2021 AMC 10A Fall 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

求下列表达式的值。

(21122021)2169\dfrac{(2112-2021)^2}{169}

What is the value of the following expression?

(21122021)2169\dfrac{(2112-2021)^2}{169}

77

2121

4949

6464

9191

知识点:分数指数
难度评级:450
小提示:

先算出 21122021=91=7132112-2021=91=7\cdot13

21122021=91=7132112-2021=91=7\cdot13

大提示:

分母等于 13213^2

The denominator is 13213^2

解答:

可以如下化简这个表达式:21122021=91=7132112-2021=91=7\cdot13(21122021)2169=(713)2132=72=49 \begin{aligned} \frac{(2112-2021)^2}{169} &=\frac{(7\cdot13)^2}{13^2}\\ &=7^2=49 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Since 21122021=91=713,2112-2021=91=7\cdot13, (21122021)2169=(713)2132=72=49. \begin{aligned} \frac{(2112-2021)^2}{169} &=\frac{(7\cdot13)^2}{13^2}\\ &=7^2=49. \end{aligned}

Thus, C is the correct answer.

2.

Menkara 有一张 4×64 \times 6 的索引卡片。若她把这张卡片的一边长度缩短 11 英寸,卡片面积会变成 1818 平方英寸。如果她改为把另一边长度缩短 11 英寸,那么卡片面积是多少平方英寸?

Menkara has a 4×64 \times 6 index card. If she shortens the length of one side of this card by 11 inch, the card would have area 1818 square inches. What would the area of the card be in square inches if instead she shortens the length of the other side by 11 inch?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

难度评级:560
小提示:

先判断缩短哪一边会得到面积 1818

Figure out which side was shortened to get area 1818

大提示:

然后改为缩短另一边。

Then shorten the other side instead

解答:

若把 44 英寸的一边缩短 11 英寸,就得到 3×63\times 6 的卡片,面积为 1818 平方英寸。

因此题中原先缩短的是 44 英寸的一边。若改为缩短另一边,则得到 4×54\times 5 的卡片,面积为 2020

所以正确答案是 E

If she shortens the 44-inch side by 1,1, she has a 3×63\times 6 card, whose area is 1818 square inches.

Therefore the given shortening was on the 44-inch side. Shortening the other side instead gives a 4×54\times 5 card, with area 2020 square inches.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

3.

半径为 22 的黏土球最多有多少个可以完全放进边长为 66 的立方体中?假设这些球在装入立方体之前可以重新塑形,但不能被压缩。

What is the maximum number of balls of clay with radius 22 that can completely fit inside a cube of side length 66 assuming that the balls can be reshaped but not compressed before they are packed in the cube?

33

44

55

66

77

知识点:体积估算
难度评级:870
小提示:

因为黏土可以重新塑形,所以比较体积。

Compare volumes because the clay can be reshaped

大提示:

个数为 21632π3\left\lfloor \frac{216}{\frac{32\pi}{3}}\right\rfloor

The count is 21632π3\left\lfloor \frac{216}{\frac{32\pi}{3}}\right\rfloor

解答:

立方体体积为 63=2166^3=216。一个黏土球的体积为 43π23=32π3\frac{4}{3}\pi\cdot 2^3=\frac{32\pi}{3}

因为黏土可以重新塑形但不能压缩,最多的球数为 21632π3=814π\left\lfloor \frac{216}{\frac{32\pi}{3}}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor\frac{81}{4\pi}\right\rfloor\text{。}

由于 12<4π<1312\lt 4\pi\lt 13,可知 6<814π<8112<76\lt \frac{81}{4\pi}\lt \frac{81}{12}\lt 7,因此其整数部分为 66

所以正确答案是 D

The cube has volume 63=216.6^3=216. One ball of clay has volume 43π23=32π3.\frac{4}{3}\pi\cdot 2^3=\frac{32\pi}{3}.

Because the clay may be reshaped but not compressed, the maximum number of balls is 21632π3=814π.\left\lfloor \frac{216}{\frac{32\pi}{3}}\right\rfloor=\left\lfloor\frac{81}{4\pi}\right\rfloor.

Since 12<4π<13,12\lt 4\pi\lt 13, we have 6<814π<8112<7.6\lt \frac{81}{4\pi}\lt \frac{81}{12}\lt 7. Therefore the floor is 6.6.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

4.

Lopez 先生上班有两条路线可选。路线 A 长 66 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 3030 英里。路线 B 长 55 英里,他在这条路线上的平均速度为每小时 4040 英里,但其中有一段 12\dfrac{1}{2} 英里的学校区域,平均速度为每小时 2020 英里。路线 B 比路线 A 快多少分钟?

Mr. Lopez has a choice of two routes to get to work. Route A is 66 miles long, and his average speed along this route is 3030 miles per hour. Route B is 55 miles long, and his average speed along this route is 4040 miles per hour, except for a 12\dfrac{1}{2}-mile stretch in a school zone where his average speed is 2020 miles per hour. By how many minutes is Route B quicker than Route A?

2342 \dfrac{3}{4}

3343 \dfrac{3}{4}

4124 \dfrac{1}{2}

5125 \dfrac{1}{2}

6346 \dfrac{3}{4}

难度评级:900
小提示:

把每条路线的行驶时间都换算成分钟。

Convert each route’s travel time to minutes

大提示:

路线 B 中有 4.54.5 英里按每小时 4040 英里行驶,另有 0.50.5 英里按每小时 2020 英里行驶。

Route B has 4.54.5 miles at 4040 mph and 0.50.5 mile at 2020 mph

解答:

路线 A 所需时间为 63060=12 \dfrac{6}{30} \cdot 60 = 12 分钟。

路线 B 所需时间为 (50.540+0.520)60=8.25 \left(\dfrac{5 - 0.5}{40} + \dfrac{0.5}{20}\right) \cdot 60 = 8.25 分钟。

因此路线 B 快 128.25=3.7512 - 8.25 = 3.75 分钟。

所以正确答案是 B

Mr. Lopez would take 63060=12 \dfrac{6}{30} \cdot 60 = 12 minutes to travel on Route A.

On Route B, he would take (50.540+0.520)60=8.25 \left(\dfrac{5 - 0.5}{40} + \dfrac{0.5}{20}\right) \cdot 60 = 8.25 minutes.

The difference in times along these routes is 128.25=3.7512 - 8.25 = 3.75 minutes.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

5.

六位数 20210A\underline{2}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{2}\,\underline{1}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{A} 只有在唯一一个数字 AA 下是质数。求 AA

The six-digit number 20210A\underline{2}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{2}\,\underline{1}\,\underline{0}\,\underline{A} is prime for only one digit A.A. What is A?A?

