1992 AIME 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求所有小于 1010,且化为最简分数后分母为 3030 的正有理数之和。

Find the sum of all positive rational numbers that are less than 1010 and that have denominator 3030 when written in lowest terms.

知识点:欧拉函数分数求和
难度评级:1780
小提示:

将每个数写成 k30\frac{k}{30},并加上条件 gcd(k,30)=1\gcd(k,30)=1

Write every number as k30\frac{k}{30} and impose the condition gcd(k,30)=1\gcd(k,30)=1

大提示:

将符合条件的分子分成十个长度为 3030 的区间

Group the eligible numerators into ten blocks of length 3030

解答:

这些数可写成 k30\frac{k}{30},其中 1k<3001\leq k\lt300gcd(k,30)=1\gcd(k,30)=1。每个区间中有 φ(30)=8\varphi(30)=8 个符合条件的余数,区间长度为 3030,而这些余数之和为 30φ(30)2=120\frac{30\varphi(30)}{2}=120。因此,所有符合条件的分子之和为 q=09(830q+120)=83045+10120=12000\begin{aligned}\sum_{q=0}^9(8\cdot30q+120)&=8\cdot30\cdot45\\&\quad+10\cdot120\\&=12000\end{aligned}\text{。}再除以 3030,得到 400400

The numbers are k30\frac{k}{30} for 1k<3001\leq k\lt300 and gcd(k,30)=1.\gcd(k,30)=1. There are φ(30)=8\varphi(30)=8 eligible residues in each block of 30,30, and their sum is 30φ(30)2=120.\frac{30\varphi(30)}{2}=120. Thus the sum of all eligible numerators is q=09(830q+120)=83045+10120=12000.\begin{aligned}\sum_{q=0}^9(8\cdot30q+120)&=8\cdot30\cdot45\\&\quad+10\cdot120\\&=12000.\end{aligned} Dividing by 3030 gives 400.400.

2.

若一个正整数的十进制表示至少有两位,并且每一位数字都小于其右边的任意一位数字,就称它为递增正整数。共有多少个递增正整数?

A positive integer is called ascending if, in its decimal representation, there are at least two digits and each digit is less than any digit to its right. How many ascending positive integers are there?

知识点:子集数字组合
难度评级:1700
小提示:

一旦选定一组非零数字,它们的排列顺序就唯一确定

Once a set of nonzero digits is chosen, their order is forced

大提示:

排除大小为 0011 的子集;这里的全集是 {1,2,,9}\{1,2,\ldots,9\}

Exclude subsets of sizes 00 and 11 from the subsets of {1,2,,9}\{1,2,\ldots,9\}

解答:

数字 00 不可能出现,因为它必须位于首位,而十进制表示不含前导零。从 {1,,9}\{1,\ldots,9\} 中任选至少两个数字,并按递增顺序排列,就恰好得到一个递增正整数。因此,所求数目为 29(90)(91)=51219=502\begin{aligned}2^9-\binom90-\binom91&=512-1-9\\&=502\end{aligned}\text{。}

The digit 00 cannot occur, because it would have to be the first digit and leading zeroes are not part of a decimal representation. Every subset of at least two digits from {1,,9}\{1,\ldots,9\} gives exactly one ascending integer when written in increasing order. Hence the number is 29(90)(91)=51219=502.\begin{aligned}2^9-\binom90-\binom91&=512-1-9\\&=502.\end{aligned}

3.

一名网球运动员用获胜场数除以总比赛场数来计算胜率。某个周末开始时,她的胜率恰为 0.5000.500。周末期间,她参加了四场比赛,三胜一负。周末结束时,她的胜率大于 0.5030.503。在这个周末开始前,她最多可能赢过多少场比赛?

A tennis player computes her win ratio by dividing the number of matches she has won by the total number of matches she has played. At the start of a weekend, her win ratio is exactly 0.500.0.500. During the weekend, she plays four matches, winning three and losing one. At the end of the weekend, her win ratio is greater than 0.503.0.503. What’s the largest number of matches she could’ve won before the weekend began?

