1992 AIME 真题
计时
3:00:00
1.
求所有小于 ,且化为最简分数后分母为 的正有理数之和。
Find the sum of all positive rational numbers that are less than and that have denominator when written in lowest terms.
小提示:
将每个数写成 ,并加上条件
Write every number as and impose the condition
大提示:
将符合条件的分子分成十个长度为 的区间
Group the eligible numerators into ten blocks of length
解答:
这些数可写成 ,其中 且 。每个区间中有 个符合条件的余数,区间长度为 ,而这些余数之和为 。因此,所有符合条件的分子之和为 再除以 ,得到 。
The numbers are for and There are eligible residues in each block of and their sum is Thus the sum of all eligible numerators is Dividing by gives
2.
若一个正整数的十进制表示至少有两位,并且每一位数字都小于其右边的任意一位数字,就称它为递增正整数。共有多少个递增正整数?
A positive integer is called ascending if, in its decimal representation, there are at least two digits and each digit is less than any digit to its right. How many ascending positive integers are there?
小提示:
一旦选定一组非零数字,它们的排列顺序就唯一确定
Once a set of nonzero digits is chosen, their order is forced
大提示:
排除大小为 和 的子集;这里的全集是
Exclude subsets of sizes and from the subsets of
解答:
数字 不可能出现,因为它必须位于首位,而十进制表示不含前导零。从 中任选至少两个数字,并按递增顺序排列,就恰好得到一个递增正整数。因此,所求数目为
The digit cannot occur, because it would have to be the first digit and leading zeroes are not part of a decimal representation. Every subset of at least two digits from gives exactly one ascending integer when written in increasing order. Hence the number is
3.
一名网球运动员用获胜场数除以总比赛场数来计算胜率。某个周末开始时,她的胜率恰为 。周末期间,她参加了四场比赛,三胜一负。周末结束时,她的胜率大于 。在这个周末开始前,她最多可能赢过多少场比赛?
A tennis player computes her win ratio by dividing the number of matches she has won by the total number of matches she has played. At the start of a weekend, her win ratio is exactly During the weekend, she plays four matches, winning three and losing one. At the end of the weekend, her win ratio is greater than What’s the largest number of matches she could’ve won before the weekend began?
小提示:
若她最初赢了 场,胜率为 意味着她共参加了 场比赛
If she had wins initially, a ratio means she had played matches
大提示:
先把最终胜率写成严格不等式,再求最大的整数
Translate the final ratio into a strict inequality before taking the largest integer
解答:
若她最初赢了 场,那么她共参加了 场比赛。最终条件为 交叉相乘得 ,所以 ,从而 。满足条件的最大整数为 。
If she initially had wins, then she had played matches. The final condition is Cross-multiplication gives so and The largest possible integer is
4.
在帕斯卡三角形中,每个数都是它上方两个数之和。该三角形的前几行如下。
帕斯卡三角形的哪一行中有三个连续的数,其比为 ?
In Pascal’s Triangle, each entry is the sum of the two entries above it. The first few rows of the triangle are shown below.
In which row of Pascal’s Triangle do three consecutive entries occur that are in the ratio
小提示:
将这三个数表示为 、 和
Represent the three entries as and
大提示:
利用相邻二项式系数之比,得到关于 和 的两个一次方程
Use the ratios of consecutive binomial coefficients to obtain two linear equations in and
解答:
对从位置 开始的三个连续数,有 因此 ,且 。解得 、。
For three consecutive entries beginning at position Thus and Solving gives and
5.
设 是所有有理数 组成的集合,其中 ,且具有如下循环小数表示:这里的数字 、 和 不一定互不相同。将 中的元素都写成最简分数时,一共需要多少个不同的分子?
Let be the set of all rational numbers that have a repeating decimal expansion in the form where the digits and are not necessarily distinct. To write the elements of as fractions in lowest terms, how many different numerators are required?
小提示:
每个元素都形如 ,其约分后的分母一定整除
Every element has the form , and its reduced denominator must divide
大提示:
先数出与 互质的分子,再检查还有哪些 的倍数能以 为分母
Count numerators coprime to , then check which additional multiples of can occur with denominator
解答:
每个元素都可写成 ,其中 。若 与 互质,它就会作为分母为 的最简分数的分子出现,共有 个。若 能被 整除但不能被 整除,则它只有在约分后的分母为 时才可能与分母互质;这又加入了 个 的倍数,它们都小于 。若分子能被 整除,则分母必须既整除 又大于该分子,这是不可能的。因此没有其他分子,所求总数为 。
Every element is for Any coprime to occurs as a reduced numerator with denominator giving values. If is divisible by but not it can be coprime to a reduced denominator only when that denominator is this adds the multiples of below A numerator divisible by would need a denominator dividing and larger than it, so no further values occur. Therefore the total is
6.
在 中,有多少对连续整数在相加时不需要进位?
For how many pairs of consecutive integers in is no carrying required when the two integers are added?
