2014 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

Leah 有 1313 枚硬币,全部是一美分硬币和五美分硬币。如果她再多一枚五美分硬币,那么两种硬币的数量就相同。Leah 的硬币共值多少美分?

Leah has 1313 coins, all of which are pennies and nickels. If she had one more nickel than she has now, then she would have the same number of pennies and nickels. In cents, how much are Leah’s coins worth?

3333

3535

3737

3939

4141

答案:C
知识点:一次方程钱币
难度评级:560
小提示:

把“再多一枚五美分硬币”转化成关于两种硬币数量的方程。

Translate the nickel condition into an equation for pennies and nickels

大提示:

求出两种硬币数量后,使用总数 1313

Use the total of 1313 coins after finding the two counts

解答:

设一美分硬币有 pp 枚,则五美分硬币有 13p13-p 枚;按题意,五美分硬币数也等于 p1p-1,所以 13p=p113-p=p-1。因此有 77 枚一美分硬币和 66 枚五美分硬币。

硬币的总价值为 7+65=377+6\cdot 5=37 美分。

所以正确答案是 C

Let the number of pennies be p.p. Then, the number of nickels is 13p13-p and p1,p-1, so 13p=p1.13-p=p-1. This means we have 77 pennies and 66 nickels.

Therefore, the number of cents is 7+65=37.7+6\cdot 5=37.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

2.

23+2323+23\dfrac{2^3 + 2^3}{2^{-3} + 2^{-3}}

What is 23+2323+23?\dfrac{2^3 + 2^3}{2^{-3} + 2^{-3}}?

1616

2424

3232

4848

6464

答案:E
知识点:指数
难度评级:870
小提示:

分子和分母都提取公因数 22

Factor the common 22 from the numerator and denominator

大提示:

同底数 22 的幂相除时,指数相减。

Dividing powers of 22 means subtracting exponents

解答:

23+2323+23=223223=26=64\begin{aligned} \dfrac{2^3 + 2^3}{2^{-3} + 2^{-3}} &= \dfrac{2\cdot 2^3}{2\cdot 2^{-3}} \\&=2^6 \\&= 64 \end{aligned}

所以正确答案是 E

23+2323+23=223223=26=64\begin{aligned} \dfrac{2^3 + 2^3}{2^{-3} + 2^{-3}} &= \dfrac{2\cdot 2^3}{2\cdot 2^{-3}} \\&=2^6 \\&= 64 \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E .

3.

Randy 旅程的前三分之一是在碎石路上行驶,接着在铺装路上行驶 2020 英里,剩下的五分之一在土路上行驶。Randy 的旅程总长多少英里?

Randy drove the first third of his trip on a gravel road, the next 2020 miles on pavement, and the remaining one-fifth on a dirt road. In miles, how long was Randy’s trip?

3030

40011\dfrac{400}{11}

752\dfrac{75}{2}

4040

3007\dfrac{300}{7}

答案:E
知识点:分数一次方程
难度评级:900
小提示:

铺装路部分是减去碎石路和土路比例后剩下的部分。

The paved part is what remains after the gravel and dirt fractions

大提示:

令全程的 715\frac7{15} 等于 2020

Set 715\frac7{15} of the trip equal to 2020

解答:

设全程为 tt 英里,则 t=t5+20+t3t=20+8t15715t=20t=3007\begin{aligned}t &= \dfrac t5 + 20 + \dfrac t3 \\ t &= 20 + \dfrac {8t}{15} \\ \dfrac 7{15} t &= 20\\ t &= \dfrac{300}7\end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Let the path distance be t.t. Then, we get: t=t5+20+t3t=20+8t15715t=20t=3007.\begin{aligned}t &= \dfrac t5 + 20 + \dfrac t3 \\ t &= 20 + \dfrac {8t}{15} \\ \dfrac 7{15} t &= 20\\ t &= \dfrac{300}7.\end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E .

4.

Susie 买了 44 个松饼和 33 根香蕉。Calvin 买了 22 个松饼和 1616 根香蕉,花费是 Susie 的两倍。一个松饼的价格是香蕉的多少倍?

Susie pays for 44 muffins and 33 bananas. Calvin spends twice as much paying for 22 muffins and 1616 bananas. A muffin is how many times as expensive as a banana?

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

74\dfrac{7}{4}

22

134\dfrac{13}{4}

答案:B
难度评级:960
小提示:

设松饼和香蕉的价格为变量。

Let the muffin and banana prices be variables

大提示:

先使用 Calvin 花费是 Susie 两倍这个条件,再求价格比。

Use Calvin spent twice Susie’s amount before solving the ratio

解答:

设一个松饼价格为 mm,一根香蕉价格为 bb2(4m+3b)=16b+2m8m+6b=16b+2m10b=6mm=53b\begin{aligned} 2(4m+3b) &= 16b + 2m\\ 8m+6b &= 16b + 2m \\ 10b &= 6m\\ m &= \dfrac 53 b\end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let the price for a muffin be mm and let the price for a banana be b.b. Then, 2(4m+3b)=16b+2m8m+6b=16b+2m10b=6mm=53b.\begin{aligned} 2(4m+3b) &= 16b + 2m\\ 8m+6b &= 16b + 2m \\ 10b &= 6m\\ m &= \dfrac 53 b.\end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B .

5.

Doug 用 88 块大小相同的玻璃片制作一个正方形窗户,如图所示。每块玻璃片的高宽比为 5:25 : 2 ,玻璃片周围和之间的边框宽度都是 22 英寸。这个正方形窗户的边长是多少英寸?

Doug constructs a square window using 8 8 equal-size panes of glass, as shown. The ratio of the height to width for each pane is 5:2, 5 : 2 , and the borders around and between the panes are 2 2 inches wide. In inches, what is the side length of the square window?

