Because and the square side right triangle gives Also and are collinear, so The right triangles and have equal hypotenuses so they are congruent. Thus and
Right triangles and are similar, so Hence The shaded region is a trapezoid whose parallel sides are and and whose height is the perpendicular side Its area is
Thus, the answer is D .
17.
下列数中,有一个不能被任何小于 的质数整除。是哪一个?
One of the following numbers is not divisible by any prime number less than Which is it?
小提示:
对剩余选项检验能否被 、、 和 整除
For the remaining choice, test divisibility by and
大提示:
找出小质因数,从而排除四个选项
Eliminate four choices by finding a small prime divisor
解答:
使用事实: 能被 整除。
选项 A 是 ,能被 整除。
选项 B 是 ,能被 整除。
选项 D 是 。因为 能被 整除,乘以 得到 能被 整除,从而 也能被 整除。
选项 E 是 ,能被 整除。
对于选项 C, 是奇数。并且 、、,所以 不能被 或 整除。
所以答案是 C。
Use the fact that is divisible by
Choice A is which is divisible by
Choice B is which is divisible by
Choice D is Since is divisible by multiplying by gives divisible by so is divisible by
Choice E is which is divisible by
For choice C, is odd. Also and so is not divisible by or
Thus, our answer is C .
18.
考虑未知数为 、 和 的三元一次方程组 其中每个系数都是 或 ,且方程组有不同于 的解。例如,一个这样的方程组是 它有非零解 。这样的方程组共有多少个?(一个方程组中的方程不必互不相同;同样的方程以不同顺序出现时,视为不同方程组。)
Consider systems of three linear equations with unknowns and where each of the coefficients is either or and the system has a solution other than For example, one such system is with a nonzero solution of How many such systems of equations are there? (The equations in a system need not be distinct, and two systems containing the same equations in a different order are considered different.)
小提示:
三个不同的非零相关行向量中,一个向量是另外两个不相交支撑向量的普通和
For three distinct nonzero dependent rows, one row is the ordinary sum of two rows with disjoint supports
大提示:
数出所有二进制系数矩阵,再减去非奇异矩阵
Count all binary coefficient matrices and subtract nonsingular ones
解答:
共有 个有序二进制系数矩阵。齐次方程组只有零解,当且仅当它的三个行向量线性无关,因此我们数出这些矩阵后再从总数中减去。
线性无关矩阵的三行必须是互不相同的非零向量。这样的行有 种有序选法。在三个互不相同的非零二进制向量中,线性相关恰好发生在一个向量是另外两个向量的普通和时;这两个加数的支撑必须非空且互不相交。
若这个和的支撑大小为 ,有 种方法选择它的两个坐标,而两个加数就是对应的两个单位向量。若这个和的支撑大小为 ,有 种方法选择一个加数所占的单个坐标,其余两个坐标组成另一个加数。因此,共有 组无序相关三元组,每一组又有 种行的排列顺序。
所以线性无关矩阵有 个。所求的奇异矩阵数,也就是有非零解的方程组数,为
所以正确答案是 B。
There are ordered binary coefficient matrices. A homogeneous system has only the zero solution exactly when its three row vectors are linearly independent, so we count those matrices and subtract.
An independent matrix must have three distinct nonzero rows. There are ordered choices of such rows. Among three distinct nonzero binary vectors, dependence occurs exactly when one is the ordinary sum of the other two; the two summands must have disjoint nonempty supports.
If the sum has support of size choose its two coordinates in ways; its summands are the two corresponding unit vectors. If the sum has support of size choose which one coordinate forms one summand in ways, with the other two coordinates forming the other summand. Thus there are unordered dependent triples, each with row orders.
Hence the number of independent matrices is The desired number of singular matrices, and therefore of systems with a nonzero solution, is
Thus, the answer is B .
19.
方格中的每个小方格要么被填充,要么为空;每个小方格最多有八个相邻小方格,相邻表示共边或共顶点。按以下规则变换方格:
• 任意一个已填充的小方格,如果有两个或三个已填充的相邻小方格,则保持填充。
• 任意一个空小方格,如果恰有三个已填充的相邻小方格,则变为填充。
• 所有其他小方格保持为空或变为空。
下图显示一个变换示例。
假设这个 方格有一圈空边框,围住一个 子方格。经过一次变换后,最终方格只在中心有一个已填充小方格。有多少种初始配置会产生这种结果?(旋转或翻折后相同的配置仍视为不同。)
Each square in a grid is either filled or empty, and has up to eight adjacent neighboring squares, where neighboring squares share either a side or a corner. The grid is transformed by the following rules:
• Any filled square with two or three filled neighbors remains filled.
• Any empty square with exactly three filled neighbors becomes a filled square.
• All other squares remain empty or become empty.
A sample transformation is shown in the figure below.
Suppose the grid has a border of empty squares surrounding a subgrid. How many initial configurations will lead to a transformed grid consisting of a single filled square in the center after a single transformation? (Rotations and reflections of the same configuration are considered different.)