11

33

55

77

99

难度评级:1140
小提示:

先排除偶数和 55

Rule out even digits and 55 first

大提示:

对剩下的奇数选项,用 331111 的整除性检验。

Test the remaining odd choices with divisibility by 33 and 1111

解答:

注意 AA 不能是偶数,否则这个数能被 22 整除。

AA 也不能是 55,否则这个数能被 55 整除。

AA 等于 1177,则这个数的数位和分别为 661212

这样这个数能被 33 整除,所以排除了这两个 AA 值。

最后,若 AA 等于 33,整个数为 202103202103。交错数位和之差为 2+213=0 2 + 2 - 1 - 3 = 0\text{,}所以这个数能被 1111 整除。

99 外,每个选择都会使这个数成为合数。题目说明恰有一个数字符合条件,所以这个数字必须是 A=9A=9。(事实上,试除所有不超过 202109<450\sqrt{202109}<450 的质数,可确认 202109202109 是质数。)

所以正确答案是 E

Note that AA cannot be even, as then the number would be divisible by 2.2.

AA also cannot be 5,5, as that would make the number divisible by 5.5.

If AA equaled 11 or 7,7, then the sum of the digits of the number would be 66 and 1212 respectively.

This would make the number divisible by 3,3, so that rules out AA equaling either of these numbers.

Finally, if AA equals 3,3, then the whole number becomes 202103.202103. If we look at the difference of the sums of alternating digits, we get 2+213=0, 2 + 2 - 1 - 3 = 0, which means the number is divisible by 11.11.

Every choice except 99 makes the number composite. Because the problem states that exactly one digit works, that digit must be A=9.A=9. (Indeed, trial division by the primes at most 202109<450\sqrt{202109}<450 confirms that 202109202109 is prime.)

Thus, E is the correct answer.

6.

鸸鹋 Elmer 在乡村道路上相邻两根电线杆之间行走需要 4444 个等长步幅。鸵鸟 Oscar 用 1212 个等长跃步可以走完同一距离。电线杆等距排列,沿这条路第 4141 根电线杆与第一根电线杆的距离正好是一英里,即 52805280 英尺。Oscar 的一次跃步比 Elmer 的一步长多少英尺?

Elmer the emu takes 4444 equal strides to walk between consecutive telephone poles on a rural road. Oscar the ostrich can cover the same distance in 1212 equal leaps. The telephone poles are evenly spaced, and the 4141st pole along this road is exactly one mile (52805280 feet) from the first pole. How much longer, in feet, is Oscar’s leap than Elmer’s stride?

66

88

1010

1111

1515

难度评级:870
小提示:

一英里内共有 4040 个相等的电线杆间隔。

There are 4040 equal pole gaps in one mile

大提示:

先求一个电线杆间隔,再分别除以 44441212

Find one pole gap, then divide it by 4444 and by 1212

解答:

11 根和第 4141 根之间有 4040 个间隔,所以相邻电线杆之间的距离为 5280÷40=132 5280 \div 40 = 132 英尺。

这说明 Elmer 的一步长为 132÷44=3 132 \div 44 = 3 英尺。类似地,Oscar 的一步长为 132÷12=11 132 \div 12 = 11 英尺。因此 Oscar 的跃步比 Elmer 的步幅长 113=811 - 3 = 8 英尺。

所以正确答案是 B

There are 4040 gaps between the 11st and 4141st pole, which means that the distance between consecutive poles is 5280÷40=132 5280 \div 40 = 132 feet.

This means that each of Elmer’s strides is 132÷44=3 132 \div 44 = 3 feet. Similarly, each of Oscar’s leaps is 132÷12=11 132 \div 12 = 11 feet. This makes Oscar’s leap 113=811 - 3 = 8 feet longer.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

如下图所示,点 EE 位于直线 CDCD 所确定的、与点 AA 相反的半平面内,且 CDE=110\angle CDE = 110^\circ。点 FFAD\overline{AD} 上,满足 DE=DFDE=DF,并且 ABCDABCD 是正方形。AFE\angle AFE 的度数是多少?

As shown in the figure below, point EE lies in the opposite half-plane determined by line CDCD from point AA so that CDE=110.\angle CDE = 110^\circ. Point FF lies on AD\overline{AD} so that DE=DF,DE=DF, and ABCDABCD is a square. What is the degree measure of AFE?\angle AFE?

160160

164164

166166

170170

174174

难度评级:960
小提示:

先求点 DD 周围的大角 FDE\angle FDE

Find the large angle FDE\angle FDE around point DD

大提示:

因为 DE=DFDE=DF,三角形 DFEDFE 是等腰三角形。

Since DE=DF,DE=DF, triangle DFEDFE is isosceles

解答:

因为 ADC=90\angle ADC = 90^{\circ},所以 FDE=36090110 \angle FDE = 360^{\circ} - 90^{\circ} - 110^{\circ} =160= 160^{\circ}\text{。}又因为 FDE\triangle FDE 是等腰三角形,所以 EFD=1801602=10 \angle EFD = \dfrac{180^{\circ} - 160^{\circ}}{2} = 10^{\circ}\text{。}最后 AFE=18010=170 \angle AFE = 180^{\circ} - 10^{\circ} = 170^{\circ}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Since ADC=90,\angle ADC = 90^{\circ}, we get that FDE=36090110 \angle FDE = 360^{\circ} - 90^{\circ} - 110^{\circ} =160.= 160^{\circ}. Also since FDE\triangle FDE is isosceles, we get that EFD=1801602=10. \angle EFD = \dfrac{180^{\circ} - 160^{\circ}}{2} = 10^{\circ}. Finally, we get that AFE=18010=170. \angle AFE = 180^{\circ} - 10^{\circ} = 170^{\circ}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

8.

一个两位正整数称为 可爱数,如果它等于其非零十位数字与个位数字平方之和。共有多少个两位正整数是可爱数?

A two-digit positive integer is said to be cuddly if it is equal to the sum of its nonzero tens digit and the square of its units digit. How many two-digit positive integers are cuddly?

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1210
小提示:

设十位数字为 aa,个位数字为 bb

Let the tens digit be aa and the units digit be bb

大提示:

数位方程可化为 9a=b(b1)9a=b(b-1)

The digit equation becomes 9a=b(b1)9a=b(b-1)

解答:

a b\underline{a} \ \underline{b} 是一个 22 位可爱数。

由定义, 10a+b=a+b2 10a + b = a + b^2\text{。}化简得 9a=b(b1) 9a = b(b - 1)\text{。}因为两个相邻整数不可能都被 33 整除,所以 bbb1b-1 中必有一个含有两个因数 33

对一位数 bb 而言,只有 b=0,1b=0,199 可能。前两个选择都给出 a=0a=0,不能组成两位数;若 b=9b=9,则 a=8a=8。检验可知 8989 是可爱数,因此只有 11 个。

所以正确答案是 B

Let a b\underline{a} \ \underline{b} be a 22-digit cuddly number.

Then 10a+b=a+b2. 10a + b = a + b^2. Rearranging, we get 9a=b(b1). 9a = b(b - 1). Because consecutive integers cannot both be divisible by 3,3, one of bb and b1b-1 must contain both factors of 3.3.