 26\ 26

 28\ 28

 30\ 30

 32\ 32

 34\ 34

答案:A
难度评级:1280
小提示:

把每块玻璃片的尺寸写成 5x5x2x2x

Write the pane dimensions as 5x5x by 2x2x

大提示:

分别数横向和纵向的边框宽度,并令正方形两边相等。

Count border widths horizontally and vertically and set the square sides equal

解答:

设每块玻璃的高为 5x5x,宽为 2x2x。竖直方向上,窗户包含两块玻璃的高度和三条横框,所以高度为 10x+610x+6。水平方向上,它包含四块玻璃的宽度和五条竖框,所以宽度为 8x+108x+10

因为窗户是正方形,10x+6=8x+1010x+6=8x+10,所以 x=2x=2

因此边长为 10(2)+6=2610(2)+6=26 英寸。

所以正确答案是 A

Let each pane have height 5x5x and width 2x2x. Vertically, the window contains two pane heights and three horizontal borders, so its height is 10x+610x+6. Horizontally, it contains four pane widths and five vertical borders, so its width is 8x+108x+10.

Because the window is square, 10x+6=8x+1010x+6=8x+10, so x=2x=2.

Therefore, the side length is 10(2)+6=2610(2)+6=26 inches.

Thus, the correct answer is A .

6.

Orvin 去商店时带的钱刚好够买 3030 个气球。到店后,他发现气球正在促销:按原价买 11 个气球,第二个可减价 13\frac{1}{3}。Orvin 最多可以买多少个气球?

Orvin went to the store with just enough money to buy 3030 balloons. When he arrived, he discovered that the store had a special sale on balloons: buy 11 balloon at the regular price and get a second at 13\frac{1}{3} off the regular price. What is the greatest number of balloons Orvin could buy?

3333

3434

3636

3838

3939

答案:C
难度评级:960
小提示:

把每个原价气球和一个折扣气球配成一组。

Pair each full-price balloon with its discounted companion

大提示:

两个气球的促销组合花费等于 53\frac53 个原价气球。

A two-balloon sale pair costs 53\frac53 regular balloons

解答:

每一对气球的价格是一个气球原价的 1+23=531+\frac23=\frac53 倍。

因此,带着刚好够买 3030 个原价气球的钱,Orvin 可以买 3065=3630\cdot\frac65=36 个气球。

所以正确答案是 C

Each pair of balloons costs 1+23=531+\frac23=\frac53 times the regular price of one balloon.

Thus, with the money for 3030 regular-price balloons, Orvin can buy 3065=3630\cdot\frac65=36 balloons.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

7.

假设 A>B>0A > B > 0,且 AABBx%x\%。求 xx

Suppose A>B>0A > B > 0 and AA is x%x\% greater than B.B. What is x?x?

100(ABB)100\left(\frac{A-B}{B}\right)

100(A+BB)100\left(\frac{A+B}{B}\right)

100(A+BA)100\left(\frac{A+B}{A}\right)

100(ABA)100\left(\frac{A-B}{A}\right)

100(AB)100\left(\frac{A}{B}\right)

答案:A
难度评级:870
小提示:

“大百分之几”是相对于较小的值 BB 来衡量的。

Percent greater is measured relative to the smaller value BB

大提示:

先求比例 ABB\frac{A-B}{B}

First find the fraction ABB\frac{A-B}{B}

解答:

由定义可知 A=x+100100BA = \dfrac {x+ 100}{100}B =B+x100B= B + \dfrac x{100}B\text{。}

由此可得 (AB)=x100B100(ABB)=x\begin{aligned} (A-B) &= \dfrac x{100}B\\ 100\left(\dfrac{A-B} B\right) &=x\end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

By definition, we know A=x+100100BA = \dfrac {x+ 100}{100}B =B+x100B.= B + \dfrac x{100}B.

This implies, (AB)=x100B100(ABB)=x.\begin{aligned} (A-B) &= \dfrac x{100}B\\ 100\left(\dfrac{A-B} B\right) &=x.\end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A .

8.

一辆卡车每 tt 秒行驶 b6\dfrac{b}{6} 英尺。33 英尺等于一码。这辆卡车在 33 分钟内行驶多少码?

A truck travels b6\dfrac{b}{6} feet every tt seconds. There are 33 feet in a yard. How many yards does the truck travel in 33 minutes?

b1080t\dfrac{b}{1080t}

30tb\dfrac{30t}{b}

30bt\dfrac{30b}{t}

10tb\dfrac{10t}{b}

10bt\dfrac{10b}{t}

答案:E
知识点:单位换算速率
难度评级:960
小提示:

先把英尺换成码,再按时间放大。

Convert feet to yards before scaling the time

大提示:

三分钟是 180180 秒。

Three minutes is 180180 seconds

解答:

卡车每 tt 秒行驶 b18\dfrac{b}{18} 码,因为 33 英尺等于一码;所以卡车每秒行驶 b18t\dfrac{b}{18t} 码。

33 分钟为 180180 秒,因此行驶 b18t180=10bt\dfrac{b}{18t}\cdot 180 = \dfrac {10b}t\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

This means it travels b18\dfrac{b}{18} yards in tt seconds since a yard is 33 feet. Then, in one second, it travels b18t\dfrac{b}{18t} yards.

Therefore, in 33 minutes which is 180180 seconds, it travels b18t180=10bt.\dfrac{b}{18t}\cdot 180 = \dfrac {10b}t.

Thus, the correct answer is E .

9.

对实数 w w z z 1w+1z1w1z=2014 \cfrac{\frac{1}{w} + \frac{1}{z}}{\frac{1}{w} - \frac{1}{z}} = 2014\text{。} w+zwz \frac{w+z}{w-z} 的值。

For real numbers w w and z, z , 1w+1z1w1z=2014. \cfrac{\frac{1}{w} + \frac{1}{z}}{\frac{1}{w} - \frac{1}{z}} = 2014. What is w+zwz? \frac{w+z}{w-z} ?