难度评级:1640
小提示:

若她最初赢了 ww 场,胜率为 0.5000.500 意味着她共参加了 2w2w 场比赛

If she had ww wins initially, a 0.5000.500 ratio means she had played 2w2w matches

大提示:

先把最终胜率写成严格不等式,再求最大的整数 ww

Translate the final ratio into a strict inequality before taking the largest integer ww

解答:

若她最初赢了 ww 场,那么她共参加了 2w2w 场比赛。最终条件为 w+32w+4>5031000\frac{w+3}{2w+4}\gt\frac{503}{1000}\text{。}交叉相乘得 1000w+3000>1006w+20121000w+3000\gt1006w+2012,所以 6w<9886w\lt988,从而 w<16423w\lt164\frac23。满足条件的最大整数为 164164

If she initially had ww wins, then she had played 2w2w matches. The final condition is w+32w+4>5031000.\frac{w+3}{2w+4}\gt\frac{503}{1000}. Cross-multiplication gives 1000w+3000>1006w+2012,1000w+3000\gt1006w+2012, so 6w<9886w\lt988 and w<16423.w\lt164\frac23. The largest possible integer is 164.164.

4.

在帕斯卡三角形中,每个数都是它上方两个数之和。该三角形的前几行如下。

0:11:112:1213:13314:146415:151010516:1615201561\begin{array}{rl}0:&1\\1:&1\quad1\\2:&1\quad2\quad1\\3:&1\quad3\quad3\quad1\\4:&1\quad4\quad6\quad4\quad1\\5:&1\quad5\quad10\quad10\quad5\quad1\\6:&1\quad6\quad15\quad20\quad15\quad6\quad1\end{array}

帕斯卡三角形的哪一行中有三个连续的数,其比为 3:4:53:4:5

In Pascal’s Triangle, each entry is the sum of the two entries above it. The first few rows of the triangle are shown below.

0:11:112:1213:13314:146415:151010516:1615201561\begin{array}{rl}0:&1\\1:&1\quad1\\2:&1\quad2\quad1\\3:&1\quad3\quad3\quad1\\4:&1\quad4\quad6\quad4\quad1\\5:&1\quad5\quad10\quad10\quad5\quad1\\6:&1\quad6\quad15\quad20\quad15\quad6\quad1\end{array}

In which row of Pascal’s Triangle do three consecutive entries occur that are in the ratio 3:4:5?3:4:5?

难度评级:1940
小提示:

将这三个数表示为 (nk)\binom nk(nk+1)\binom n{k+1}(nk+2)\binom n{k+2}

Represent the three entries as (nk),\binom nk, (nk+1),\binom n{k+1}, and (nk+2)\binom n{k+2}

大提示:

利用相邻二项式系数之比,得到关于 nnkk 的两个一次方程

Use the ratios of consecutive binomial coefficients to obtain two linear equations in nn and kk

解答:

对从位置 kk 开始的三个连续数,有 (nk+1)(nk)=nkk+1=43,(nk+2)(nk+1)=nk1k+2=54\begin{aligned}\frac{\binom n{k+1}}{\binom nk}&=\frac{n-k}{k+1}=\frac43,\\\frac{\binom n{k+2}}{\binom n{k+1}}&=\frac{n-k-1}{k+2}=\frac54\end{aligned}\text{。}因此 3n=7k+43n=7k+4,且 4n=9k+144n=9k+14。解得 k=26k=26n=62n=62

For three consecutive entries beginning at position k,k, (nk+1)(nk)=nkk+1=43,(nk+2)(nk+1)=nk1k+2=54.\begin{aligned}\frac{\binom n{k+1}}{\binom nk}&=\frac{n-k}{k+1}=\frac43,\\\frac{\binom n{k+2}}{\binom n{k+1}}&=\frac{n-k-1}{k+2}=\frac54.\end{aligned} Thus 3n=7k+43n=7k+4 and 4n=9k+14.4n=9k+14. Solving gives k=26k=26 and n=62.n=62.

5.

SS 是所有有理数 rr 组成的集合,其中 0<r<10\lt r\lt1,且具有如下循环小数表示:0.abcabcabc=0.abc0.abcabcabc\ldots=0.\overline{abc}\text{,}这里的数字 aabbcc 不一定互不相同。将 SS 中的元素都写成最简分数时,一共需要多少个不同的分子?

