2021 AMC 10A Fall 第 21 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

21.

2020 个球各自独立且随机地投入 55 个箱子之一。设 pp 为某个箱子最终有 33 个球、另一个箱子有 55 个球、其余三个箱子各有 44 个球的概率。设 qq 为每个箱子最终都有 44 个球的概率。求 pq\dfrac{p}{q}

Each of 2020 balls is tossed independently and at random into one of the 55 bins. Let pp be the probability that some bin ends up with 33 balls, another with 55 balls, and the other three with 44 balls each. Let qq be the probability that every bin ends up with 44 balls. What is pq?\dfrac{p}{q}?

11

44

88

1212

1616

答案:E
知识点:组合基本概率
难度评级:1540
小提示:

可以把球和箱子都看作可区分。

Balls and bins can be treated as distinguishable

大提示:

在比值 pq\frac{p}{q} 中,大部分阶乘因子会抵消。

Most factorial factors cancel in the ratio pq\frac{p}{q}

解答:

把球和箱子都看作可区分,则把有标号的球投入有标号的箱子的 5205^{20} 种方法等可能。对于 qq,符合条件的投放方法数为 20!(4!)5\frac{20!}{(4!)^5}\text{。}

对于 pp,先用 545\cdot4 种方法依次选出装 33 个球的箱子和装 55 个球的箱子。符合条件的投放方法数为 5420!3!5!(4!)35\cdot4\cdot\frac{20!}{3!5!(4!)^3}\text{。}

两种概率的共同分母可以约去,所以 pq=20(4!)23!5!=2045=16\frac pq=20\cdot\frac{(4!)^2}{3!5!}=20\cdot\frac45=16\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

All 5205^{20} assignments of the distinguishable balls to the labeled bins are equally likely. For q,q, the number of assignments is 20!(4!)5.\frac{20!}{(4!)^5}.

For p,p, choose the bin with 33 balls and the bin with 55 balls in 545\cdot4 ways. The number of assignments is then 5420!3!5!(4!)3.5\cdot4\cdot\frac{20!}{3!5!(4!)^3}.

The common probability denominator cancels, so pq=20(4!)23!5!=2045=16.\frac pq=20\cdot\frac{(4!)^2}{3!5!}=20\cdot\frac45=16.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

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