2014-2014

12014\dfrac{-1}{2014}

12014\dfrac{1}{2014}

11

20142014

答案:A
知识点:代数变形分数
难度评级:1020
小提示:

分子和分母同乘 wzwz,消去小分数。

Clear the tiny fractions by multiplying numerator and denominator by wzwz

大提示:

注意 zwz-wwzw-z 之间的符号变化。

Watch the sign change between zwz-w and wzw-z

解答:

分子和分母同乘后,得到 wzwz1w+1z1w1z=2014w+zzw=2014w+zwz=12014w+zwz=2014\begin{aligned} \dfrac{wz}{wz}\cdot \dfrac{\frac{1}{w} + \frac{1}{z}}{\frac{1}{w} - \frac{1}{z}} &= 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{z-w} &= 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{w-z} &= -1\cdot 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{w-z}&=-2014\end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Observe that: wzwz1w+1z1w1z=2014w+zzw=2014w+zwz=12014w+zwz=2014.\begin{aligned} \dfrac{wz}{wz}\cdot \dfrac{\frac{1}{w} + \frac{1}{z}}{\frac{1}{w} - \frac{1}{z}} &= 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{z-w} &= 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{w-z} &= -1\cdot 2014\\ \dfrac{w+z}{w-z}&=-2014.\end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is A .

10.

在下面的加法中,AABBCCDD 是互不相同的数字。DD 可以有多少个不同的值?ABBCB+ BCADADBDDD\begin{array}{r} ABBCB \\ + \ BCADA \\ \hline DBDDD \end{array}

In the addition shown below A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD are distinct digits. How many different values are possible for D?D? ABBCB+ BCADADBDDD\begin{array}{r} ABBCB \\ + \ BCADA \\ \hline DBDDD \end{array}

22

44

77

88

99

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

竖式加法会迫使 C=0C=0

Column addition forces C=0C=0

大提示:

然后判断哪些数字能作为 D=A+BD=A+B

After that, identify which digits can appear as D=A+BD=A+B

解答:

最左列没有产生第六位进位,所以 A+B=D9A+B=D\le 9

个位列也是 B+A=DB+A=D,所以个位列也没有进位。十位列给出 C+D=DC+D=D,因此 C=0C=0

因为 AABB 是不同的非零数字,D=A+BD=A+B 可以是从 3399 的任意数字。例如,(A,B)=(1,2)(A,B)=(1,2)(1,3)(1,3)(2,3)(2,3)(2,4)(2,4)(2,5)(2,5)(2,6)(2,6)(2,7)(2,7) 分别给出 D=3,4,5,6,7,8,9D=3,4,5,6,7,8,9

所以 DD77 个可能值,正确答案是 C

From the leftmost column, there is no carry into a sixth digit, so A+B=D9A+B=D\le 9.

The units column is B+A=DB+A=D, so it also has no carry. The tens column then gives C+D=DC+D=D, hence C=0C=0.

Since AA and BB are distinct nonzero digits, D=A+BD=A+B can be any digit from 33 through 99. For example, (A,B)=(1,2),(A,B)=(1,2), (1,3),(1,3), (2,3),(2,3), (2,4),(2,4), (2,5),(2,5), (2,6),(2,6), (2,7)(2,7) give D=3,4,5,6,7,8,9D=3,4,5,6,7,8,9.

Thus there are 77 possible values of DD, and the correct answer is C .

11.

对消费者来说,单次 n%n\% 折扣比下面任何一种折扣都更划算:

(1)(1) 连续两次 15%15\% 折扣;

(2)(2) 连续三次 10%10\% 折扣;

(3)(3)25%25\% 折扣,再 5%5\% 折扣。

nn 的最小正整数值是多少?

For the consumer, a single discount of n%n\% is more advantageous than any of the following discounts:

(1)(1) Two successive 15%15\% discounts.

(2)(2) Three successive 10%10\% discounts.

(3)(3) A 25%25\% discount followed by a 5%5\% discount.

What is the smallest possible positive integer value of n?n?

  27\ \ 27

 28\ 28

 29\ 29

 31\ 31

 33\ 33

答案:C
知识点:百分数不等式
难度评级:1540
小提示:

把每组叠加折扣转化为最终支付原价的比例。

Convert each stacked discount into the final fraction of the price paid

大提示:

单次折扣必须超过三种有效折扣中的最大者。

The single discount must exceed the largest of the three effective discounts

解答:

三种连续折扣方案分别使顾客支付标价的 0.852=0.7225,0.93=0.729,0.75(0.95)=0.7125 \begin{aligned} 0.85^2&=0.7225,\\ 0.9^3&=0.729,\\ 0.75(0.95)&=0.7125 \end{aligned} 倍。因此它们的实际折扣分别为 27.75%27.75\%27.1%27.1\%28.75%28.75\%

单次 n%n\% 折扣必须大于这三个折扣,所以 n>28.75n>28.75。符合条件的最小正整数是 2929

所以正确答案是 C

The three successive-discount plans leave the customer paying 0.852=0.7225,0.93=0.729,0.75(0.95)=0.7125 \begin{aligned} 0.85^2&=0.7225,\\ 0.9^3&=0.729,\\ 0.75(0.95)&=0.7125 \end{aligned} times the listed price. Their effective discounts are therefore 27.75%27.75\%, 27.1%27.1\%, and 28.75%28.75\%.

A single n%n\% discount must exceed all three, so n>28.75n>28.75. The smallest positive integer that works is 2929.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

12.

2,014,000,0002{,}014{,}000{,}000 的最大因数是它本身。它的第五大因数是多少?

The largest divisor of 2,014,000,0002{,}014{,}000{,}000 is itself. What is its fifth-largest divisor?

125,875,000125{,}875{,}000

201,400,000201{,}400{,}000

251,750,000251{,}750{,}000

402,800,000402{,}800{,}000

503,500,000503{,}500{,}000

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

第五大因数与第五小因数配对。

The fifth largest divisor pairs with the fifth smallest divisor

大提示:

从素因数分解中列出最小的几个因数。

List the smallest divisors from the prime factorization

解答:

第五大因数等于 2,014,000,0002,014,000,000 除以第五小因数。

2,014,000,0002,014,000,000 的素因数分解为 275619532^7\cdot 5^6 \cdot 19\cdot 53\text{。} 最小的 55 个因数是 1,2,4,5,81,2,4,5,8。所以第五小因数为 88,第五大因数为 20140000008=251750000\dfrac{2014000000}8 =251750000\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The fifth-largest divisor is 2,014,000,0002,014,000,000 divided by the fifth smallest divisor.