For a digit b,b, this leaves b=0,1,b=0,1, or 9.9. The first two choices give a=0,a=0, which does not make a two-digit number. If b=9,b=9, then a=8.a=8. Checking, we get that 8989 is a cuddly number. This shows that there is only 11 two-digit cuddly number.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

9.

掷一枚不公平骰子时,出现偶数的可能性是出现奇数的 33 倍。掷这枚骰子两次,掷出点数和为偶数的概率是多少?

When a certain unfair die is rolled, an even number is 33 times as likely to appear as an odd number. The die is rolled twice. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers rolled is even?

38\dfrac{3}{8}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

916\dfrac{9}{16}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

难度评级:900
小提示:

设掷出奇数的概率为 pp,则掷出偶数的概率为 3p3p

Let the probability of odd be p,p, so even is 3p3p

大提示:

和为偶数意味着两次都是奇数或两次都是偶数。

An even sum means two odds or two evens

解答:

设掷出奇数的概率为 pp,则掷出偶数的概率为 3p3pp+3p=1p=14 p + 3p = 1 \Rightarrow p = \dfrac{1}{4}\text{。}

和为偶数当且仅当两次结果奇偶性相同,其概率为 142+342=1016=58 \dfrac{1}{4}^2 + \dfrac{3}{4}^2 = \dfrac{10}{16} = \dfrac{5}{8}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Let pp be the probability that an odd number is rolled. Then 3p3p is the probability an even number is rolled. We know that p+3p=1p=14. p + 3p = 1 \Rightarrow p = \dfrac{1}{4}.

The only way for the sum to be even is if both rolls have the same parity. This happens with a probability of 142+342=1016=58. \dfrac{1}{4}^2 + \dfrac{3}{4}^2 = \dfrac{10}{16} = \dfrac{5}{8}.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

10.

一所学校有 100100 名学生和 55 名老师。第一节课中,每名学生上一门课,每名老师教一门课。五门课的学生人数分别为 5050202020205555。若随机选一名老师并记录其班级人数,所得平均值为 tt。若随机选一名学生并记录其所在班级人数,包括该学生本人,所得平均值为 ss。求 tst-s

A school has 100100 students and 55 teachers. In the first period, each student is taking one class, and each teacher is teaching one class. The enrollments in the classes are 50,50, 20,20, 20,20, 5,5, and 5.5. Let tt be the average value obtained if a teacher is picked at random and the number of students in their class is noted. Let ss be the average value obtained if a student was picked at random and the number of students in their class, including the student, is noted. What is ts?t-s?

18.5-18.5

13.5-13.5

00

13.513.5

18.518.5

知识点:期望值平均数
难度评级:1140
小提示:

老师平均值中,每个班级权重相同。

The teacher average weights each class once

大提示:

学生平均值中,一个班级的权重与该班人数成正比。

The student average weights a class by its enrollment

解答:

期望值公式为 E[X]=xxPr(X=x) \mathbb E[X]=\sum_x x\,\Pr(X=x)\text{。}

因此 t=15(50+20+20+5+5) t = \dfrac{1}{5} (50 + 20 + 20 + 5 + 5) =15100=20 = \dfrac{1}{5} \cdot 100 = 20\text{,}s=5050100+2020100 s = 50 \cdot \dfrac{50}{100} + 20 \cdot \dfrac{20}{100} +2020100+55100+55100 + 20 \cdot \dfrac{20}{100} + 5 \cdot \dfrac{5}{100} + 5 \cdot \dfrac{5}{100} =25+4+4+0.25+0.25=33.5 \begin{aligned} &= 25 + 4 + 4 + 0.25 + 0.25 \\ &= 33.5 \end{aligned}

ts=13.5t - s = -13.5

所以正确答案是 B

Recall the expected-value formula E[X]=xxPr(X=x). \mathbb E[X]=\sum_x x\,\Pr(X=x).

Therefore, t=15(50+20+20+5+5) t = \dfrac{1}{5} (50 + 20 + 20 + 5 + 5) =15100=20 = \dfrac{1}{5} \cdot 100 = 20 and s=5050100+2020100 s = 50 \cdot \dfrac{50}{100} + 20 \cdot \dfrac{20}{100} +2020100+55100+55100 + 20 \cdot \dfrac{20}{100} + 5 \cdot \dfrac{5}{100} + 5 \cdot \dfrac{5}{100} =25+4+4+0.25+0.25=33.5 \begin{aligned} &= 25 + 4 + 4 + 0.25 + 0.25 \\ &= 33.5 \end{aligned}

ts=13.5.t - s = -13.5.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

11.

Emily 看见一艘船以恒定速度沿河的一段直线航行。她以比船更快的匀速平行于河岸行走。从船尾走到船头时,她数了 210210 个等长步幅;反方向从船头走到船尾时,她数了 4242 个同样大小的步幅。用 Emily 的步幅作单位,这艘船的长度是多少?

Emily sees a ship traveling at a constant speed along a straight section of a river. She walks parallel to the riverbank at a uniform rate faster than the ship. She counts 210210 equal steps walking from the back of the ship to the front. Walking in the opposite direction, she counts 4242 steps of the same size from the front of the ship to the back. In terms of Emily’s equal steps, what is the length of the ship?

7070

8484

9898

105105

126126

难度评级:1370
小提示:

所有距离都用 Emily 的步幅作单位。

Measure all distances in Emily steps

大提示:

若船长为 xx,同向时船移动 210x210-x,反向时船移动 x42x-42

With ship length x,x, the ship moves 210x210-x one way and x42x-42 the other way

解答:

设船长为 xx 个步幅。Emily 走 210210 步从船尾到船头时,船也向前移动了 210x210 - x 个步幅。

反方向走 4242 步时,船移动了 x42x - 42 个步幅。船速与 Emily 速度恒定,所以 210210x=42x42 \dfrac{210}{210 - x} = \dfrac{42}{x - 42}\text{。} 交叉相乘得 210x21042=2104242x 210x - 210 \cdot 42 = 210 \cdot 42 - 42x 426x=242210 42 \cdot 6 x = 2 \cdot 42 \cdot 210 x=70 x = 70\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Let xx be the length of the ship. Then in the time that Emily moves 210210 steps, the ship moves 210x210 - x steps.

In the time that Emily moves 4242 steps, the ship moves x42x - 42 steps. Since the ship and Emily move at a constant rate 210210x=42x42. \dfrac{210}{210 - x} = \dfrac{42}{x - 42}. Cross-multiplying yields 210x21042=2104242x 210x - 210 \cdot 42 = 210 \cdot 42 - 42x 426x=242210 42 \cdot 6 x = 2 \cdot 42 \cdot 210 x=70. x = 70.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

12.

NN 的九进制表示为 27,006,000,052927{,}006{,}000{,}052_9NN 除以 55 的余数是多少?

The base-nine representation of the number NN is 27,006,000,0529.27{,}006{,}000{,}052_9. What is the remainder when NN is divided by 5?5?