小提示:
将较小的整数写成 ,并按末尾连续出现的数字 的个数分类
Write the smaller integer as and separate cases by the number of trailing s
大提示:
未发生变化的数位至多为 ,而增加了 的数位相加时也不能产生进位
A digit that is unchanged must be at most , and the digit increased by must also pair without a carry
解答:
将较小的数写成 。若 ,则 ,且未变化的数位 、 都至多为 ,共有 对。若 但 ,则 、,共有 对。若 但 ,则共有 种 的选择。最后, 也不需要进位。因此总数为 。
Write the smaller number as If then and the unchanged digits and are each at most giving pairs. If but then and giving pairs. If but there are choices for Finally, also needs no carry. The total is
7.
面 和面 属于四面体 ,二者的二面角为 。面 的面积为 ,面 的面积为 ,且 。求该四面体的体积。
Faces and of tetrahedron meet at an angle of The area of face is the area of face is and Find the volume of the tetrahedron.
小提示:
求两个面中从 和 到公共棱 的高
Find the altitudes from and to the common edge
大提示:
从 到平面 的高,等于该点所在面内的高乘以
The height from to plane is its face altitude multiplied by
解答:
以 为底边,面 和面 中对应的高分别为 和 。由于二面角为 ,从 到平面 的垂直高度为 。以面 为底面,体积为
The altitudes to in faces and are and respectively. Because the dihedral angle is the perpendicular height from to plane is Using face as the base, the volume is
8.
对任意实数数列 ,定义 为数列 ,其第 项为 。已知数列 的每一项都等于 ,且 。求 。
For any sequence of real numbers define to be the sequence whose th term is Suppose that all of the terms of the sequence are and that Find
小提示:
二阶差分恒为 的数列可由最高次项系数为 的二次式表示
A sequence with constant second difference is given by a quadratic with leading coefficient
大提示:
利用两个值为零的项,将这个二次式写成因式分解形式
Use the two zero terms to write the quadratic in factored form
解答:
二阶差分为 的二次数列,其最高次项系数为 。由于数列在下标 和 处取值为零,因此 。
A quadratic sequence with second difference has leading coefficient Since its values vanish at indices and Therefore
9.
梯形 的边长满足 、、、,且 平行于 。作一个圆,其圆心 位于 上,并与 和 都相切。已知 ,其中 和 是互质的正整数,求 。
Trapezoid has sides and with parallel to A circle with center on is drawn tangent to and Given that where and are relatively prime positive integers, find
小提示:
将 放在 轴上,比较点 到两腰的距离
Put on the -axis and compare the distances from to the two legs
大提示:
梯形的公共高会约去,所得方程只涉及 、 以及两腰的长度
The common trapezoid height cancels, leaving an equation involving and divided by the leg lengths
解答:
取 、,并设梯形的高为 。若 ,则该点到两腰 和 的垂直距离分别为 和 。圆与两腰都相切,所以这两个距离相等,即 因此 ,且 。所以 。
Put and let the height of the trapezoid be If its perpendicular distances to legs and are and respectively. Tangency to both legs makes these equal, so Hence and Therefore
10.
在复平面上,区域 由所有满足以下条件的点 组成: 和 的实部与虚部都在 到 之间(含端点)。最接近区域 面积的整数是多少?
Consider the region in the complex plane that consists of all points such that both and have real and imaginary parts between and inclusive. What is the integer that is nearest the area of
小提示:
写成 ;第一个条件给出一个正方形,第二个条件给出两个圆形区域对应的不等式
Write ; the first condition gives a square, and the second gives two circle inequalities
大提示:
从 乘 的正方形中减去两个半圆的并集,并计入它们透镜形的重叠部分
Subtract from the -by- square the union of two semicircles, accounting for their lens-shaped overlap
解答:
写成 。关于 的条件给出 且 。由于 另一个条件要求 ,且 。因此,需要从正方形中去掉两个半径为 的半圆。
这两个半圆的重叠部分,是由两个半径为 、圆心相距 的圆所形成的透镜形,其面积为 。因此,被去掉的并集面积为 ,也就是 。令 表示区域 的面积,则 最接近的整数是 。
Write The condition on gives and Since the other condition requires and Thus, within the square, we remove two semicircles of radius
Their overlap is the lens formed by two radius- circles whose centers are apart. Its area is Hence the removed union has area , or Let denote the area of Then The nearest integer is
11.
直线 和 都经过原点,并分别与 轴正方向成 和 弧度的第一象限角。对任意直线 ,变换 按如下方式产生另一条直线:先将 关于 反射,再将所得直线关于 反射。令 ,且 。已知 是直线 ,求最小正整数 ,使得 。
Lines and both pass through the origin and make first-quadrant angles of and radians, respectively, with the positive -axis. For any line the transformation produces another line as follows: is reflected in and the resulting line is reflected in Let and Given that is the line find the smallest positive integer for which
小提示:
关于两条相交直线依次反射,等价于旋转两直线夹角的两倍
Two reflections in intersecting lines compose to a rotation through twice the angle between the lines
大提示:
当累计旋转角是 的整数倍时,一条不计方向的直线回到自身
An unoriented line returns to itself when its accumulated rotation is a multiple of
解答:
这个复合变换等价于旋转 一条经过原点的直线在旋转后保持不变,当且仅当旋转角是 的整数倍。因此 必须满足 。由于 ,最小的 为 。
The composition is rotation through A line through the origin is unchanged by a rotation exactly when the rotation angle is a multiple of Thus must satisfy Since the least such is
12.