The prime factorization of 2,014,000,0002,014,000,000 is: 27561953.2^7\cdot 5^6 \cdot 19\cdot 53. This makes the first 55 smallest divisors 1,2,4,5,8.1,2,4,5,8. Therefore, the fifth smallest divisor is 8,8, and the fifth largest divisor must be: 20140000008=251750000.\dfrac{2014000000}8 =251750000.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

13.

六个正六边形围绕一个边长为 11 的正六边形,如图所示。求 ABC\triangle{ABC} 的面积。

Six regular hexagons surround a regular hexagon of side length 11 as shown. What is the area of ABC?\triangle{ABC}?

232\sqrt{3}

333\sqrt{3}

1+321+3\sqrt{2}

2+232+2\sqrt{3}

3+233+2\sqrt{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1480
小提示:

利用正六边形的角度求出 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长。

Use the regular hexagon angles to find the side of ABC\triangle ABC

大提示:

得到的三角形是等边三角形。

The resulting triangle is equilateral

解答:

沿着单位正六边形构成的 6060^\circ 网格建立坐标,取 A=(0,0)A=(0,0)。于是图中标出的另外两个顶点可以写成 B=(3,3)B=(3,\sqrt3)C=(3,3)C=(3,-\sqrt3)

因此 BC=23BC=2\sqrt3,且 AB=AC=32+(3)2=23 \begin{aligned} AB=AC&=\sqrt{3^2+(\sqrt3)^2}\\ &=2\sqrt3 \end{aligned}\text{。} 于是 ABC\triangle ABC 是等边三角形,面积为 (23)234=33 \frac{(2\sqrt3)^2\sqrt3}{4}=3\sqrt3\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Follow the 6060^\circ grid formed by the unit hexagons and place A=(0,0)A=(0,0). The marked vertices may then be written as B=(3,3)B=(3,\sqrt3) and C=(3,3)C=(3,-\sqrt3).

Thus BC=23BC=2\sqrt3, and AB=AC=32+(3)2=23. \begin{aligned} AB=AC&=\sqrt{3^2+(\sqrt3)^2}\\ &=2\sqrt3. \end{aligned} Hence ABC\triangle ABC is equilateral, with area (23)234=33. \frac{(2\sqrt3)^2\sqrt3}{4}=3\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

14.

Danica 开着新车旅行了整数小时,平均速度为 5555 英里每小时。旅行开始时,里程表显示 abcabc 英里,其中 abcabc33 位数,a1a\ge1,且 a+b+c7a+b+c\le7。旅行结束时,里程表显示 cbacba 英里。求 a2+b2+c2a^2+b^2+c^2 的值。

Danica drove her new car on a trip for a whole number of hours, averaging 5555 miles per hour. At the beginning of the trip, abcabc miles was displayed on the odometer, where abcabc is a 33-digit number with a1a\ge1 and a+b+c7.a+b+c\le7. At the end of the trip, the odometer showed cbacba miles. What is a2+b2+c2?a^2+b^2+c^2?

2626

2727

3636

3737

4141

答案:D
知识点:数字整除性
难度评级:1540
小提示:

里程表变化为 99(ca)99(c-a)

The odometer change is 99(ca)99(c-a)

大提示:

这个变化也必须是 5555 的倍数。

It must also be a multiple of 5555

解答:

里程表读数 cbacbaabcabc 之差为 100c+10b+a100a10bc100c + 10b+a - 100a - 10b-c =99(ca)= 99(c-a)\text{,}而这个差必须是 5555 的倍数。因为 gcd(55,99)\gcd(55,99)1111,所以 cac-a55 的倍数,且 c>ac > a

a+b+c7a+ b+c \leq 7 的限制下,唯一可能是 a=1,b=0,c=6a = 1, b = 0, c = 6,其他组合都会有 a+b+c>7a+b+c > 7。因此 a2+b2+c2=37a^2+b^2+c^2 = 37

所以正确答案是 D

We know that the difference of the numbers cbacba and abcabc is equal to: 100c+10b+a100a10bc100c + 10b+a - 100a - 10b-c =99(ca)= 99(c-a) We know that this number also must be a multiple of 55.55. As gcd(55,99)\gcd(55,99) is 11,11, we know that cac-a is a multiple of 5,5, and c>a.c > a.

This makes a=1,b=0,c=6a = 1, b = 0, c = 6 the only possible value with a+b+c7a+ b+c \leq 7 as every other combination has a+b+c>7.a+b+c > 7. As such, a2+b2+c2=37.a^2+b^2+c^2 = 37.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

15.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,DC=2CBDC = 2 \cdot CB,点 EEFFAB\overline{AB} 上,使得 ED\overline{ED}FD\overline{FD} 如图三等分 ADC\angle ADC。求 DEF\triangle DEF 的面积与长方形 ABCDABCD 面积之比。

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, DC=2CBDC = 2 \cdot CB and points EE and FF lie on AB\overline{AB} so that ED\overline{ED} and FD\overline{FD} trisect ADC\angle ADC as shown. What is the ratio of the area of DEF\triangle DEF to the area of rectangle ABCD?ABCD?