Let SS be the set of all rational numbers r,r, 0<r<1,0\lt r\lt1, that have a repeating decimal expansion in the form 0.abcabcabc=0.abc,0.abcabcabc\ldots=0.\overline{abc}, where the digits a,a, b,b, and cc are not necessarily distinct. To write the elements of SS as fractions in lowest terms, how many different numerators are required?

难度评级:2320
小提示:

每个元素都形如 N999\frac{N}{999},其约分后的分母一定整除 999=3337999=3^3\cdot37

Every element has the form N999\frac{N}{999}, and its reduced denominator must divide 999=3337999=3^3\cdot37

大提示:

先数出与 999999 互质的分子,再检查还有哪些 33 的倍数能以 3737 为分母

Count numerators coprime to 999999, then check which additional multiples of 33 can occur with denominator 3737

解答:

每个元素都可写成 N999\frac{N}{999},其中 1N9981\leq N\leq998。若 aa999999 互质,它就会作为分母为 999999 的最简分数的分子出现,共有 φ(999)=648\varphi(999)=648 个。若 aa 能被 33 整除但不能被 3737 整除,则它只有在约分后的分母为 3737 时才可能与分母互质;这又加入了 121233 的倍数,它们都小于 3737。若分子能被 3737 整除,则分母必须既整除 2727 又大于该分子,这是不可能的。因此没有其他分子,所求总数为 648+12=660648+12=660

Every element is N999\frac{N}{999} for 1N998.1\leq N\leq998. Any aa coprime to 999999 occurs as a reduced numerator with denominator 999,999, giving φ(999)=648\varphi(999)=648 values. If aa is divisible by 33 but not 37,37, it can be coprime to a reduced denominator only when that denominator is 37;37; this adds the 1212 multiples of 33 below 37.37. A numerator divisible by 3737 would need a denominator dividing 2727 and larger than it, so no further values occur. Therefore the total is 648+12=660.648+12=660.

6.

{1000,1001,1002,,2000}\{1000,1001,1002,\ldots,2000\} 中,有多少对连续整数在相加时不需要进位?

For how many pairs of consecutive integers in {1000,1001,1002,,2000}\{1000,1001,1002,\ldots,2000\} is no carrying required when the two integers are added?

难度评级:1780
小提示:

将较小的整数写成 1abc1abc,并按末尾连续出现的数字 99 的个数分类

Write the smaller integer as 1abc1abc and separate cases by the number of trailing 99s

大提示:

未发生变化的数位至多为 44,而增加了 11 的数位相加时也不能产生进位

A digit that is unchanged must be at most 44, and the digit increased by 11 must also pair without a carry

解答:

将较小的数写成 1abc1abc。若 c9c\neq9,则 c4c\leq4,且未变化的数位 aabb 都至多为 44,共有 53=1255^3=125 对。若 c=9c=9b9b\neq9,则 a4a\leq4b4b\leq4,共有 2525 对。若 b=c=9b=c=9a9a\neq9,则共有 55aa 的选择。最后,1999+20001999+2000 也不需要进位。因此总数为 125+25+5+1=156125+25+5+1=156

Write the smaller number as 1abc.1abc. If c9,c\neq9, then c4c\leq4 and the unchanged digits aa and bb are each at most 4,4, giving 53=1255^3=125 pairs. If c=9c=9 but b9,b\neq9, then a4a\leq4 and b4,b\leq4, giving 2525 pairs. If b=c=9b=c=9 but a9,a\neq9, there are 55 choices for a.a. Finally, 1999+20001999+2000 also needs no carry. The total is 125+25+5+1=156.125+25+5+1=156.

7.

ABCABC 和面 BCDBCD 属于四面体 ABCDABCD,二者的二面角为 3030^\circ。面 ABCABC 的面积为 120120,面 BCDBCD 的面积为 8080,且 BC=10BC=10。求该四面体的体积。

Faces ABCABC and BCDBCD of tetrahedron ABCDABCD meet at an angle of 30.30^\circ. The area of face ABCABC is 120,120, the area of face BCDBCD is 80,80, and BC=10.BC=10. Find the volume of the tetrahedron.