00

11

22

33

44

知识点:进制模运算
难度评级:1070
小提示:

55 下有 919\equiv -1

Work modulo 5,5, where 919\equiv -1

大提示:

只有非零的九进制数字才有贡献。

Only the nonzero base-nine digits contribute

解答:

注意 91(mod5) 9 \equiv -1 \pmod{5}\text{。}按进位制定义展开 NN,得到 N=2910+799+696+ N = 2 \cdot 9^{10} + 7 \cdot 9^9 + 6 \cdot 9^6 + 59+2 5 \cdot 9 + 2 2(1)10+7(1)9+6(1)6+ \equiv 2 (-1)^{10} + 7 (-1)^9 + 6 (-1)^6 + 5(1)+2(mod5) 5 (-1) + 2 \pmod{5} 27+65+2(mod5) \equiv 2 - 7 + 6 - 5 + 2 \pmod{5} 3(mod5) \equiv 3 \pmod{5}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Note that 91(mod5). 9 \equiv -1 \pmod{5}. Then if expand NN using the definition of bases, we get N=2910+799+696+ N = 2 \cdot 9^{10} + 7 \cdot 9^9 + 6 \cdot 9^6 +59+2 5 \cdot 9 + 2 2(1)10+7(1)9+6(1)6+ \equiv 2 (-1)^{10} + 7 (-1)^9 + 6 (-1)^6 +5(1)+2(mod5) 5 (-1) + 2 \pmod{5} 27+65+2(mod5) \equiv 2 - 7 + 6 - 5 + 2 \pmod{5} 3(mod5). \equiv 3 \pmod{5}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

13.

66 个球各自独立且等可能地被涂成黑色或白色。每个球都与其他 55 个球中超过一半的球颜色不同的概率是多少?

Each of 66 balls is randomly and independently painted either black or white with equal probability. What is the probability that every ball is different in color from more than half of the other 55 balls?

164\dfrac{1}{64}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

516\dfrac{5}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

知识点:基本概率组合
难度评级:900
小提示:

每个球都必须看到至少 33 个另一种颜色的球。

Each ball must see at least 33 balls of the other color

大提示:

这会迫使两种颜色各有 33 个球。

That forces exactly 33 balls of each color

解答:

要使每个球都与超过一半的其他球颜色不同,任意一个球必须看到至少 33 个相反颜色的球。

因此必须正好有三颗黑球和三颗白球。所有涂色共有 26=642^6 = 64 种,其中选择哪三颗球为白色有 (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 种。

所以所求概率为 2064=516\dfrac{20}{64} = \dfrac{5}{16}

所以正确答案是 D

Note that for this restriction to hold, there must be 33 balls of each color.

There are 26=642^6 = 64 ways to color the balls and (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 to choose which balls are white.

The desired probability is therefore 2064=516.\dfrac{20}{64} = \dfrac{5}{16}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

14.

有多少个实数有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 满足方程组 x2+3y=9,(x+y4)2=1\begin{aligned} x^2+3y&=9, \\ (|x|+|y|-4)^2&=1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

How many ordered pairs (x,y)(x,y) of real numbers satisfy the following system of equations? x2+3y=9,(x+y4)2=1.\begin{aligned} x^2+3y&=9, \\ (|x|+|y|-4)^2&=1. \end{aligned}

11

22

33

55

77

难度评级:1540
小提示:

第二个方程给出 x+y=3|x|+|y|=355

The second equation gives x+y=3|x|+|y|=3 or 55

大提示:

y=3x23y=3-\frac{x^2}{3},并按 x,yx,y 的符号范围检查。

Use y=3x23y=3-\frac{x^2}{3} and check the sign ranges for x,yx,y

解答:

t=xt=|x|。第二个方程给出 t+y=3t+|y|=355,而第一个方程给出 y=3t23y=3-\frac{t^2}{3}

y0y\ge0,则 0t30\le t\le3。对于 t+y=3t+y=3,代入可得 tt23=0t-\frac{t^2}{3}=0,所以 t=0t=033。这些值给出 x=0,3,3x=0,3,-3,共有三个点。对于 t+y=5t+y=5,代入可得 t23t+6=0t^2-3t+6=0,它没有实根。

y<0y<0,则 t>3t>3。方程 ty=3t-y=3 给出 t2+3t18=0t^2+3t-18=0,其唯一非负根是被排除的边界值 t=3t=3。方程 ty=5t-y=5 给出 t2+3t24=0t^2+3t-24=0,它恰有一个正根 t=3+1052>3t=\frac{-3+\sqrt{105}}2>3。这个根按 xx 的两种符号给出两个点。

有序对总数为 3+2=53+2=5

所以正确答案是 D

Put t=x.t=|x|. The second equation gives t+y=3t+|y|=3 or 5,5, while the first gives y=3t23.y=3-\frac{t^2}{3}.

If y0,y\ge0, then 0t3.0\le t\le3. For t+y=3,t+y=3, substitution gives tt23=0,t-\frac{t^2}{3}=0, so t=0t=0 or 3.3. These yield x=0,3,3,x=0,3,-3, for three points. For t+y=5,t+y=5, substitution gives t23t+6=0,t^2-3t+6=0, which has no real root.

If y<0,y<0, then t>3.t>3. The equation ty=3t-y=3 gives t2+3t18=0,t^2+3t-18=0, whose only nonnegative root is the excluded boundary value t=3.t=3. The equation ty=5t-y=5 gives t2+3t24=0,t^2+3t-24=0, with exactly one positive root t=3+1052>3.t=\frac{-3+\sqrt{105}}2>3. It yields two points, one for each sign of x.x.

The total number of ordered pairs is 3+2=5.3+2=5.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

15.

等腰三角形 ABCABC 满足 AB=AC=36AB = AC = 3\sqrt6,一个半径为 525\sqrt2 的圆分别与直线 ABABACAC 相切于点 BBCC。经过顶点 AABBCC 的圆的面积是多少?

Isosceles triangle ABCABC has AB=AC=36,AB = AC = 3\sqrt6, and a circle with radius 525\sqrt2 is tangent to line ABAB at BB and to line ACAC at C.C. What is the area of the circle that passes through vertices A,A, B,B, and C?C?

24π24\pi

25π25\pi

26π26\pi

27π27\pi

28π28\pi

难度评级:1820
小提示:

连接切圆圆心与 BBCC

Join the center of the tangent circle to BB and CC

大提示:

BBCC 处的直角说明 A,B,O,CA,B,O,C 四点共圆。

Right angles at BB and CC put A,B,O,CA,B,O,C on one circle

解答:

O1O_1 是与 ABABACAC 相切的圆的圆心。则 ABO1=ACO1=90\angle ABO_1=\angle ACO_1=90^\circ,所以 A,B,O1,CA,B,O_1,C 四点共圆。

因为 BBCC 处的直角所对的弦是 AO1AO_1,所以线段 AO1AO_1 是这个圆的直径。设 O2O_2 为其圆心。同一个圆经过 A,BA,BCC,所以它就是所求的外接圆。

ABO1\triangle ABO_1 中应用勾股定理,得到 AO1=AB2+BO12=54+50=226 \begin{aligned} AO_1&=\sqrt{AB^2+BO_1^2}\\ &=\sqrt{54+50}=2\sqrt{26} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此外接圆半径为 26\sqrt{26},所求面积为 26π26\pi

所以正确答案是 C

Let O1O_1 be the center of the circle tangent to ABAB and AC.AC. Then ABO1=ACO1=90,\angle ABO_1=\angle ACO_1=90^\circ, so A,B,O1,CA,B,O_1,C are concyclic.