  36\ \ \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{6}

 68\ \dfrac{\sqrt{6}}{8}

 3316\ \dfrac{3\sqrt{3}}{16}

 13\ \dfrac{1}{3}

 24\ \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

答案:A
难度评级:1660
小提示:

使用从 DD 出发的 3030^\circ6060^\circ 射线。

Use the 3030^\circ and 6060^\circ rays from DD

大提示:

求出 EFEF,再比较三角形和长方形面积。

Find EFEF, then compare triangle and rectangle areas

解答:

AD=hAD=h。因为 DC=AB=2hDC=AB=2h,所以长方形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 2h22h^2

射线 DEDEDFDFDCDC 的夹角分别为 6060^\circ3030^\circ

因此 AE=htan30=h3AE=h\tan30^\circ=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}AF=htan60=h3AF=h\tan60^\circ=h\sqrt3\text{。}

于是 EF=AFAE=h3h3=2h33\begin{aligned}EF&=AF-AE\\&=h\sqrt3-\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}\\&=\dfrac{2h\sqrt3}{3}\end{aligned}\text{。} DEF\triangle DEF 的面积为 12EFh=h233\dfrac12\cdot EF\cdot h=\dfrac{h^2\sqrt3}{3}\text{。}

所求面积比为 h2332h2=36\dfrac{\frac{h^2\sqrt3}{3}}{2h^2}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}\text{。} 所以正确答案是 A

Let AD=h.AD=h. Since DC=AB=2h,DC=AB=2h, the area of rectangle ABCDABCD is 2h2.2h^2.

The rays DEDE and DFDF make angles of 6060^\circ and 30,30^\circ, respectively, with DC.DC.

Therefore, AE=htan30=h3AE=h\tan30^\circ=\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3} and AF=htan60=h3.AF=h\tan60^\circ=h\sqrt3.

Hence EF=AFAE=h3h3=2h33.\begin{aligned}EF&=AF-AE\\&=h\sqrt3-\dfrac{h}{\sqrt3}\\&=\dfrac{2h\sqrt3}{3}.\end{aligned} The area of DEF\triangle DEF is 12EFh=h233.\dfrac12\cdot EF\cdot h=\dfrac{h^2\sqrt3}{3}.

The desired ratio is h2332h2=36.\dfrac{\frac{h^2\sqrt3}{3}}{2h^2}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}. Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

掷四枚公平的六面骰子。至少三枚骰子显示相同点数的概率是多少?

Four fair six-sided dice are rolled. What is the probability that at least three of the four dice show the same value?

136\dfrac{1}{36}

772\dfrac{7}{72}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

536\dfrac{5}{36}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

答案:B
难度评级:1420
小提示:

分别计数恰好三枚相同和四枚全相同。

Count exactly three equal dice and four equal dice separately

大提示:

恰好三枚相同时,选择不同骰子的位置。

For exactly three equal dice, choose the odd die position

解答:

共有 646^4 个等可能有序结果。

恰好三枚相同时,重复点数有 66 种,不同点数有 55 种,不同骰子的位置有 44 种,共 654=1206\cdot5\cdot4=120 种。

四枚全相同有 66 种。

所求概率为 120+664=1261296=772\frac{120+6}{6^4}=\frac{126}{1296}=\frac7{72}

所以正确答案是 B

There are 646^4 equally likely ordered outcomes.

If exactly three dice show the same value, choose the repeated value in 66 ways, the different value in 55 ways, and the position of the different die in 44 ways. This gives 654=1206\cdot5\cdot4=120 outcomes.

If all four dice match, there are 66 outcomes.

The probability is 120+664=1261296=772\frac{120+6}{6^4}=\frac{126}{1296}=\frac7{72}.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

17.

101002450110^{1002} - 4^{501} 的因数中,最大的 22 的幂是多少?

What is the greatest power of 22 that is a factor of 1010024501?10^{1002} - 4^{501}?

210022^{1002}

210032^{1003}

210042^{1004}

210052^{1005}

210062^{1006}

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

先提取 210022^{1002}

Factor out 210022^{1002}

大提示:

判断 5100215^{1002}-1 中含有的精确 22 的幂。

Determine the exact power of 22 in 5100215^{1002}-1

解答:

先提取明显的 22 的幂:1010024501=21002(510021)10^{1002}-4^{501}=2^{1002}(5^{1002}-1)

因为 510021=(55011)(5501+1)5^{1002}-1=(5^{501}-1)(5^{501}+1),且 501501 为奇数,所以 550115^{501}-1 可被 44 整除但不能被 88 整除,而 5501+15^{501}+1 可被 22 整除但不能被 44 整除。

因此 5100215^{1002}-1 正好贡献 232^3,整个表达式可被 210052^{1005} 整除,但不能被 210062^{1006} 整除。

所以正确答案是 D

Factor out the obvious power of 22: 1010024501=21002(510021)10^{1002}-4^{501}=2^{1002}(5^{1002}-1).

Since 510021=(55011)(5501+1)5^{1002}-1=(5^{501}-1)(5^{501}+1), and 501501 is odd, 550115^{501}-1 is divisible by 44 but not by 88, while 5501+15^{501}+1 is divisible by 22 but not by 44.

Thus 5100215^{1002}-1 contributes exactly 232^3, so the whole expression is divisible by 210052^{1005} but not 210062^{1006}.

Thus, the correct answer is D .

18.

一个由 1111 个正整数组成的列表平均数为 1010,中位数为 99,且唯一众数为 88。列表中整数的最大可能值是多少?

A list of 1111 positive integers has a mean of 10,10, a median of 9,9, and a unique mode of 8.8. What is the largest possible value of an integer in the list?

2424

3030

3131

3333

3535

答案:E
难度评级:1790
小提示:

列表总和为 110110

The total sum of the list is 110110

大提示:

在保持 88 是唯一众数且 99 是中位数的条件下,尽量减小前十项之和。

Minimize the first ten entries while keeping 88 the unique mode and 99 the median

解答:

总和为 1110=11011\cdot10=110

要最大化最大项,应最小化其余十项之和。按非递减顺序排列时,第六项为 99,且 88 必须是唯一众数。若 88 出现两次,前十项最小和为 1+2+3+8+8+91+2+3+8+8+9 +10+11+12+13+10+11+12+13 =77=77,最大项为 3333

88 出现三次,前十项可取 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,111,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11,其和为 7575,最大项可为 3535

88 出现四次或五次,前十项最小和至少为 8080,最大项至多为 3030

因此最大可能值为 3535,正确答案是 E

The list has total sum 1110=11011\cdot10=110. To maximize the largest entry, minimize the sum of the other ten entries.

In nondecreasing order, the sixth entry is 99, and 88 must be the unique mode. If 88 appears twice, the least possible first ten entries sum to 1+2+3+8+8+91+2+3+8+8+9 +10+11+12+13+10+11+12+13 =77=77, giving largest entry 3333.

