2018 AMC 10A 第 18 题

先试着解答 2018 AMC 10A 第 18 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2018 AMC 10A 解答,或核对答案

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

18.

有多少个非负整数可以写成a737+a636+a535a_7\cdot3^7+a_6\cdot3^6+a_5\cdot3^5+a434+a333+a232+a_4\cdot3^4+a_3\cdot3^3+a_2\cdot3^2+a131+a030+a_1\cdot3^1+a_0\cdot3^0\text{,}其中对 0i70\le i \le 7,都有 ai{1,0,1}a_i\in \{-1,0,1\}

How many nonnegative integers can be written in the form a737+a636+a535a_7\cdot3^7+a_6\cdot3^6+a_5\cdot3^5+a434+a333+a232+a_4\cdot3^4+a_3\cdot3^3+a_2\cdot3^2+a131+a030,+a_1\cdot3^1+a_0\cdot3^0, where ai{1,0,1}a_i\in \{-1,0,1\} for 0i7?0\le i \le 7?

512512

729729

10941094

32813281

59,04859{,}048

答案:D
知识点:进制对称性配对与分组
难度评级:1770
小提示:

把这个表达式看成平衡三进制表示。

Think of the expression as balanced ternary

大提示:

正数与负数会关于 00 对称配对。

Positive and negative values pair off symmetrically around 00

解答:

每一组系数得到的和必为正数、负数或零。

由于对称性,正数与负数的数量相等:把所有 11 换成 1-1,同时把所有 1-1 换成 11 即可一一配对。

只有当所有系数都为 00 时,和才等于 00

系数的组合共有 38=65613^8 = 6561 种。因为 33 的每个幂都大于它前面各个幂之和,所以不同的系数组合给出不同的值。更具体地说,在两组系数最高的不同位上,差的绝对值至少为 3k3^k,而所有更低的位加起来最多只能抵消 2(1+3++3k1)=3k12(1+3+\cdots+3^{k-1})=3^k-1

因此,不同的非负整数共有 656112+1=3281 \dfrac{6561 - 1}{2} + 1 = 3281 个。

因此正确答案是 D

Note that every number formed by this sum is either positive, negative, or zero.

The number of positive numbers equals the number of negative numbers due to symmetry (flip the 11 s to 1-1 s and 1-1 s to 11 s).

The only way for the sum to be 00 is if all the coefficients are 0.0.

The total number of numbers is 38=6561.3^8 = 6561. Because each power of 33 is larger than the sum of all previous powers of three, each combination of coefficients yields a different value. More explicitly, at the highest place where two combinations differ, the difference has magnitude at least 3k,3^k, while all lower places together can cancel at most 2(1+3++3k1)=3k1.2(1+3+\cdots+3^{k-1})=3^k-1.

Therefore, there are 656112+1=3281 \dfrac{6561 - 1}{2} + 1 = 3281 distinct nonnegative integers.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

第 17 题#17
完整试卷

其他年份的第 18 题