难度评级:2040
小提示:

求两个面中从 AADD 到公共棱 BCBC 的高

Find the altitudes from AA and DD to the common edge BCBC

大提示:

DD 到平面 ABCABC 的高,等于该点所在面内的高乘以 sin30\sin30^\circ

The height from DD to plane ABCABC is its face altitude multiplied by sin30\sin30^\circ

解答:

BCBC 为底边,面 ABCABC 和面 BCDBCD 中对应的高分别为 2(120)10=24\frac{2(120)}{10}=242(80)10=16\frac{2(80)}{10}=16。由于二面角为 3030^\circ,从 DD 到平面 ABCABC 的垂直高度为 16sin30=816\sin30^\circ=8。以面 ABCABC 为底面,体积为 13(120)(8)=320\frac13(120)(8)=320\text{。}

The altitudes to BCBC in faces ABCABC and BCDBCD are 2(120)10=24\frac{2(120)}{10}=24 and 2(80)10=16,\frac{2(80)}{10}=16, respectively. Because the dihedral angle is 30,30^\circ, the perpendicular height from DD to plane ABCABC is 16sin30=8.16\sin30^\circ=8. Using face ABCABC as the base, the volume is 13(120)(8)=320.\frac13(120)(8)=320.

8.

对任意实数数列 A=(a1,a2,a3,)A=(a_1,a_2,a_3,\ldots),定义 ΔA\Delta A 为数列 (a2a1,a3a2,a4a3,)(a_2-a_1,a_3-a_2,a_4-a_3,\ldots),其第 nn 项为 an+1ana_{n+1}-a_n。已知数列 Δ(ΔA)\Delta(\Delta A) 的每一项都等于 11,且 a19=a92=0a_{19}=a_{92}=0。求 a1a_1

For any sequence of real numbers A=(a1,a2,a3,),A=(a_1,a_2,a_3,\ldots), define ΔA\Delta A to be the sequence (a2a1,a3a2,a4a3,),(a_2-a_1,a_3-a_2,a_4-a_3,\ldots), whose nnth term is an+1an.a_{n+1}-a_n. Suppose that all of the terms of the sequence Δ(ΔA)\Delta(\Delta A) are 1,1, and that a19=a92=0.a_{19}=a_{92}=0. Find a1.a_1.

难度评级:1980
小提示:

二阶差分恒为 11 的数列可由最高次项系数为 12\frac{1}{2} 的二次式表示

A sequence with constant second difference 11 is given by a quadratic with leading coefficient 12\frac{1}{2}

大提示:

利用两个值为零的项,将这个二次式写成因式分解形式

Use the two zero terms to write the quadratic in factored form

解答:

二阶差分为 11 的二次数列,其最高次项系数为 12\frac{1}{2}。由于数列在下标 19199292 处取值为零,an=12(n19)(n92)a_n=\frac12(n-19)(n-92)\text{。}因此 a1=12(18)(91)=819a_1=\frac12(-18)(-91)=819

A quadratic sequence with second difference 11 has leading coefficient 12.\frac{1}{2}. Since its values vanish at indices 1919 and 92,92, an=12(n19)(n92).a_n=\frac12(n-19)(n-92). Therefore a1=12(18)(91)=819.a_1=\frac12(-18)(-91)=819.

9.

梯形 ABCDABCD 的边长满足 AB=92AB=92BC=50BC=50CD=19CD=19AD=70AD=70,且 ABAB 平行于 CDCD。作一个圆,其圆心 PP 位于 ABAB 上,并与 BCBCADAD 都相切。已知 AP=mnAP=\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质的正整数,求 m+nm+n

Trapezoid ABCDABCD has sides AB=92,AB=92, BC=50,BC=50, CD=19,CD=19, and AD=70,AD=70, with ABAB parallel to CD.CD. A circle with center PP on ABAB is drawn tangent to BCBC and AD.AD. Given that AP=mn,AP=\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, find m+n.m+n.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

ABAB 放在 xx 轴上,比较点 PP 到两腰的距离

Put ABAB on the xx-axis and compare the distances from PP to the two legs

大提示:

梯形的公共高会约去,所得方程只涉及 APAPPBPB 以及两腰的长度

The common trapezoid height cancels, leaving an equation involving APAP and PBPB divided by the leg lengths

解答:

A=(0,0)A=(0,0)B=(92,0)B=(92,0),并设梯形的高为 hh。若 P=(p,0)P=(p,0),则该点到两腰 ADADBCBC 的垂直距离分别为 hp70\frac{hp}{70}h(92p)50\frac{h(92-p)}{50}。圆与两腰都相切,所以这两个距离相等,即 p70=92p50\frac p{70}=\frac{92-p}{50}\text{。}因此 120p=6440120p=6440,且 AP=p=1613AP=p=\frac{161}{3}。所以 m+n=161+3=164m+n=161+3=164

Put A=(0,0),A=(0,0), B=(92,0),B=(92,0), and let the height of the trapezoid be h.h. If P=(p,0),P=(p,0), its perpendicular distances to legs ADAD and BCBC are hp70\frac{hp}{70} and h(92p)50,\frac{h(92-p)}{50}, respectively. Tangency to both legs makes these equal, so p70=92p50.\frac p{70}=\frac{92-p}{50}. Hence 120p=6440120p=6440 and AP=p=1613.AP=p=\frac{161}{3}. Therefore m+n=161+3=164.m+n=161+3=164.

10.

在复平面上,区域 AA 由所有满足以下条件的点 zz 组成:z40\frac{z}{40}40z\frac{40}{\overline z} 的实部与虚部都在 0011 之间(含端点)。最接近区域 AA 面积的整数是多少?

Consider the region AA in the complex plane that consists of all points zz such that both z40\frac{z}{40} and 40z\frac{40}{\overline z} have real and imaginary parts between 00 and 1,1, inclusive. What is the integer that is nearest the area of A?A?

难度评级:2650
小提示:

写成 z=x+iyz=x+iy;第一个条件给出一个正方形,第二个条件给出两个圆形区域对应的不等式

Write z=x+iyz=x+iy; the first condition gives a square, and the second gives two circle inequalities

大提示:

40404040 的正方形中减去两个半圆的并集,并计入它们透镜形的重叠部分

Subtract from the 4040-by-4040 square the union of two semicircles, accounting for their lens-shaped overlap

解答:

写成 z=x+iyz=x+iy。关于 z40\frac{z}{40} 的条件给出 0x400\leq x\leq400y400\leq y\leq40。由于 40z=40xx2+y2+i40yx2+y2\frac{40}{\overline z}=\frac{40x}{x^2+y^2}+i\frac{40y}{x^2+y^2}\text{,}另一个条件要求 x2+y240xx^2+y^2\geq40x,且 x2+y240yx^2+y^2\geq40y。因此,需要从正方形中去掉两个半径为 2020 的半圆。

这两个半圆的重叠部分,是由两个半径为 2020、圆心相距 20220\sqrt2 的圆所形成的透镜形,其面积为 200π400200\pi-400。因此,被去掉的并集面积为 400π(200π400)400\pi-(200\pi-400),也就是 200π+400200\pi+400。令 KK 表示区域 AA 的面积,则 K=1600(200π+400)=1200200π571.68\begin{aligned}K&=1600-(200\pi+400)\\&=1200-200\pi\\&\approx571.68\end{aligned}\text{。}最接近的整数是 572572

Write z=x+iy.z=x+iy. The condition on z40\frac{z}{40} gives 0x400\leq x\leq40 and 0y40.0\leq y\leq40. Since 40z=40xx2+y2+i40yx2+y2,\frac{40}{\overline z}=\frac{40x}{x^2+y^2}+i\frac{40y}{x^2+y^2}, the other condition requires x2+y240xx^2+y^2\geq40x and x2+y240y.x^2+y^2\geq40y. Thus, within the square, we remove two semicircles of radius 20.20.

Their overlap is the lens formed by two radius-2020 circles whose centers are 20220\sqrt2 apart. Its area is 200π400.200\pi-400. Hence the removed union has area 400π(200π400)400\pi-(200\pi-400), or 200π+400.200\pi+400. Let KK denote the area of A.A. Then K=1600(200π+400)=1200200π571.68.\begin{aligned}K&=1600-(200\pi+400)\\&=1200-200\pi\\&\approx571.68.\end{aligned} The nearest integer is 572.572.

11.