If 88 appears three times, the least possible first ten entries are 1,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,111,1,8,8,8,9,9,10,10,11, with sum 7575, giving largest entry 3535.

If 88 appears four or five times, the least possible sum of the first ten entries is at least 8080, so the largest entry is at most 3030.

Therefore the largest possible entry is 3535, and the correct answer is E .

19.

两个同心圆半径分别为 1122。在外圆上独立且均匀随机选取两点。连接这两点的弦与内圆相交的概率是多少?

Two concentric circles have radii 11 and 2.2. Two points on the outer circle are chosen independently and uniformly at random. What is the probability that the chord joining the two points intersects the inner circle?

 16\ \dfrac{1}{6}

 14\ \dfrac{1}{4}

 222\ \dfrac{2-\sqrt{2}}{2}

 13\ \dfrac{1}{3}

 12\ \dfrac{1}{2}

答案:D
难度评级:1600
小提示:

固定外圆上的一个端点。

Fix one endpoint on the outer circle

大提示:

临界弦与内圆相切。

The limiting chords are tangent to the inner circle

解答:

在外圆上固定第一个端点 AA。从 AA 作两条与内圆相切的弦,并把它们的另一个端点记为 BBCC。从 AA 出发的弦与内圆相交,当且仅当它的另一个端点位于小弧 BCBC 上。

OO 为两圆的共同圆心,DD 为一个切点,则 AOD\triangle AOD 是直角三角形,其中 OA=2OA=2OD=1OD=1。所以 OAD=30\angle OAD=30^\circ。两条切线弦在 AA 处所成角为 6060^\circ,因此所截小弧 BCBC 的度数为 120120^\circ

所以所求概率为 120360=13\dfrac {120^\circ}{360^\circ} = \dfrac 13\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Fix the first endpoint AA on the outer circle. Draw the two chords from AA that are tangent to the inner circle, and call their other endpoints BB and CC. A chord from AA meets the inner circle exactly when its second endpoint lies on the minor arc BCBC.

If OO is the common center and DD is a tangency point, then AOD\triangle AOD is right, with OA=2OA=2 and OD=1OD=1. Hence OAD=30\angle OAD=30^\circ. The two tangent chords therefore make a 6060^\circ angle at AA, so the intercepted minor arc BCBC measures 120120^\circ.

Therefore, the probability is 120360=13.\dfrac {120^\circ}{360^\circ} = \dfrac 13 .

Thus, the correct answer is D .

20.

有多少个整数 xx 使 x451x2+50x^4-51x^2+50 为负?

For how many integers xx is the number x451x2+50x^4-51x^2+50 negative?

88

1010

1212

1414

1616

答案:C
难度评级:1280
小提示:

把表达式看作关于 x2x^2 的乘积并因式分解。

Factor the expression as a product in x2x^2

大提示:

找出两个因子异号的范围。

Find where the two factors have opposite signs

解答:

首先注意到 x451x2+50x^4-51x^2+50 =(x250)(x21)= (x^2-50)(x^2-1)\text{。}

乘积为负,当且仅当两个因子异号。由于 x250<x21x^2-50<x^2-1,必须有 x250<0<x21x^2-50<0<x^2-1。所以 1<x2<501<x^2<50,即 2x72\le |x|\le7。正整数解有 66 个,负整数解也有 66 个,共有 1212 个。

所以正确答案是 C

First, note that x451x2+50x^4-51x^2+50 =(x250)(x21).= (x^2-50)(x^2-1).

The product is negative exactly when its two factors have opposite signs. Since x250<x21x^2-50<x^2-1, this requires x250<0<x21x^2-50<0<x^2-1. Thus 1<x2<501<x^2<50, or 2x72\le |x|\le7. There are 66 positive and 66 negative integer solutions, for a total of 1212.

Thus, the correct answer is C .

21.

梯形 ABCDABCD 有一组平行边:AB\overline{AB}3333CD\overline {CD}2121 。另外两边长为 10101414 。角 AA 和角 BB 都是锐角。求梯形 ABCDABCD 的较短对角线长度。

Trapezoid ABCD ABCD has parallel sides AB \overline{AB} of length 33 33 and CD \overline {CD} of length 21. 21 . The other two sides are of lengths 10 10 and 14. 14 . The angles A A and B B are acute. What is the length of the shorter diagonal of ABCD? ABCD ?

10610\sqrt{6}

2525

8108\sqrt{10}

18218\sqrt{2}

2626

答案:B
知识点:梯形勾股定理
难度评级:1790
小提示:

从短底的端点向长底作垂线。

Drop perpendiculars from the shorter base to the longer base

大提示:

用两条腰长求水平偏移量。

Use the two leg lengths to find the horizontal offsets

解答:

DDCCABAB 作垂线,垂足分别为 EEFF。如图,不妨取 AD=10AD=10BC=14BC=14;交换两腰只会把梯形翻转。

AE=xAE=x,高为 hh。由于 EF=CD=21EF=CD=21,且 AB=33AB=33,所以 FB=12xFB=12-x

由两个直角三角形可得 102=x2+h210^2=x^2+h^2142=(12x)2+h214^2=(12-x)^2+h^2\text{。}两式相减得 96=14424x96=144-24x,所以 x=2x=2,且 h2=96h^2=96

较短的对角线是 ACAC,它的水平位移为 AE+EF=2+21=23AE+EF=2+21=23。因此 AC=232+96=625=25AC=\sqrt{23^2+96}=\sqrt{625}=25\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let the feet of the perpendiculars from DD and CC to ABAB be EE and FF, respectively. As drawn, take AD=10AD=10 and BC=14BC=14; interchanging the two legs only reflects the trapezoid.

Let AE=xAE=x and let the altitude be hh. Since EF=CD=21EF=CD=21 and AB=33AB=33, we have FB=12xFB=12-x.

The two right triangles give 102=x2+h210^2=x^2+h^2 and 142=(12x)2+h2.14^2=(12-x)^2+h^2. Subtracting yields 96=14424x96=144-24x, so x=2x=2 and h2=96h^2=96.

