2013 AMC 12A 真题

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1.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 1010。点 EEBC\overline{BC} 上,且 ABE\triangle ABE 的面积为 4040BEBE 是多少?

Square ABCDABCD has side length 10.10. Point EE is on BC,\overline{BC}, and the area of ABE\triangle ABE is 40.40. What is BE?BE?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:E
知识点:三角形面积直角三角形
难度评级:840
小提示:

直角三角形 ABEABE 的两条直角边是 ABABBEBE

The legs of right triangle ABEABE are ABAB and BEBE

大提示:

AB=10AB = 10 代入 12ABBE=40\tfrac12\cdot AB\cdot BE = 40

Set 12ABBE=40\tfrac12\cdot AB\cdot BE = 40 with AB=10AB = 10

解答:

直角三角形 ABEABE 的两条直角边为 AB=10AB = 10BEBE。由 1210BE=40\tfrac12\cdot 10\cdot BE = 40,得 BE=8BE = 8

因此,正确答案是 E

The legs of right triangle ABEABE are AB=10AB = 10 and BE.BE. From 1210BE=40,\tfrac12\cdot 10\cdot BE = 40, we get BE=8.BE = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

一支垒球队打了十场比赛,得分分别为 1122334455667788991010 分。他们恰好在五场比赛中以一分之差输掉。在其他每场比赛中,他们的得分都是对手的两倍。对手总共得了多少分?

A softball team played ten games, scoring 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 9,9, and 1010 runs. They lost by one run in exactly five games. In each of their other games, they scored twice as many runs as their opponent. How many total runs did their opponents score?

3535

4040

4545

5050

5555

答案:C
难度评级:1010
小提示:

只有当本队得分为偶数时,才可能是对手得分的两倍

Scoring twice the opponent is only possible when the team’s own score is even

大提示:

五场一分惜败是奇数得分的比赛;每场对手多得一分。

The five one-run losses are the odd-scored games; each opponent scored one more

解答:

只有当本队得分为偶数时,本队得分才可能是对手的两倍。这些比赛的得分为 2,4,6,8,102, 4, 6, 8, 10,因而对手得分为 1+2+3+4+5=151 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15

另外五场比赛的本队得分为 1,3,5,7,91, 3, 5, 7, 9,且都是一分惜败,所以对手得分为 2+4+6+8+10=302 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30。总分为 15+30=4515 + 30 = 45

因此,正确答案是 C

The team can only score twice as many runs as its opponent when its own score is even. Those games have scores 2,4,6,8,10,2, 4, 6, 8, 10, so their opponents scored 1+2+3+4+5=15.1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15.

The other five games had scores 1,3,5,7,91, 3, 5, 7, 9 and were one-run losses, so their opponents scored 2+4+6+8+10=30.2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 = 30. The total is 15+30=45.15 + 30 = 45.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

一束花包含粉玫瑰、红玫瑰、粉康乃馨和红康乃馨。粉色花中有三分之一是玫瑰,红色花中有四分之三是康乃馨,且所有花中有十分之六是粉色。所有花中有百分之几是康乃馨?

A flower bouquet contains pink roses, red roses, pink carnations, and red carnations. One third of the pink flowers are roses, three fourths of the red flowers are carnations, and six tenths of the flowers are pink. What percent of the flowers are carnations?

1515

3030

4040

6060

7070

答案:E
知识点:分数百分数
难度评级:1100
小提示:

所有花中十分之六是粉色,十分之四是红色

Six tenths of the flowers are pink and four tenths are red

大提示:

粉色花的三分之二和红色花的四分之三是康乃馨;把两部分相加

Two thirds of the pink and three fourths of the red are carnations; add the two amounts

解答:

所有花中十分之六是粉色,十分之四是红色。因为粉色花中三分之二是康乃馨,所以粉康乃馨占全部花的 23610=410\tfrac{2}{3}\cdot\tfrac{6}{10} = \tfrac{4}{10}

因为红色花中四分之三是康乃馨,所以红康乃馨占全部花的 34410=310\tfrac{3}{4}\cdot\tfrac{4}{10} = \tfrac{3}{10}。康乃馨合计占 410+310=710=70%\tfrac{4}{10} + \tfrac{3}{10} = \tfrac{7}{10} = 70\%

因此,正确答案是 E

Six tenths of the flowers are pink and four tenths are red. Since two thirds of the pink flowers are carnations, pink carnations make up 23610=410\tfrac{2}{3}\cdot\tfrac{6}{10} = \tfrac{4}{10} of the flowers.