小提示:
分别讨论中心格初始时是否被填充。
Split into cases according to whether the center is initially filled or empty
大提示:
每个初始填充的非中心格都必须消失,而且不能产生其他新的填充格
Every initially filled noncenter square must disappear, and no other empty square may be born
解答:
先假设中心格初始已填充。它必须恰有 或 个已填充邻格才能保持填充。每个这样的邻格已经与中心格相邻,所以要在变换后消失,它不能再与其他已填充邻格相邻。检查这些两两不相邻的位置后,唯一不会同时使某个空格恰有 个已填充邻格的选择,是两个相对的角格。这样的配置有 种。
再假设中心格初始为空。它的八个邻格中必须恰有 个被填充。这三个格都必须在变换后消失,所以其中任何一个都不能同时与另外两个相邻。此外,除中心格以外,不能有任何空格同时与这三个填充格相邻。应用这两个条件,可得到以下四种代表性图案:
前三种图案各有 个不同的旋转。最后一种有 个旋转及其 个镜像,共 种配置。因此,中心格初始为空的情形共有 种,全部配置共有 种。
所以正确答案是 C。
First suppose the center is initially filled. It must have exactly or filled neighbors to survive. Every such neighbor already touches the center, so to disappear it cannot touch any other filled neighbor. Checking these pairwise nonadjacent positions, the only choices that do not also give some empty square exactly filled neighbors are two opposite corners. There are such configurations.
Now suppose the center is initially empty. Exactly of its eight neighbors must be filled. Each of those three must disappear, so none may be adjacent to both of the others. Also, no empty square besides the center may be adjacent to all three. Applying these two tests gives the following four representative patterns:
Each of the first three patterns has distinct rotations. The last has rotations and their reflected images, for configurations. Thus the center-empty case contributes and the total is
Thus, the answer is C .
20.
设 是一个菱形,且 。设 是 的中点, 是 上的一点,并且 垂直于 。求 的度数。
Let be a rhombus with Let be the midpoint of and let be the point on such that is perpendicular to What is the degree measure of
小提示:
证明 是 的中点,从而 是直径
Show that is the midpoint of making a diameter
大提示:
延长 ,与直线 相交于
Extend to meet line at
解答:
延长 ,与直线 相交于 。因为 ,所以 ,而 是对顶角。又有 ,所以 。因此 。
所以 是 的中点。以 为圆心、经过 的圆也经过 和 。因为 ,由泰勒斯定理, 也在这个圆上。
因为 与 方向相反,所对弧为 的圆周角 因此为 。最后, 共线,所以
所以答案是 D。
Extend to meet line at Because we have and are vertical angles. Also so Hence
Thus is the midpoint of The circle centered at through also passes through and Since Thales’ theorem places on this circle as well.
Because is opposite The inscribed angle subtending arc is therefore Finally, are collinear, so
Thus, the answer is D .
21.
设 是一个有理系数多项式。 除以 的余式为 , 除以 的余式为 。满足这两个条件且次数最小的多项式唯一。求这个多项式各系数平方和。
Let be a polynomial with rational coefficients such that when is divided by the polynomial the remainder is and when is divided by the polynomial the remainder is There is a unique polynomial of least degree with these two properties. What is the sum of the squares of the coefficients of that polynomial?
小提示:
先检验 能否为常数,再尝试一次多项式
First check whether can be constant, and then try a linear polynomial
大提示:
写出 ,再模 化简
Write then reduce this expression modulo
解答:
第一个余式条件给出 其中 是某个多项式。模 时有 ,所以
若 是常数,则这个余式为 ,不可能等于 。所以 的次数至少为 。
现在令 。模 化简可得 与 比较系数,得到 。这构造出了一个 次多项式,而常数情形不成立又说明最低次数为 。
因此 它的系数平方和为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The first remainder condition gives for some polynomial Modulo we have so
If is constant, this remainder is which cannot equal Thus must have degree at least
Now let Reducing modulo gives Matching this with yields This constructs a degree- polynomial, and the failed constant case proves that degree is minimal.
Therefore, The sum of the squares of its coefficients is
Thus, the answer is E .
22.