直线 l1l_1l2l_2 都经过原点,并分别与 xx 轴正方向成 π70\frac{\pi}{70}π54\frac{\pi}{54} 弧度的第一象限角。对任意直线 ll,变换 R(l)R(l) 按如下方式产生另一条直线:先将 ll 关于 l1l_1 反射,再将所得直线关于 l2l_2 反射。令 R(1)(l)=R(l)R^{(1)}(l)=R(l),且 R(n)(l)=R(R(n1)(l))R^{(n)}(l)=R(R^{(n-1)}(l))。已知 ll 是直线 y=(1992)xy=(\frac{19}{92})x,求最小正整数 mm,使得 R(m)(l)=lR^{(m)}(l)=l

Lines l1l_1 and l2l_2 both pass through the origin and make first-quadrant angles of π70\frac{\pi}{70} and π54\frac{\pi}{54} radians, respectively, with the positive xx-axis. For any line l,l, the transformation R(l)R(l) produces another line as follows: ll is reflected in l1,l_1, and the resulting line is reflected in l2.l_2. Let R(1)(l)=R(l)R^{(1)}(l)=R(l) and R(n)(l)=R(R(n1)(l)).R^{(n)}(l)=R(R^{(n-1)}(l)). Given that ll is the line y=(1992)x,y=(\frac{19}{92})x, find the smallest positive integer mm for which R(m)(l)=l.R^{(m)}(l)=l.

难度评级:2230
小提示:

关于两条相交直线依次反射,等价于旋转两直线夹角的两倍

Two reflections in intersecting lines compose to a rotation through twice the angle between the lines

大提示:

当累计旋转角是 π\pi 的整数倍时,一条不计方向的直线回到自身

An unoriented line returns to itself when its accumulated rotation is a multiple of π\pi

解答:

这个复合变换等价于旋转 2(π54π70)=8π9452\left(\frac{\pi}{54}-\frac{\pi}{70}\right)=\frac{8\pi}{945}\text{。}一条经过原点的直线在旋转后保持不变,当且仅当旋转角是 π\pi 的整数倍。因此 mm 必须满足 8m945Z\frac{8m}{945}\in\mathbb Z。由于 gcd(8,945)=1\gcd(8,945)=1,最小的 mm945945

The composition is rotation through 2(π54π70)=8π945.2\left(\frac{\pi}{54}-\frac{\pi}{70}\right)=\frac{8\pi}{945}. A line through the origin is unchanged by a rotation exactly when the rotation angle is a multiple of π.\pi. Thus mm must satisfy 8m945Z.\frac{8m}{945}\in\mathbb Z. Since gcd(8,945)=1,\gcd(8,945)=1, the least such mm is 945.945.

12.

在 Chomp 游戏中,两名玩家轮流从一个由单位正方形组成的 5577 方格中“咬”下一块。每次行动时,玩家选择一个尚未被移除的方格,然后移除(“吃掉”)由该方格左边向上延长、下边向右延长所确定象限内的所有方格。例如,图中阴影方格所确定的一次行动会移除该阴影方格以及标有 ×\times 的四个方格。(具有两条或更多虚线边的方格已经在先前的行动中从原棋盘上移除。)

游戏的目标是迫使对手进行最后一次行动。图中所示的是这 3535 个单位方格的众多可能子集之一。Chomp 游戏中一共可能出现多少个不同的子集?计数时包括完整棋盘和空棋盘。

In a game of Chomp, two players alternately take bites from a 55-by-77 grid of unit squares. To take a bite, a player chooses one of the remaining squares, then removes (“eats”) all squares in the quadrant defined by the left edge (extended upward) and the lower edge (extended rightward) of the chosen square. For example, the bite determined by the shaded square in the diagram would remove the shaded square and the four squares marked by ×.\times. (The squares with two or more dotted edges have been removed from the original board in previous moves.)

The object of the game is to make one’s opponent take the last bite. The diagram shows one of the many subsets of the set of 3535 unit squares that can occur during the game of Chomp. How many different subsets are there in all? Include the full board and empty board in your count.