The shorter diagonal is ACAC, whose horizontal displacement is AE+EF=2+21=23AE+EF=2+21=23. Therefore AC=232+96=625=25.AC=\sqrt{23^2+96}=\sqrt{625}=25.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

22.

八个半圆如图沿边长为 22 的正方形内侧排列。与所有这些半圆相切的圆的半径是多少?

Eight semicircles line the inside of a square with side length 22 as shown. What is the radius of the circle tangent to all of these semicircles?

1+24\dfrac{1+\sqrt2}4

512\dfrac{\sqrt5-1}2

3+14\dfrac{\sqrt3+1}4

235\dfrac{2\sqrt3}5

53\dfrac{\sqrt5}3

答案:B
难度评级:1660
小提示:

连接小圆圆心和一个半圆圆心。

Connect the center of the small circle to a semicircle center

大提示:

所求半径是两个圆心间距离减去 12\frac12

The needed radius is a center distance minus 12\frac12

解答:

从正方形中心到一个半圆圆心的距离可由直角三角形的斜边求出。

一条直角边是从正方形中心到边中点的距离,长度为 11

另一条直角边是从边中点到半圆圆心的距离,长度为 12\dfrac 12。这也说明半圆半径为 12\dfrac 12

因此正方形中心到半圆圆心的距离为 12+(12)2=52\sqrt{1^2 + \left(\dfrac 12\right)^2} = \dfrac {\sqrt 5}2\text{。} 再减去半圆半径 12\dfrac 12,得到小圆半径 512\dfrac{\sqrt 5 -1}2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The distance from the center of the square to the center of the semicircles can be found as a hypotenuse of a right triangle.

One of the legs is from the center of the square to the center of one of the sides which is of distance 1.1.

The other leg is from the center of the side to the center of one of the semicircles which is of distance 12.\dfrac 12. This also shows that the radius of the semicircles is 12.\dfrac 12.

Therefore, the distance from the center of the square to the center of the semicircle is 12+(12)2=52.\sqrt{1^2 + \left(\dfrac 12\right)^2} = \dfrac {\sqrt 5}2. Then we subtract 12\dfrac 12 for the radius of the semicircle. This makes the radius of the circle 512.\dfrac{\sqrt 5 -1}2 .

Thus, the correct answer is B .

23.

一个球内切于如图所示的截头正圆锥。截头圆锥的体积是球体积的两倍。截头圆锥下底半径与上底半径之比是多少?

A sphere is inscribed in a truncated right circular cone as shown. The volume of the truncated cone is twice that of the sphere. What is the ratio of the radius of the bottom base of the truncated cone to the radius of the top base of the truncated cone?

32\dfrac32

1+52\dfrac{1+\sqrt5}2

3\sqrt3

22

3+52\dfrac{3+\sqrt5}2

答案:E
知识点:圆锥体积
难度评级:2300
小提示:

把上底半径缩放为 11

Scale the top radius to 11

大提示:

用截面图把球半径和下底半径联系起来。

Use a cross-section to relate the sphere radius to the bottom radius

解答:

设上底半径为 11,下底半径为 RR,内切球半径为 aa

在截面中,球与两个底面相切,所以截锥的高为 2a2a。若以球心为原点,一条斜边连接 (1,a)(1,a)(R,a)(R,-a)。它的方程是 2ax+(R1)ya(R+1)=02ax+(R-1)y-a(R+1)=0\text{。}因为这条直线与半径为 aa 的圆相切,它到原点的距离为 aa。所以 a(R+1)4a2+(R1)2=a\frac{a(R+1)}{\sqrt{4a^2+(R-1)^2}}=a\text{,}化简得 R=a2R=a^2

截锥的体积为 13π(R2+R+1)(2a)\frac13\pi(R^2+R+1)(2a) =2aπ3(a4+a2+1)=\frac{2a\pi}{3}(a^4+a^2+1)

它等于球体积 8a3π3\frac{8a^3\pi}{3} 的两倍。约去公因子可得 a43a2+1=0a^4-3a^2+1=0,所以 R23R+1=0R^2-3R+1=0

由于下底半径大于上底半径,R>1R>1。因此 R=3+52R=\frac{3+\sqrt5}{2},正确答案是 E

Let the top radius be 11, the bottom radius be RR, and the inscribed sphere radius be aa.

In the cross-section, the sphere is tangent to the two bases, so the frustum height is 2a2a. A slanted side joins (1,a)(1,a) to (R,a)(R,-a), if the sphere’s center is the origin. Its equation is 2ax+(R1)ya(R+1)=0.2ax+(R-1)y-a(R+1)=0. Because this line is tangent to the circle of radius aa, its distance from the origin is aa. Thus a(R+1)4a2+(R1)2=a,\frac{a(R+1)}{\sqrt{4a^2+(R-1)^2}}=a, which simplifies to R=a2R=a^2.

The frustum volume is 13π(R2+R+1)(2a)\frac13\pi(R^2+R+1)(2a) =2aπ3(a4+a2+1)=\frac{2a\pi}{3}(a^4+a^2+1).

This is twice the sphere volume, 8a3π3\frac{8a^3\pi}{3}. Cancelling gives a43a2+1=0a^4-3a^2+1=0, so R23R+1=0R^2-3R+1=0.

Since the bottom radius is larger than the top radius, R>1R>1. Thus R=3+52R=\frac{3+\sqrt5}{2}, and the correct answer is E .

24.

数字 1122334455 要排成一个圆。若并非对每个 111515nn,都能找到圆上一段连续出现的数字使其和为 nn,则称这种排列为 bad\textit{bad}。只相差旋转或翻转的排列视为相同。有多少种不同的坏排列?

The numbers 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 55 are to be arranged in a circle. An arrangement is bad\textit{bad} if it is not true that for every nn from 11 to 1515 one can find a subset of the numbers that appear consecutively on the circle that sum to n.n. Arrangements that differ only by a rotation or a reflection are considered the same. How many different bad arrangements are there?