在 Chomp 游戏中,两名玩家轮流从一个由单位正方形组成的 乘 方格中“咬”下一块。每次行动时,玩家选择一个尚未被移除的方格,然后移除(“吃掉”)由该方格左边向上延长、下边向右延长所确定象限内的所有方格。例如,图中阴影方格所确定的一次行动会移除该阴影方格以及标有 的四个方格。(具有两条或更多虚线边的方格已经在先前的行动中从原棋盘上移除。)
游戏的目标是迫使对手进行最后一次行动。图中所示的是这 个单位方格的众多可能子集之一。Chomp 游戏中一共可能出现多少个不同的子集?计数时包括完整棋盘和空棋盘。
In a game of Chomp, two players alternately take bites from a -by- grid of unit squares. To take a bite, a player chooses one of the remaining squares, then removes (“eats”) all squares in the quadrant defined by the left edge (extended upward) and the lower edge (extended rightward) of the chosen square. For example, the bite determined by the shaded square in the diagram would remove the shaded square and the four squares marked by (The squares with two or more dotted edges have been removed from the original board in previous moves.)
The object of the game is to make one’s opponent take the last bite. The diagram shows one of the many subsets of the set of unit squares that can occur during the game of Chomp. How many different subsets are there in all? Include the full board and empty board in your count.
小提示:
一个可出现的方格集合由介于 与 之间的非递增列高唯一确定
A reachable set is determined by nonincreasing column heights between and
大提示:
将这种集合的边界编码为含 个竖直步和 个水平步的格路径
Encode the boundary of such a set as a lattice path with vertical and horizontal steps
解答:
经过任意一系列行动后,剩余方格都构成一个左下闭集:七列的高度是介于 与 之间的非递增整数。反过来,每条这样的边界都可以出现,并对应于穿过一个 乘 矩形的格路径。每条路径由 个竖直步和 个水平步组成,所以包括完整棋盘和空棋盘在内,状态总数为
After any sequence of bites, the remaining squares form a lower-left order ideal: the seven column heights are nonincreasing integers between and Conversely, every such boundary can be produced and corresponds to a lattice path across a -by- rectangle. Each path consists of vertical and horizontal steps, so the number of states, including full and empty, is
13.
三角形 满足 ,且 。这个三角形的最大面积是多少?
Triangle has and What’s the largest area that this triangle can have?
小提示:
令 、,并结合 使用余弦定理
Set and use the Law of Cosines with
大提示:
将面积表示为 的函数,并使其平方最大
Express the area as a function of and maximize its square
解答:
令 、,并令 。由余弦定理可得 而面积为 。因此面积等于 对其对数求导可知,当 时取得最大值。此时 ,且 ,所以最大面积为 。
Set and The Law of Cosines gives while the area is Hence it equals Differentiating its logarithm shows the maximum occurs at Then and so the maximum area is
14.
在三角形 中,点 、 和 分别位于边 、 和 上。已知 、 和 交于点 ,且 求
In triangle and are on the sides and respectively. Given that and are concurrent at the point and that find
小提示:
设 为点 的归一化重心坐标
Let be normalized barycentric coordinates of
大提示:
将三个比值写成 、 和
Write the three ratios as , , and
解答:
设 为点 的重心坐标。于是 利用 展开两边,可得恒等式 因为 ,所求乘积为 。
Let be the barycentric coordinates of Then Expanding both sides using gives the standard identity Since the requested product is
15.
定义正整数 为阶乘尾数,其条件是存在正整数 ,使得 的十进制表示末尾恰有 个零。小于 的正整数中,有多少个不是阶乘尾数?
Define a positive integer to be a factorial tail if there is some positive integer such that the decimal representation of ends with exactly zeroes. How many positive integers less than are not factorial tails?
小提示:
令 ,它表示 末尾零的个数
Let , the number of trailing zeroes in
大提示:
取得的每个正值都首次出现在某个 处,并且
Every positive value attained by first appears at a multiple , where
解答:
末尾零的个数为 。它所取得的不同正值都出现在 处,并且 随 严格递增。现在 所以 。对 ,同样计算得 ,因而 。因此恰有 个不超过 的正整数是阶乘尾数。在 个小于 的正整数中,没有出现的数共有 个。
The number of trailing zeroes is Its positive distinct values occur at the multiples and is strictly increasing with Now so For the same calculation gives hence Therefore exactly positive values through are factorial tails. Of the positive integers below the number omitted is