设 为坐标平面中所有同时与下面三个圆相切的圆的集合:以及 求 中所有圆的面积之和。
Let be the set of circles in the coordinate plane that are tangent to each of the three circles with equations and What is the sum of the areas of all circles in
小提示:
根据所求圆与较小同心圆内切还是外切来配对讨论
Pair cases according to whether it is internally or externally tangent to the smaller concentric circle
大提示:
每个所求圆都与最大的同心圆内切
Every desired circle is internally tangent to the largest concentric circle
解答:
将半径为 和 的两个同心圆分别称为内圆和外圆。设所求圆的半径为 ,圆心到原点的距离为 。所求圆必与外圆内切,因此 。
若所求圆与内圆外切,则 ,从而 。若所求圆包含内圆,则 ,从而 。因此,所求圆的半径必为 或 。
第三个已知圆的半径为 ,圆心为 。对 的两个可能值,所求圆都可以与第三个圆内切或外切,所以两圆心之间的距离为 或 。在这四种情形中,若该距离为 ,则都有 。因此,以原点为圆心、 为半径的圆与所求圆圆心的轨迹交于关于 轴对称的两点,如图所示。于是,每一种半径都有 个所求圆。
所以总面积为 因此,正确答案是 E。
Call the concentric circles of radii and the inner and outer circles. Let a desired circle have radius and let its center be distance from the origin. It must be internally tangent to the outer circle, so
If it is externally tangent to the inner circle, then giving If it contains the inner circle, then giving Thus every desired circle has radius or
The third given circle has radius and center For either value of a desired circle may be internally or externally tangent to it, so the distance between their centers is or In all four cases, if this distance is then so the circle of possible centers intersects the circle of radius about the origin in two points, symmetric across the -axis, as shown. Hence there are desired circles of each radius.
The total area is therefore Thus, E is the correct answer.
23.
蚂蚁 Amelia 从数轴上的 出发,并按如下方式爬行。当 、、 时,Amelia 独立且均匀地从区间 中随机选择一个持续时间 和一个增量 。在第 步中,Amelia 沿正方向移动 个单位,用时 分钟。如果总用时在第 步期间已经超过 分钟,她会在该步结束时停止;否则继续下一步,最多走 步。Amelia 停止时位置大于 的概率是多少?
Ant Amelia starts on the number line at and crawls in the following manner. For Amelia chooses a time duration and an increment independently and uniformly at random from the interval During the th step of the process, Amelia moves units in the positive direction, using up minutes. If the total elapsed time has exceeded minute during the th step, she stops at the end of that step; otherwise, she continues with the next step, taking at most steps in all. What is the probability that Amelia’s position when she stops will be greater than
小提示:
用几何概率求两个或三个独立的 区间随机数之和
Use geometric probabilities for sums of two or three independent numbers in
大提示:
停止时刻只由变量 、 和 决定
The stopping time depends only on the variables and
解答:
停止时间只依赖时间变量,而最终位置只依赖距离变量,所以相应概率可以相乘。
两个独立 数之和小于 的概率是单位正方形中一个直角三角形的面积,即 。
三个独立 数之和小于 的概率是截距为 的四面体体积,即 。
若 ,Amelia 走两步后停止。其概率为 ,且独立地有 的概率为 ,贡献 。
若 ,Amelia 会走第三步。其概率为 ,且独立地有 的概率为 ,贡献 。
总概率为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
The stopping time depends only on the time variables, while the final position depends only on the distance variables, so the corresponding probabilities multiply.
For two independent numbers in the probability that their sum is less than is the area of a right triangle, namely
For three independent numbers in the probability that their sum is less than is the volume of a tetrahedron with side intercepts namely
If Amelia stops after two steps. This has probability and independently has probability contributing
If Amelia takes the third step. This has probability and independently has probability contributing
The total probability is
Thus, the answer is C .
24.
考虑满足 的函数 ,其中 和 为任意实数。在所有还满足 的这类函数中,下面这个表达式的最大可能值是多少?
Consider functions that satisfy for all real numbers and Of all such functions that also satisfy the equation what is the greatest possible value of the following expression?
小提示:
证明上界后,构造一个能取到该上界的分段线性函数
After proving the upper bound, give a piecewise-linear function that attains it
大提示:
在 的两侧各使用两次收缩条件
Use the contraction condition twice on each side of
解答:
连续使用两次收缩不等式可得 同理,
设 。由三角不等式,
为取到这个上界,定义 为依次经过下列各点的分段线性函数:并规定当 或 时 。每一段斜率的绝对值都不超过 ,因此满足收缩条件。特别地,、、。所以 ,而 ,两者之差为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Applying the contraction inequality twice gives and similarly
Set The triangle inequality now yields
To attain the bound, define by linear interpolation through the points and set for or Every segment has slope with absolute value at most so the contraction condition holds. In particular, and Hence while giving the difference
Thus, the answer is B .
25.
设 、、、 是一个数列,其中每个 都是 或 。对每个正整数 ,定义 假设对所有 ,都有 。求下式的值:
Let be a sequence of numbers, where each is either or For each positive integer define Suppose for all What is the value of the sum
小提示:
求出 和 ,再相减以分离这四个二进制位
Find and then subtract to isolate the four digits
大提示:
这个同余式刻画了 的二进制逆元的各位数字
The congruence defines the binary digits of the inverse of
解答:
所求的和为 此外,。
因此,存在唯一的 ,使得 模 化简得到 。
因为 ,且 ,所以 。又因为 ,所以 ,从而 。因此
最后,
所以正确答案是 A。
The desired sum is Also,
Therefore, for a unique Reducing modulo gives
Since and we get Since we have so Hence
Finally,
Thus, the correct answer is A .