Because the right angles at BB and CC subtend AO1,AO_1, the segment AO1AO_1 is a diameter of this circle. Let O2O_2 be its center. The same circle passes through A,B,A,B, and C,C, so it is the desired circumcircle.

By the Pythagorean Theorem in ABO1,\triangle ABO_1, AO1=AB2+BO12=54+50=226. \begin{aligned} AO_1&=\sqrt{AB^2+BO_1^2}\\ &=\sqrt{54+50}=2\sqrt{26}. \end{aligned} Therefore, the circumradius is 26,\sqrt{26}, and the requested area is 26π.26\pi.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

16.

考虑函数

f(x)=x1xf(x) = |\lfloor x \rfloor| - |\lfloor 1 - x \rfloor|

它的图像关于下列哪一项对称?这里 x\lfloor x \rfloor 表示不超过 xx 的最大整数。

Consider the function

f(x)=x1xf(x) = |\lfloor x \rfloor| - |\lfloor 1 - x \rfloor|

Its graph is symmetric about which of the following? (Here x\lfloor x \rfloor is the greatest integer not exceeding x.x.)

yy

the yy-axis

直线 x=1x=1

the line x=1x=1

原点

the origin

(12,0)\left(\dfrac{1}{2},0\right)

the point (12,0)\left(\dfrac{1}{2},0\right)

(1,0)(1,0)

the point (1,0)(1,0)

难度评级:1540
小提示:

比较 f(1x)f(1-x)f(x)f(x)

Compare f(1x)f(1-x) with f(x)f(x)

大提示:

这个关系是中心对称,而不是轴对称。

The relation is point symmetry, not line symmetry

解答:

对任意实数 xxf(1x)=1xx=f(x) \begin{aligned} &f(1-x)=|\lfloor 1-x\rfloor| \\ &\quad {}-|\lfloor x\rfloor|=-f(x) \end{aligned}\text{。}

等价地,令 xx 写成 12+t\frac{1}{2}+t,则 f ⁣(12t)=f ⁣(12+t)f\!\left(\frac{1}{2}-t\right)=-f\!\left(\frac{1}{2}+t\right)。这表示图像关于点 (12,0)\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right) 中心对称。

所以正确答案是 D

For every real x,x, f(1x)=1xx=f(x). \begin{aligned} &f(1-x)=|\lfloor 1-x\rfloor| \\ &\quad {}-|\lfloor x\rfloor|=-f(x). \end{aligned}

Equivalently, replacing xx by 12+t\frac{1}{2}+t gives f ⁣(12t)=f ⁣(12+t).f\!\left(\frac{1}{2}-t\right)=-f\!\left(\frac{1}{2}+t\right). This is point symmetry about (12,0).\left(\frac{1}{2},0\right).

Thus, D is the correct answer.

17.

一位建筑师正在建造一个结构,要在水平地面上的正六边形 ABCDEFABCDEF 的各顶点竖立柱子。六根柱子将支撑一块不与地面平行的平面太阳能板。位于 AABBCC 的柱高分别为 1212991010 米。位于 EE 的柱子高度是多少米?

An architect is building a structure that will place vertical pillars at the vertices of regular hexagon ABCDEF,ABCDEF, which is lying horizontally on the ground. The six pillars will hold up a flat solar panel that will not be parallel to the ground. The heights of pillars at A,A, B,B, and CC are 12,12, 9,9, and 1010 meters, respectively. What is the height, in meters, of the pillar at E?E?

99

636\sqrt{3}

838\sqrt{3}

1717

12312\sqrt{3}

难度评级:1660
小提示:

平面太阳能板意味着高度是地面坐标的线性函数。

A flat panel means height is linear over the ground plane

大提示:

使用正六边形坐标,并设高度函数为 ux+vy+wux+vy+w

Use regular-hexagon coordinates and a function ux+vy+wux+vy+w

解答:

取正六边形坐标 A=(1,0)A=(-1,0)B=(12,32)B=(-\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt3}{2})C=(12,32)C=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt3}{2})E=(12,32)E=(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{\sqrt3}{2})。因为太阳能板是平面,高度可写成 h(x,y)=ux+vy+wh(x,y)=ux+vy+w

h(A)=12h(A)=12h(B)=9h(B)=9h(C)=10h(C)=10。后两式相减得 u=1u=1。再由 u+w=12-u+w=12w=13w=13。代入 h(B)=9h(B)=9,有 12+32v+13=9-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}v+13=9,所以 3v=7\sqrt3v=-7

因此 h(E)=1232v+13=12+72+13=17 \begin{aligned} h(E) &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}v+13 \\ &=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{7}{2}+13 \\ &=17 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Put a regular hexagon in coordinates with A=(1,0),A=(-1,0), B=(12,32),B=(-\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt3}{2}), C=(12,32),C=(\frac{1}{2},\frac{\sqrt3}{2}), and E=(12,32).E=(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}). Because the solar panel is flat, the height is an affine function h(x,y)=ux+vy+w.h(x,y)=ux+vy+w.

From h(A)=12,h(A)=12, h(B)=9,h(B)=9, and h(C)=10,h(C)=10, subtracting the last two equations gives u=1.u=1. Then u+w=12,-u+w=12, so w=13.w=13. Using h(B)=9h(B)=9 gives 12+32v+13=9,-\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt3}{2}v+13=9, so 3v=7.\sqrt3v=-7.

Therefore h(E)=1232v+13=12+72+13=17. \begin{aligned} h(E) &=\frac{1}{2}-\frac{\sqrt3}{2}v+13 \\ &=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{7}{2}+13 \\ &=17. \end{aligned}

Thus, D is the correct answer.

18.

一位农民的长方形田地被分成如下图所示的 2222 网格,共 44 个长方形区域。每个区域将种一种作物:玉米、小麦、大豆或土豆。农民不想让玉米和小麦种在任何共边的两个区域,也不想让大豆和土豆种在任何共边的两个区域。在这些限制下,农民有多少种方法为四个区域选择作物?

A farmer’s rectangular field is partitioned into a 22 by 22 grid of 44 rectangular sections as shown in the figure. In each section the farmer will plant one crop: corn, wheat, soybeans, or potatoes. The farmer does not want to grow corn and wheat in any two sections that share a border, and the farmer does not want to grow soybeans and potatoes in any two sections that share a border. Given these restrictions, in how many ways can the farmer choose crops to plant in each of the four sections of the field?