11

22

33

44

55

5. 5 .

答案:B
难度评级:2390
小提示:

只需要确保连续和能得到 6677

It is enough to make consecutive sums 66 and 77

大提示:

分类讨论无法得到 66 或无法得到 77 的排列。

Classify arrangements where 66 or 77 is impossible

解答:

单个数字给出 1155,它们的补集给出 10101414,全部五个数给出 1515。因此只需要检查能否得到和 6677

若无法得到和 66,则 11 不与 55 相邻。通过旋转和翻转,可写成 1bc5e1bc5e。相邻块 bcbc 不能是 {2,3}\{2,3\}{2,4}\{2,4\},因为 1+2+3=61+2+3=62+4=62+4=6。于是 e=2e=2,再避免连续块 2,1,32,1,3,得到坏排列 1435214352

若无法得到 77,则 22 不与 55 相邻,可写成 2bc5e2bc5e。此时 bcbc 不能是 {3,4}\{3,4\}{1,4}\{1,4\},所以 e=4e=4。再避免连续块 4,2,14,2,1,得到 b=3, c=1b=3,\ c=1,即坏排列 2315423154

这两个排列确实都是坏排列,分别无法得到和 66 与和 77。因此共有 22 种坏排列。

所以正确答案是 B

Single numbers give sums 11 through 55, complements give sums 1010 through 1414, and all five numbers give 1515. So an arrangement is good exactly when consecutive blocks can make sums 66 and 77.

If sum 66 is impossible, then 11 is not adjacent to 55. By rotating and reflecting, write the arrangement as 1bc5e1bc5e. The adjacent pair bcbc cannot be {2,3}\{2,3\} or {2,4}\{2,4\}, since 1+2+3=61+2+3=6 and 2+4=62+4=6. Thus e=2e=2, and avoiding the consecutive block 2,1,32,1,3 forces the bad arrangement 1435214352.

If sum 77 is impossible, then 22 is not adjacent to 55. Similarly write the arrangement as 2bc5e2bc5e. Now bcbc cannot be {3,4}\{3,4\} or {1,4}\{1,4\}, so e=4e=4. To avoid the consecutive block 4,2,14,2,1, the remaining order must be b=3, c=1b=3,\ c=1, giving 2315423154.

These two arrangements are indeed bad, one missing sum 66 and the other missing sum 77. Hence there are 22 bad arrangements.

Thus, the correct answer is B .

25.

一个小池塘中有十一片睡莲叶排成一行,标号为 001010。一只青蛙坐在 11 号叶上。当青蛙在 NN 号叶上且 0<N<100 < N < 10 时,它以概率 N10\frac{N}{10} 跳到 N1N-1 号叶,以概率 1N101-\frac{N}{10} 跳到 N+1N+1 号叶。每次跳跃相互独立。

若青蛙到达 00 号叶,它会被一条耐心等待的蛇吃掉。若青蛙到达 1010 号叶,它会离开池塘且不再回来。青蛙不被蛇吃掉而逃脱的概率是多少?

In a small pond there are eleven lily pads in a row labeled 00 through 10.10. A frog is sitting on pad 1.1. When the frog is on pad N,N, where 0<N<10,0 < N < 10, it will jump to pad N1N-1 with probability N10\frac{N}{10} and to pad N+1N+1 with probability 1N10.1-\frac{N}{10}. Each jump is independent of the previous jumps.

If the frog reaches pad 00 it will be eaten by a patiently waiting snake. If the frog reaches pad 1010 it will exit the pond, never to return. What is the probability that the frog will escape without being eaten by the snake?

3279\dfrac{32}{79}

161384\dfrac{161}{384}

63146\dfrac{63}{146}

716\dfrac{7}{16}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:C
难度评级:2440
小提示:

pip_i 为从第 ii 片叶开始最终逃脱的概率。

Let pip_i be the escape probability starting on pad ii

大提示:

利用第 55 片叶的对称性,再倒推到 p1p_1

Use symmetry at pad 55 and solve backward to p1p_1

解答:

pip_i 为从第 ii 片叶开始最终逃脱的概率。边界条件为 p0=0p_0=0p10=1p_{10}=1,由对称性 p5=12p_5=\frac12

1i41\le i\le 4,有递推式 pi=i10pi1+10i10pi+1p_i=\frac{i}{10}p_{i-1}+\frac{10-i}{10}p_{i+1}

p5=12p_5=\frac12 向下推,得到 p4=25p3+310p_4=\frac25p_3+\frac3{10}p3=310p2+710p4=512p2+724p_3=\frac3{10}p_2+\frac7{10}p_4=\frac5{12}p_2+\frac7{24}

接着可得 p2=15p1+45p3=310p1+720p_2=\frac15p_1+\frac45p_3=\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20},而 p1=910p2p_1=\frac9{10}p_2

代入 p2p_2 的表达式,得到 p1=910(310p1+720)p_1=\frac9{10}\left(\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}\right),所以 p1=63146p_1=\frac{63}{146}

所以正确答案是 C

Let pip_i be the probability that the frog eventually escapes starting from pad ii. Then p0=0p_0=0, p10=1p_{10}=1, and by symmetry p5=12p_5=\frac12.

For 1i41\le i\le 4, pi=i10pi1+10i10pi+1p_i=\frac{i}{10}p_{i-1}+\frac{10-i}{10}p_{i+1}.

Working downward from p5=12p_5=\frac12, we get p4=25p3+310p_4=\frac25p_3+\frac3{10}, then p3=310p2+710p4=512p2+724p_3=\frac3{10}p_2+\frac7{10}p_4=\frac5{12}p_2+\frac7{24}.

Next p2=15p1+45p3=310p1+720p_2=\frac15p_1+\frac45p_3=\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}. Finally p1=910p2p_1=\frac9{10}p_2.

Substituting the expression for p2p_2 gives p1=910(310p1+720)p_1=\frac9{10}\left(\frac3{10}p_1+\frac7{20}\right), so p1=63146p_1=\frac{63}{146}.

Thus, the correct answer is C .