知识点:格路组合子集
难度评级:2320
小提示:

一个可出现的方格集合由介于 0055 之间的非递增列高唯一确定

A reachable set is determined by nonincreasing column heights between 00 and 55

大提示:

将这种集合的边界编码为含 55 个竖直步和 77 个水平步的格路径

Encode the boundary of such a set as a lattice path with 55 vertical and 77 horizontal steps

解答:

经过任意一系列行动后,剩余方格都构成一个左下闭集:七列的高度是介于 0055 之间的非递增整数。反过来,每条这样的边界都可以出现,并对应于穿过一个 5577 矩形的格路径。每条路径由 55 个竖直步和 77 个水平步组成,所以包括完整棋盘和空棋盘在内,状态总数为 (125)=792\binom{12}{5}=792\text{。}

After any sequence of bites, the remaining squares form a lower-left order ideal: the seven column heights are nonincreasing integers between 00 and 5.5. Conversely, every such boundary can be produced and corresponds to a lattice path across a 55-by-77 rectangle. Each path consists of 55 vertical and 77 horizontal steps, so the number of states, including full and empty, is (125)=792.\binom{12}{5}=792.

13.

三角形 ABCABC 满足 AB=9AB=9,且 BC:AC=40:41BC:AC=40:41。这个三角形的最大面积是多少?

Triangle ABCABC has AB=9AB=9 and BC:AC=40:41.BC:AC=40:41. What’s the largest area that this triangle can have?

难度评级:2510
小提示:

BC=40tBC=40tAC=41tAC=41t,并结合 AB=9AB=9 使用余弦定理

Set BC=40t,BC=40t, AC=41t,AC=41t, and use the Law of Cosines with AB=9AB=9

大提示:

将面积表示为 cosC\cos C 的函数,并使其平方最大

Express the area as a function of cosC\cos C and maximize its square

解答:

BC=40tBC=40tAC=41tAC=41t,并令 x=cosCx=\cos C。由余弦定理可得 81=t2(32813280x)81=t^2(3281-3280x)\text{,}而面积为 820t21x2820t^2\sqrt{1-x^2}。因此面积等于 820811x232813280x820\cdot81\,\frac{\sqrt{1-x^2}}{3281-3280x}\text{。}对其对数求导可知,当 x=32803281x=\frac{3280}{3281} 时取得最大值。此时 1x2=813281\sqrt{1-x^2}=\frac{81}{3281},且 32813280x=656132813281-3280x=\frac{6561}{3281},所以最大面积为 820820

Set BC=40t,BC=40t, AC=41t,AC=41t, and x=cosC.x=\cos C. The Law of Cosines gives 81=t2(32813280x),81=t^2(3281-3280x), while the area is 820t21x2.820t^2\sqrt{1-x^2}. Hence it equals 820811x232813280x.820\cdot81\,\frac{\sqrt{1-x^2}}{3281-3280x}. Differentiating its logarithm shows the maximum occurs at x=32803281.x=\frac{3280}{3281}. Then 1x2=813281\sqrt{1-x^2}=\frac{81}{3281} and 32813280x=65613281,3281-3280x=\frac{6561}{3281}, so the maximum area is 820.820.

14.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,点 AA'BB'CC' 分别位于边 BCBCACACABAB 上。已知 AAAA'BBBB'CCCC' 交于点 OO,且 AOOA+BOOB+COOC=92\frac{AO}{OA'}+\frac{BO}{OB'}+\frac{CO}{OC'}=92\text{,}AOOABOOBCOOC\frac{AO}{OA'}\cdot\frac{BO}{OB'}\cdot\frac{CO}{OC'}\text{。}

In triangle ABC,ABC, A,A', B,B', and CC' are on the sides BC,BC, AC,AC, and AB,AB, respectively. Given that AA,AA', BB,BB', and CCCC' are concurrent at the point O,O, and that AOOA+BOOB+COOC=92,\frac{AO}{OA'}+\frac{BO}{OB'}+\frac{CO}{OC'}=92, find AOOABOOBCOOC.\frac{AO}{OA'}\cdot\frac{BO}{OB'}\cdot\frac{CO}{OC'}.