1212

6464

8484

9090

144144

难度评级:1540
小提示:

按两块对角区域是否种同一种作物分类。

Case on whether the two diagonal sections are the same crop

大提示:

每个共边限制都会排除一种作物选择。

Each shared-border restriction removes one crop choice

解答:

分为 22 种情况讨论右上和左下这两个对角区域。

情况 11:右上和左下区域种同一种作物。

这两个区域所种的作物有 44 种选择。因为每种作物都恰有一种不能与它相邻的作物,所以另外两个区域各有 33 种选择。因此共有 433=36 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 = 36 种。

情况 22:右上和左下区域种不同作物。

右上区域有 44 种选择,左下区域有 33 种与之不同的选择。另外两个区域都与这两块区域共边,所以各剩 22 种选择。因此这一类共有 4322=48 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 48 种。

两种情况合计 36+48=8436 + 48 = 84 种。

所以正确答案是 C

There are 22 cases.

Case 1:1: the top-right and bottom-left sections have the same crop

There are 44 options for which crop is in those sections. The other two sections have 33 options for the crop since each crop has one restriction for crops next to it. This gives us 433=36 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 = 36 combinations.

Case 2:2: the top-right and bottom-left sections have different crops

There are 44 options for the top-right crop and 33 different options for the bottom-left crop. Each of the other two sections borders both of these crops, leaving 22 choices for each. This gives us another 4322=48 4 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 48 configurations.

In total, there are 36+48=8436 + 48 = 84 combinations.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

19.

一个半径为 11 的圆盘沿边长为 s>4s > 4 的正方形内部滚动一整圈,并扫过面积为 AA 的区域。另一个半径为 11 的圆盘沿同一个正方形外部滚动一整圈,并扫过面积为 2A2A 的区域。ss 可写成 a+bπca+\dfrac{b\pi}{c},其中 aabbcc 为正整数,且 bbcc 互质。求 a+b+ca+b+c

A disk of radius 11 rolls all the way around the inside of a square of side length s>4s > 4 and sweeps out a region of area A.A. A second disk of radius 11 rolls all the way around the outside of the same square and sweeps out a region of area 2A.2A. The value of ss can be written as a+bπc,a+\dfrac{b\pi}{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and bb and cc are relatively prime. What is a+b+c?a+b+c?

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

难度评级:2090
小提示:

把内部扫过面积看成边界带状区域。

Find the swept area inside as a boundary band

大提示:

外部扫过面积由 44 个长方形和 44 个四分之一圆组成。

Outside, the swept area is 44 rectangles plus 44 quarter-circles

解答:

内圆盘圆心扫出的内侧正方形边长为 s4s - 4

四个角还有一些小区域,它们的总面积为 (1+1)2π12=4π (1 + 1)^2 - \pi 1^2 = 4 - \pi\text{。}

因此 A=s2(s4)2(4π) A = s^2 - (s - 4)^2 - (4 - \pi) =8s20+π= 8s - 20 + \pi\text{。}

外圆盘扫出的区域由 44 个长方形和 44 个四分之一圆组成。每个长方形的面积为 s2=2s s \cdot 2 = 2s ,四个四分之一圆合成一个半径为 22、面积为 4π4 \pi 的圆。

所以 2A=8s+4π 2A = 8s + 4 \pi\text{。}

令两个表达式相等,得到 8s+4π=2(8s20+π) 8s + 4 \pi = 2(8s - 20 + \pi)\text{。}解得 8s=40+2π 8s = 40 + 2 \pi s=5+π4 s = 5 + \dfrac{\pi}{4}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The side length of the inner square traced out by the inner circle is s4.s - 4.

There are also the small pieces remaining in the corner. These form a total area of (1+1)2π12=4π. (1 + 1)^2 - \pi 1^2 = 4 - \pi.

Therefore, A=s2(s4)2(4π) A = s^2 - (s - 4)^2 - (4 - \pi) =8s20+π.= 8s - 20 + \pi.

The outer disk traces out an area that is comprised of 44 rectangles and 44 quarter-circles. The rectangles have area s2=2s s \cdot 2 = 2s and the quarter-circles form a circle with radius 22 and area 4π.4 \pi.

This gives us 2A=8s+4π. 2A = 8s + 4 \pi.

Equating the two equations we get 8s+4π=2(8s20+π). 8s + 4 \pi = 2(8s - 20 + \pi). Solving yields 8s=40+2π 8s = 40 + 2 \pi s=5+π4. s = 5 + \dfrac{\pi}{4}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

20.

有多少个正整数有序对 (b,c)(b,c),使得 x2+bx+c=0x^2+bx+c=0x2+cx+b=0x^2+cx+b=0 都没有两个不同的实根?

For how many ordered pairs (b,c)(b,c) of positive integers does neither x2+bx+c=0x^2+bx+c=0 nor x2+cx+b=0x^2+cx+b=0 have two distinct real solutions?

44

66

88

1212

1616

难度评级:1820
小提示:

对每个二次方程使用判别式条件。

Use the discriminant condition for each quadratic

大提示:

两个不等式为 b24cb^2\le4cc24bc^2\le4b

The inequalities are b24cb^2\le4c and c24bc^2\le4b

解答:

二次方程没有两个不同实根,当且仅当判别式非正。因此需要 b24c0c24b0b^2-4c\le0\qquad c^2-4b\le0\text{,}也就是 b24cb^2\le4cc24bc^2\le4b

b24cb^2\le4cb416c2b^4\le16c^2。结合 c24bc^2\le4b,得到 b464bb^4\le64b,所以 b4b\le4

逐一检查 b=1,2,3,4b=1,2,3,4,分别得到 (c=1,2),(c=1,2),(c=3),(c=4) \begin{gathered} (c=1,2),\quad (c=1,2), \\ \quad (c=3),\quad (c=4) \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此有序对共有 2+2+1+1=62+2+1+1=6 个。

所以正确答案是 B

A quadratic fails to have two distinct real solutions exactly when its discriminant is nonpositive. Thus we need b24c0c24b0,b^2-4c\le0\qquad c^2-4b\le0, or b24cb^2\le4c and c24b.c^2\le4b.

From b24c,b^2\le4c, we get b416c2.b^4\le16c^2. Combining this with c24bc^2\le4b gives b464b,b^4\le64b, so b4.b\le4.

Now check b=1,2,3,4.b=1,2,3,4. The inequalities give respectively (c=1,2),(c=1,2),(c=3),(c=4). \begin{gathered} (c=1,2),\quad (c=1,2), \\ \quad (c=3),\quad (c=4). \end{gathered}

There are 2+2+1+1=62+2+1+1=6 ordered pairs.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

21.

2020 个球各自独立且随机地投入 55 个箱子之一。设 pp 为某个箱子最终有 33 个球、另一个箱子有 55 个球、其余三个箱子各有 44 个球的概率。设 qq 为每个箱子最终都有 44 个球的概率。求 pq\dfrac{p}{q}

Each of 2020 balls is tossed independently and at random into one of the 55 bins. Let pp be the probability that some bin ends up with 33 balls, another with 55 balls, and the other three with 44 balls each. Let qq be the probability that every bin ends up with 44 balls. What is pq?\dfrac{p}{q}?

