2023 AMC 10B 第 18 题

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18.

假设 aabbcc 为正整数,满足 a14+b15=c210\frac{a}{14} + \frac{b}{15} = \frac{c}{210}\text{。} 下列哪些命题必定为真?

I. 如果 gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(b, 15) = 1,或两者都成立,则 gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1

II. 如果 gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1,则 gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(b, 15) = 1,或两者都成立。

III. gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 当且仅当 gcd(a,14)=gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(a, 14) = \gcd(b, 15) = 1

Suppose a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers such that a14+b15=c210.\frac{a}{14} + \frac{b}{15} = \frac{c}{210}. Which of the following statements are necessarily true?

I. If gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1 or gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(b, 15) = 1 or both, then gcd(c,210)=1.\gcd(c, 210) = 1.

II. If gcd(c,210)=1,\gcd(c, 210) = 1, then gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1 or gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(b, 15) = 1 or both.

III. gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 if and only if gcd(a,14)=gcd(b,15)=1.\gcd(a, 14) = \gcd(b, 15) = 1.

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

I,\mathrm{I}, II,\mathrm{II}, and III\mathrm{III}

I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

I\mathrm{I}II\mathrm{II}

I\mathrm{I} and II\mathrm{II} only

III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

答案:E
知识点:最大公约数模运算逻辑推理
难度评级:1910
小提示:

清除分母得到 c=15a+14bc = 15a + 14b,再模 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7 化简。

Clear denominators to get c=15a+14b,c = 15a + 14b, then reduce modulo 2,3,5,72, 3, 5, 7

大提示:

gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 会分别限制 aa 在模 2,72, 7 意义下以及 bb 在模 3,53, 5 意义下的余数。

gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 forces conditions on aa modulo 2,72, 7 and on bb modulo 3,53, 5

解答:

清除分母得 c=15a+14bc = 15a + 14b。对 210=2357210 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7 的质因数分别取模:ca(mod2)c \equiv a \pmod 2c2b(mod3)c \equiv 2b \pmod 3c4b(mod5)c \equiv 4b \pmod 5ca(mod7)c \equiv a \pmod 7。因此 gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 当且仅当 aa 既不是 22 的倍数也不是 77 的倍数,且 bb 既不是 33 的倍数也不是 55 的倍数,这正是 gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1gcd(b,15)=1\gcd(b, 15) = 1。所以 III 为真,也使 II 为真。I 不一定为真。例如 a=1,b=3a = 1, b = 3,则 gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1,但 c=57c = 57 能被 33 整除。因此只有 II 和 III 为真,正确答案是 E

Clear denominators to get c=15a+14b.c = 15a + 14b. Reduce modulo the primes of 210=2357:210 = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 5 \cdot 7: ca(mod2),c \equiv a \pmod 2, c2b(mod3),c \equiv 2b \pmod 3, c4b(mod5),c \equiv 4b \pmod 5, and ca(mod7).c \equiv a \pmod 7. So gcd(c,210)=1\gcd(c, 210) = 1 iff aa is divisible by neither 22 nor 77 and bb is divisible by neither 33 nor 5,5, which is exactly gcd(a,14)=1\gcd(a, 14) = 1 and gcd(b,15)=1.\gcd(b, 15) = 1. That settles III, and it makes II true since the “and” implies the “or.” Statement I fails, though: take a=1,b=3.a = 1, b = 3. Then gcd(a,14)=1,\gcd(a, 14) = 1, yet c=57c = 57 is divisible by 3.3. So only II and III hold. Therefore, the answer is E.

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