2014 AMC 10B 第 25 题

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

25.

一个小池塘中有十一片睡莲叶排成一行,标号为 001010。一只青蛙坐在 11 号叶上。当青蛙在 NN 号叶上且 0<N<100 < N < 10 时,它以概率 N10\frac{N}{10} 跳到 N1N-1 号叶,以概率 1N101-\frac{N}{10} 跳到 N+1N+1 号叶。每次跳跃相互独立。

若青蛙到达 00 号叶,它会被一条耐心等待的蛇吃掉。若青蛙到达 1010 号叶,它会离开池塘且不再回来。青蛙不被蛇吃掉而逃脱的概率是多少?

In a small pond there are eleven lily pads in a row labeled 00 through 10.10. A frog is sitting on pad 1.1. When the frog is on pad N,N, where 0<N<10,0 < N < 10, it will jump to pad N1N-1 with probability N10\frac{N}{10} and to pad N+1N+1 with probability 1N10.1-\frac{N}{10}. Each jump is independent of the previous jumps.

If the frog reaches pad 00 it will be eaten by a patiently waiting snake. If the frog reaches pad 1010 it will exit the pond, never to return. What is the probability that the frog will escape without being eaten by the snake?

3279\dfrac{32}{79}

161384\dfrac{161}{384}

63146\dfrac{63}{146}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:C
知识点:随机游走递推概率对称性
难度评级:2440
解答:

pip_i 为从第 ii 片叶开始最终逃脱的概率。边界条件为 p0=0p_0=0p10=1p_{10}=1,由对称性 p5=12p_5=\frac12

1i41\le i\le 4,有递推式 pi=i10pi1+10i10pi+1p_i=\frac{i}{10}p_{i-1}+\frac{10-i}{10}p_{i+1}

p5=12p_5=\frac12 向下推,得到 p4=25p3+310p_4=\frac25p_3+\frac3{10}p3=310p2+710p4=512p2+724p_3=\frac3{10}p_2+\frac7{10}p_4=\frac5{12}p_2+\frac7{24}

接着可得 p2=15p1+45p3=310p1+720p_2=\frac15p_1+\frac45p_3=\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20},而 p1=910p2p_1=\frac9{10}p_2

代入 p2p_2 的表达式,得到 p1=910(310p1+720)p_1=\frac9{10}\left(\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}\right),所以 p1=63146p_1=\frac{63}{146}

所以正确答案是 C

Let pip_i be the probability that the frog eventually escapes starting from pad ii. Then p0=0p_0=0, p10=1p_{10}=1, and by symmetry p5=12p_5=\frac12.

For 1i41\le i\le 4, pi=i10pi1+10i10pi+1p_i=\frac{i}{10}p_{i-1}+\frac{10-i}{10}p_{i+1}.

Working downward from p5=12p_5=\frac12, we get p4=25p3+310p_4=\frac25p_3+\frac3{10}, then p3=310p2+710p4=512p2+724p_3=\frac3{10}p_2+\frac7{10}p_4=\frac5{12}p_2+\frac7{24}.

Next p2=15p1+45p3=310p1+720p_2=\frac15p_1+\frac45p_3=\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}. Finally p1=910p2p_1=\frac9{10}p_2.

Substituting the expression for p2p_2 gives p1=910(310p1+720)p_1=\frac9{10}\left(\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}\right), so p1=63146p_1=\frac{63}{146}.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

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