11

44

88

1212

1616

知识点:组合基本概率
难度评级:1540
小提示:

可以把球和箱子都看作可区分。

Balls and bins can be treated as distinguishable

大提示:

在比值 pq\frac{p}{q} 中,大部分阶乘因子会抵消。

Most factorial factors cancel in the ratio pq\frac{p}{q}

解答:

把球和箱子都看作可区分,则把有标号的球投入有标号的箱子的 5205^{20} 种方法等可能。对于 qq,符合条件的投放方法数为 20!(4!)5\frac{20!}{(4!)^5}\text{。}

对于 pp,先用 545\cdot4 种方法依次选出装 33 个球的箱子和装 55 个球的箱子。符合条件的投放方法数为 5420!3!5!(4!)35\cdot4\cdot\frac{20!}{3!5!(4!)^3}\text{。}

两种概率的共同分母可以约去,所以 pq=20(4!)23!5!=2045=16\frac pq=20\cdot\frac{(4!)^2}{3!5!}=20\cdot\frac45=16\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

All 5205^{20} assignments of the distinguishable balls to the labeled bins are equally likely. For q,q, the number of assignments is 20!(4!)5.\frac{20!}{(4!)^5}.

For p,p, choose the bin with 33 balls and the bin with 55 balls in 545\cdot4 ways. The number of assignments is then 5420!3!5!(4!)3.5\cdot4\cdot\frac{20!}{3!5!(4!)^3}.

The common probability denominator cancels, so pq=20(4!)23!5!=2045=16.\frac pq=20\cdot\frac{(4!)^2}{3!5!}=20\cdot\frac45=16.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

22.

一个底面半径为 55、高为 1212 的直圆锥内有三个全等球,半径均为 rr。每个球都与另外两个球相切,并且也与圆锥的底面和侧面相切。求 rr

Inside a right circular cone with base radius 55 and height 1212 are three congruent spheres each with radius r.r. Each sphere is tangent to the other two spheres and also tangent to the base and side of the cone. What is r?r?

32\dfrac{3}{2}

9040311\dfrac{90-40\sqrt{3}}{11}

22

14425344\dfrac{144-25\sqrt{3}}{44}

52\dfrac{5}{2}

难度评级:2300
小提示:

三个球心在底面上方组成一个等边三角形。

The sphere centers form an equilateral triangle above the base

大提示:

在轴截面中,圆锥侧边所在直线为 12ρ+5z=6012\rho+5z=60

In an axial cross-section, the cone side is 12ρ+5z=6012\rho+5z=60

解答:

令圆锥底面在平面 z=0z=0,底心在原点,顶点在 zz-轴上。三个球心组成边长为 2r2r 的等边三角形,所以其中一个球心可取为离圆锥轴的水平距离 2r3\frac{2r}{\sqrt3}、高度为 rr

在轴截面中,圆锥侧边所在直线为 12ρ+5z=6012\rho+5z=60,其中 ρ\rho 是到轴的水平距离。该球心坐标为 (2r3,r)\left(\frac{2r}{\sqrt3},r\right),到这条直线的距离必须为 rr,所以 r=60122r35r13r=\frac{60-12\cdot\frac{2r}{\sqrt3}-5r}{13}\text{。}

因此 (18+83)r=60(18+8\sqrt3)r=60,所以 r=6018+83=9040311r=\frac{60}{18+8\sqrt3}=\frac{90-40\sqrt3}{11}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let the cone have base in the plane z=0,z=0, center at the origin, and vertex on the zz-axis. The centers of the three spheres form an equilateral triangle of side 2r,2r, so one sphere center may be taken at horizontal distance 2r3\frac{2r}{\sqrt3} from the cone axis and height rr above the base.

In the axial cross-section through that center and the cone axis, the side of the cone is the line 12ρ+5z=60,12\rho+5z=60, where ρ\rho is horizontal distance from the axis. The distance from (2r3,r)\left(\frac{2r}{\sqrt3},r\right) to this line must be rr: r=60122r35r13.r=\frac{60-12\cdot\frac{2r}{\sqrt3}-5r}{13}.

Thus (18+83)r=60,(18+8\sqrt3)r=60, so r=6018+83=9040311.r=\frac{60}{18+8\sqrt3}=\frac{90-40\sqrt3}{11}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

23.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f1(n)f_1(n)nn 的正因数个数的两倍;对于 j2j \ge 2,令 fj(n)=f1(fj1(n))f_j(n) = f_1(f_{j-1}(n))。有多少个 n50n \le 50 满足 f50(n)=12f_{50}(n) = 12

For each positive integer n,n, let f1(n)f_1(n) be twice the number of positive integer divisors of n,n, and for j2,j \ge 2, let fj(n)=f1(fj1(n)).f_j(n) = f_1(f_{j-1}(n)). For how many values of n50n \le 50 is f50(n)=12?f_{50}(n) = 12?

77

88

99

1010

1111

难度评级:2130
小提示:

f1(n)=12f_1(n)=12 表示 nn66 个因数。

f1(n)=12f_1(n)=12 means nn has 66 divisors

大提示:

还要检查 f1(n)=18f_1(n)=182020,因为它们下一步会映到 1212

Also check f1(n)=18f_1(n)=18 or 20,20, since those map to 1212 next

解答:

数值 1212 是固定点,因为 121266 个正因数,所以 f1(12)=12f_1(12)=12

先找所有满足 n50n\le50f1(n)=12f_1(n)=12nn,也就是有 66 个因数的数:12,18,20,28,32,44,45,5012,18,20,28,32,44,45,50\text{。}

再检查 f1(n)f_1(n) 在到达 1212 之前能否取到上述其他值。由于 f1(n)f_1(n) 是因数个数的两倍,列表中只有 18182020 有用,分别表示 nn991010 个因数。

n50n\le50,额外的可能为 3636(有 99 个因数)和 4848(有 1010 个因数)。因此共有 8+2=108+2=10nn

所以正确答案是 D

The value 1212 is fixed by the function, since 1212 has 66 positive divisors and therefore f1(12)=12.f_1(12)=12.

First find all n50n\le50 with f1(n)=12,f_1(n)=12, meaning nn has 66 divisors. These are 12,18,20,28,32,44,45,50.12,18,20,28,32,44,45,50.

Now check whether f1(n)f_1(n) can be one of these values before reaching 12.12. Since f1(n)f_1(n) is twice a divisor count, the only useful possibilities in that list are 1818 and 20,20, meaning nn has 99 or 1010 divisors.

For n50,n\le50, the additional possibilities are 36,36, which has 99 divisors, and 48,48, which has 1010 divisors. Therefore there are 8+2=108+2=10 values of n.n.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

24.

