2025 AMC 10B 第 12 题

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12.

下图显示了一个等边三角形、一个有 6060^\circ 角的菱形和一个正六边形。每个图形中都放有一些两两相切的全等圆盘。分别令 TTRRHH 表示每种情况下圆盘总面积与外部多边形面积之比。

下列哪一项正确?

The figure below shows an equilateral triangle, a rhombus with a 6060^\circ angle, and a regular hexagon, each of them containing some mutually tangent congruent disks. Let T,T, R,R, and H,H, respectively, denote the ratio in each case of the total area of the disks to the area of the enclosing polygon.

Which of the following is true?

T=H=RT = H = R

H<R=TH \lt R = T

H=R<TH = R \lt T

H<R<TH \lt R \lt T

H<T<RH \lt T \lt R

答案:C
知识点:相切圆面积比正多边形
难度评级:1710
小提示:

若一个圆盘与夹角为 θ\theta 的两条边相切,则圆心到顶点的距离为 rsin(θ2)\dfrac{r}{\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})}

For a disk tangent to two sides meeting at angle θ,\theta, its center is at distance rsin(θ2)\dfrac{r}{\sin(\frac{\theta}{2})} from the vertex

大提示:

利用相切条件把每种圆盘半径 rr 用多边形的尺寸表示,再计算(圆盘面积)/(多边形面积)。

Use the tangency conditions to write each disk radius rr in terms of the polygon’s size, then compute (disk area) / (polygon area) in each case

解答:

设三角形边长为 ss。三个半径为 rr 的圆盘给出 s=2r(1+3)s = 2r(1 + \sqrt3),所以 T=3πr2(34)s2T = \dfrac{3\pi r^2}{(\frac{\sqrt3}{4})s^2} =(233)π20.73= \dfrac{(2\sqrt3 - 3)\pi}{2} \approx 0.73。对于边长为 aa 的菱形,两个圆盘位于长对角线上,满足 a3=6ra\sqrt3 = 6r,所以 r=a23r = \tfrac{a}{2\sqrt3},且 R=2πr2(a232)=π390.60R = \dfrac{2\pi r^2}{(\frac{a^2\sqrt3}{2})} = \dfrac{\pi\sqrt3}{9} \approx 0.60。对于边长为 aa 的正六边形,六个圆盘中每个都与一条边在中点处相切,同样有 r=a23r = \tfrac{a}{2\sqrt3},且 H=6πr2(332)a2H = \dfrac{6\pi r^2}{(\frac{3\sqrt3}{2})a^2} =π390.60= \dfrac{\pi\sqrt3}{9} \approx 0.60。因此 H=R<TH = R \lt T,正确答案是 C

Take the triangle with side s.s. Three disks of radius rr give s=2r(1+3),s = 2r(1 + \sqrt3), so T=3πr2(34)s2T = \dfrac{3\pi r^2}{(\frac{\sqrt3}{4})s^2} =(233)π20.73.= \dfrac{(2\sqrt3 - 3)\pi}{2} \approx 0.73. For the rhombus with side a,a, the two disks sit on the long diagonal a3=6r,a\sqrt3 = 6r, so r=a23r = \tfrac{a}{2\sqrt3} and R=2πr2(a232)=π390.60.R = \dfrac{2\pi r^2}{(\frac{a^2\sqrt3}{2})} = \dfrac{\pi\sqrt3}{9} \approx 0.60. For the hexagon with side a,a, each of the six disks touches a side at its midpoint, again giving r=a23r = \tfrac{a}{2\sqrt3} and H=6πr2(332)a2H = \dfrac{6\pi r^2}{(\frac{3\sqrt3}{2})a^2} =π390.60.= \dfrac{\pi\sqrt3}{9} \approx 0.60. So H=R<T.H = R \lt T. Therefore, the answer is C.

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