2021 AMC 10B Spring 第 25 题

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25.

SS 是坐标平面中的格点集合,其中两个坐标都是从 113030 的整数。恰有 300300SS 中的点位于直线 y=mxy=mx 上或其下方。所有可能的 mm 值构成一个长度为 ab\frac ab 的区间,其中 aabb 是互质正整数。a+ba+b 等于多少?

Let SS be the set of lattice points in the coordinate plane, both of whose coordinates are integers between 11 and 30,30, inclusive. Exactly 300300 points in SS lie on or below a line with equation y=mx.y=mx. The possible values of mm lie in an interval of length ab,\frac ab, where aa and bb are relatively prime positive integers. What is a+b?a+b?

3131

4747

6262

7272

8585

答案:E
知识点:格点取整函数
难度评级:2390
小提示:

在相关的斜率附近,点数为 x=130mx\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor mx\rfloor

Near the relevant slopes, the number of points is x=130mx\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor mx\rfloor

大提示:

找到第 300300 个格点比值对应的斜率,以及下一个更大的可能比值。

Find the slope where the 300300th lattice-point ratio occurs and the next larger possible ratio

解答:

对固定斜率 mm,集合 SS 中位于 y=mxy=mx 上或下方的点数为

x=130mx\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor mx\rfloor\text{,}

这适用于答案附近的斜率。

m=23m=\frac23 时,把 x=3k+1,3k+2,3k+3x=3k+1,3k+2,3k+3 分组,其中 k=0,1,,9k=0,1,\ldots,9。于是

2x3=2k, 2k+1, 2k+2\lfloor \frac{2x}{3}\rfloor=2k,\ 2k+1, \ 2k+2\text{,}

每个区块上的和为 6k+36k+3。因此总数为

k=09(6k+3)=270+30=300\sum_{k=0}^9(6k+3)=270+30=300\text{。}

m<23m<\frac23,十个比值 yx=23\frac{y}{x}=\frac{2}{3} 的点不再被计入,所以点数小于 300300。因此区间下端为 23\frac23

下一个大于 23\frac23 的可能比值 yx\frac{y}{x},在 1x,y301\le x,y\le30 下可按 xx33 检查。最佳候选为

1928,2029,2130=710\frac{19}{28},\qquad \frac{20}{29},\qquad \frac{21}{30}=\frac{7}{10}\text{,}

其中最小的是 1928\frac{19}{28}。因此区间长度为

192823=184\frac{19}{28}-\frac23=\frac1{84}\text{。}

所以 a+b=1+84=85a+b=1+84=85

所以答案是 E

For a fixed slope m,m, the number of points in SS on or below y=mxy=mx is

x=130mx,\sum_{x=1}^{30}\lfloor mx\rfloor,

for the slopes near the answer.

At m=23,m=\frac23, grouping x=3k+1,3k+2,3k+3x=3k+1,3k+2,3k+3 for k=0,1,,9k=0,1,\ldots,9 gives

2x3=2k, 2k+1, 2k+2,\lfloor \frac{2x}{3}\rfloor=2k,\ 2k+1, \ 2k+2,

whose sum over each block is 6k+3.6k+3. Thus the total is

k=09(6k+3)=270+30=300.\sum_{k=0}^9(6k+3)=270+30=300.

If m<23,m<\frac23, the ten points with ratios yx=23\frac{y}{x}=\frac{2}{3} are no longer counted, so the count is less than 300.300. Therefore the lower end is 23.\frac23.

The next possible ratio yx\frac{y}{x} greater than 23,\frac23, with 1x,y30,1\le x,y\le30, is minimized by checking xx modulo 3.3. The best candidates are

1928,2029,2130=710,\frac{19}{28},\qquad \frac{20}{29},\qquad \frac{21}{30}=\frac{7}{10},

and the smallest is 1928.\frac{19}{28}. Hence the interval length is

192823=184.\frac{19}{28}-\frac23=\frac1{84}.

Thus a+b=1+84=85.a+b=1+84=85.

Thus, the answer is E .

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