一个立方体的 1212 条棱各被标为 0011。即使一个标法可由另一个标法通过一次或多次旋转和/或反射得到,这两个标法仍视为不同。有多少种这样的标法,使得立方体 66 个面中每个面的四条边标签和都等于 22

Each of the 1212 edges of a cube is labeled 00 or 1.1. Two labelings are considered different even if one can be obtained from the other by a sequence of one or more rotations and/or reflections. For how many such labelings is the sum of the labels on the edges of each of the 66 faces of the cube equal to 2?2?

88

1010

1212

1616

2020

难度评级:2390
小提示:

先标定一个面,并按相对棱的标签分类。

Label one face first and split by opposite edge labels

大提示:

选定相邻棱后,其余标签会被各面和的条件强制确定。

Chosen adjacent edges force the remaining labels through face sums

解答:

先标记一个面为 ABCDABCD。每个面必须包含两个 00 和两个 11,所以先按 ABCDABCD 四条棱的标签模式分类。

情形 11ABCDABCD 的相对棱标签相同。ABCDABCD 上有 22 种这样的模式;任选一条竖直棱(如 AEAE)的标签后,其余标签都被确定。因此共有 22=42\cdot2=4 种标法。

情形 22ABCDABCD 的相对棱标签不同。ABCDABCD 上有 44 种这样的模式;对每种模式,相邻两条竖直棱的标签有 44 种选择,其余标签随即确定。因此共有 44=164\cdot4=16 种标法。

总数为 4+16=204+16=20

所以正确答案是 E

Label one face ABCD.ABCD. Each face must contain two 00s and two 11s, so first split by the pattern on the four edges of ABCD.ABCD.

Case 1:1: opposite edges of ABCDABCD have the same label. There are 22 such patterns on ABCD.ABCD. For either pattern, once the label of one vertical edge, say AE,AE, is chosen, the face-sum conditions force all remaining labels. This gives 22=42\cdot2=4 labelings.

Case 2:2: opposite edges of ABCDABCD have different labels. There are 44 such patterns on ABCD.ABCD. For each, the labels of two adjacent vertical edges may be chosen in 44 ways, and then the remaining labels are forced by the face-sum conditions. This gives 44=164\cdot4=16 labelings.

The total is 4+16=20.4+16=20.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

25.

一个首项系数为 11、实系数的二次多项式 p(x)p(x) 称为 无礼的,如果方程 p(p(x))=0p(p(x))=0 恰好有三个实数解。在所有无礼的二次多项式中,存在唯一一个多项式 p~(x)\tilde{p}(x),使其根之和最大。求 p~(1)\tilde{p}(1)

A quadratic polynomial p(x)p(x) with real coefficients and leading coefficient 11 is called disrespectful if the equation p(p(x))=0p(p(x))=0 is satisfied by exactly three real numbers. Among all the disrespectful quadratic polynomials, there is a unique such polynomial p~(x)\tilde{p}(x) for which the sum of the roots is maximized. What is p~(1)?\tilde{p}(1)?

516\dfrac{5}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

11

98\dfrac{9}{8}

难度评级:2480
小提示:

r,sr,spp 的根,分别解 p(x)=rp(x)=rp(x)=sp(x)=s

If r,sr,s are roots of p,p, solve p(x)=rp(x)=r and p(x)=sp(x)=s

大提示:

这两个二次方程中恰有一个必须判别式为 00

Exactly one of those quadratics must have discriminant 00

解答:

这个多项式必须有两个不同的实根:如果只有一个重实根,则 p(p(x))=0p(p(x))=0 至多有两个实数解;如果没有实根,则没有实数解。设它的两个根为 rrss,则 p(x)=(xr)(xs)=x2(r+s)x+rs \begin{aligned} p(x) &=(x-r)(x-s) \\ &=x^2-(r+s)x+rs \end{aligned}\text{。}方程 p(p(x))=0p(p(x))=0 等价于 p(x)=rp(x)=rp(x)=sp(x)=s

要恰好有三个实数解,其中一个二次方程必须有重根,另一个必须有两个不同实根。设 p(x)=rp(x)=r 有重根。它的判别式为 (r+s)24(rsr)=(rs)2+4r \begin{aligned} &(r+s)^2-4(rs-r) \\ &=(r-s)^2+4r \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 (rs)2=4r(r-s)^2=-4r,从而 r0r\le0

另一个方程 p(x)=sp(x)=s 的判别式为 (rs)2+4s(r-s)^2+4s =4r+4s=-4r+4s =4(sr)=4(s-r),且必须为正。因此 s>rs\gt r,所以 rs=2rr-s=-2\sqrt{-r},即 s=r+2rs=r+2\sqrt{-r}

根之和为 r+s=2r+2rr+s=2r+2\sqrt{-r}。令 u=ru=\sqrt{-r},则该和为 2u2+2u-2u^2+2u,在 u=12u=\frac{1}{2} 时最大。因此 r=14r=-\frac{1}{4}s=34s=\frac{3}{4}

于是得到多项式 p(x)=x212x316p(x)=x^2-\frac{1}{2}x-\frac{3}{16},并且 p(1)=112316=516p(1)=1-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{3}{16}=\frac{5}{16}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The polynomial must have two distinct real roots: a repeated real root produces at most two real solutions of p(p(x))=0,p(p(x))=0, while nonreal roots produce none. Let its roots be rr and s,s, so p(x)=(xr)(xs)=x2(r+s)x+rs. \begin{aligned} p(x) &=(x-r)(x-s) \\ &=x^2-(r+s)x+rs. \end{aligned} The equation p(p(x))=0p(p(x))=0 is equivalent to p(x)=rp(x)=r or p(x)=s.p(x)=s.

For exactly three real solutions, one of these two quadratic equations must have a double root and the other must have two distinct real roots. Suppose p(x)=rp(x)=r has the double root. Its discriminant is (r+s)24(rsr)=(rs)2+4r, \begin{aligned} &(r+s)^2-4(rs-r) \\ &=(r-s)^2+4r, \end{aligned} so (rs)2=4r,(r-s)^2=-4r, forcing r0.r\le0.

The other equation, p(x)=s,p(x)=s, has discriminant (rs)2+4s(r-s)^2+4s =4r+4s=-4r+4s =4(sr),=4(s-r), which must be positive. Hence s>r,s\gt r, so rs=2rr-s=-2\sqrt{-r} and s=r+2r.s=r+2\sqrt{-r}.

The sum of the roots is r+s=2r+2r.r+s=2r+2\sqrt{-r}. Let u=r,u=\sqrt{-r}, so this is 2u2+2u,-2u^2+2u, maximized at u=12.u=\frac{1}{2}. Thus r=14r=-\frac{1}{4} and s=34.s=\frac{3}{4}.

Therefore p(x)=x212x316,p(x)=x^2-\frac{1}{2}x-\frac{3}{16}, and p(1)=112316=516.p(1)=1-\frac{1}{2}-\frac{3}{16}=\frac{5}{16}.

Thus, A is the correct answer.