难度评级:2350
小提示:

(α,β,γ)(\alpha,\beta,\gamma) 为点 OO 的归一化重心坐标

Let (α,β,γ)(\alpha,\beta,\gamma) be normalized barycentric coordinates of OO

大提示:

将三个比值写成 1αα\frac{1-\alpha}{\alpha}1ββ\frac{1-\beta}{\beta}1γγ\frac{1-\gamma}{\gamma}

Write the three ratios as 1αα\frac{1-\alpha}{\alpha}, 1ββ\frac{1-\beta}{\beta}, and 1γγ\frac{1-\gamma}{\gamma}

解答:

α+β+γ=1\alpha+\beta+\gamma=1 为点 OO 的重心坐标。于是 x=AOOA=β+γα,y=BOOB=γ+αβ,z=COOC=α+βγ\begin{aligned}x=\frac{AO}{OA'}&=\frac{\beta+\gamma}{\alpha},\\y=\frac{BO}{OB'}&=\frac{\gamma+\alpha}{\beta},\\z=\frac{CO}{OC'}&=\frac{\alpha+\beta}{\gamma}\end{aligned}\text{。}利用 α+β+γ=1\alpha+\beta+\gamma=1 展开两边,可得恒等式 xyz=x+y+z+2xyz=x+y+z+2\text{。}因为 x+y+z=92x+y+z=92,所求乘积为 9494

Let α+β+γ=1\alpha+\beta+\gamma=1 be the barycentric coordinates of O.O. Then x=AOOA=β+γα,y=BOOB=γ+αβ,z=COOC=α+βγ.\begin{aligned}x=\frac{AO}{OA'}&=\frac{\beta+\gamma}{\alpha},\\y=\frac{BO}{OB'}&=\frac{\gamma+\alpha}{\beta},\\z=\frac{CO}{OC'}&=\frac{\alpha+\beta}{\gamma}.\end{aligned} Expanding both sides using α+β+γ=1\alpha+\beta+\gamma=1 gives the standard identity xyz=x+y+z+2.xyz=x+y+z+2. Since x+y+z=92,x+y+z=92, the requested product is 94.94.

15.

定义正整数 nn 为阶乘尾数,其条件是存在正整数 mm,使得 m!m! 的十进制表示末尾恰有 nn 个零。小于 19921992 的正整数中,有多少个不是阶乘尾数?

Define a positive integer nn to be a factorial tail if there is some positive integer mm such that the decimal representation of m!m! ends with exactly nn zeroes. How many positive integers less than 19921992 are not factorial tails?

难度评级:2650
小提示:

f(m)=j1m5jf(m)=\sum_{j\geq1}\lfloor \frac{m}{5^j}\rfloor,它表示 m!m! 末尾零的个数

Let f(m)=j1m5jf(m)=\sum_{j\geq1}\lfloor \frac{m}{5^j}\rfloor, the number of trailing zeroes in m!m!

大提示:

ff 取得的每个正值都首次出现在某个 5k5k 处,并且 f(5k)=k+f(k)f(5k)=k+f(k)

Every positive value attained by ff first appears at a multiple 5k5k, where f(5k)=k+f(k)f(5k)=k+f(k)

解答:

末尾零的个数为 f(m)=j1m5jf(m)=\sum_{j\geq1}\lfloor \frac{m}{5^j}\rfloor。它所取得的不同正值都出现在 5k5k 处,并且 f(5k)=k+f(k)f(5k)=k+f(k)kk 严格递增。现在 f(1595)=319+63+12+2=396\begin{aligned}f(1595)&=319+63\\&\quad+12+2=396\end{aligned}\text{,}所以 f(7975)=1595+396=1991f(7975)=1595+396=1991。对 k=1596k=1596,同样计算得 f(k)=396f(k)=396,因而 f(5k)=1992f(5k)=1992。因此恰有 15951595 个不超过 19911991 的正整数是阶乘尾数。在 19911991 个小于 19921992 的正整数中,没有出现的数共有 19911595=3961991-1595=396 个。

The number of trailing zeroes is f(m)=j1m5j.f(m)=\sum_{j\geq1}\lfloor \frac{m}{5^j}\rfloor. Its positive distinct values occur at the multiples 5k,5k, and f(5k)=k+f(k)f(5k)=k+f(k) is strictly increasing with k.k. Now f(1595)=319+63+12+2=396,\begin{aligned}f(1595)&=319+63\\&\quad+12+2=396,\end{aligned} so f(7975)=1595+396=1991.f(7975)=1595+396=1991. For k=1596,k=1596, the same calculation gives f(k)=396,f(k)=396, hence f(5k)=1992.f(5k)=1992. Therefore exactly 15951595 positive values through 19911991 are factorial tails. Of the 19911991 positive integers below 1992,1992, the number omitted is 19911595=396.1991-1595=396.