Since three fourths of the red flowers are carnations, red carnations make up 34410=310\tfrac{3}{4}\cdot\tfrac{4}{10} = \tfrac{3}{10} of the flowers. Together the carnations are 410+310=710=70%.\tfrac{4}{10} + \tfrac{3}{10} = \tfrac{7}{10} = 70\%.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

4.

求下式的值:22014+220122201422012\dfrac{2^{2014} + 2^{2012}}{2^{2014} - 2^{2012}}\text{?}

What is the value of 22014+220122201422012?\dfrac{2^{2014} + 2^{2012}}{2^{2014} - 2^{2012}}?

1-1

11

53\dfrac{5}{3}

20132013

240242^{4024}

答案:C
知识点:指数因式分解
难度评级:1130
小提示:

从分子和分母中都提出因子 220122^{2012}

Factor 220122^{2012} out of both the numerator and the denominator

大提示:

这个比值可化简为 22+1221\dfrac{2^2 + 1}{2^2 - 1}

The ratio reduces to 22+1221\dfrac{2^2 + 1}{2^2 - 1}

解答:

从每一项中提出 220122^{2012},得 22012(22+1)22012(221)=4+141=53 \dfrac{2^{2012}(2^2 + 1)}{2^{2012}(2^2 - 1)} = \dfrac{4 + 1}{4 - 1} = \dfrac{5}{3}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Factoring 220122^{2012} from each term gives 22012(22+1)22012(221)=4+141=53. \dfrac{2^{2012}(2^2 + 1)}{2^{2012}(2^2 - 1)} = \dfrac{4 + 1}{4 - 1} = \dfrac{5}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

Tom、Dorothy 和 Sammy 去度假,并约定平均分摊费用。旅途中 Tom 支付了 $105\$105,Dorothy 支付了 $125\$125,Sammy 支付了 $175\$175。为了平摊费用,Tom 给 Sammy tt 美元,Dorothy 给 Sammy dd 美元。tdt - d 是多少?

Tom, Dorothy, and Sammy went on a vacation and agreed to split the costs evenly. During their trip Tom paid $105,\$105, Dorothy paid $125,\$125, and Sammy paid $175.\$175. In order to share the costs equally, Tom gave Sammy tt dollars, and Dorothy gave Sammy dd dollars. What is td?t - d?

1515

2020

2525

3030

3535

答案:B
难度评级:1130
小提示:

每个人公平应付的金额是总花费的三分之一

Each person’s fair share is one third of the total spent

大提示:

ttdd 分别表示 Tom 和 Dorothy 比公平份额少付的金额

tt and dd measure how much Tom and Dorothy each fall short of their fair share

解答:

总花费为 105+125+175=405105 + 125 + 175 = 405,所以每人的公平份额为 13405=135\tfrac13\cdot 405 = 135 美元。

于是 t=135105=30t = 135 - 105 = 30d=135125=10d = 135 - 125 = 10,所以 td=3010=20t - d = 30 - 10 = 20

因此,正确答案是 B

The total spent was 105+125+175=405,105 + 125 + 175 = 405, so each fair share is 13405=135\tfrac13\cdot 405 = 135 dollars.

Then t=135105=30t = 135 - 105 = 30 and d=135125=10,d = 135 - 125 = 10, so td=3010=20.t - d = 30 - 10 = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

在最近的一场篮球比赛中,Shenille 只出手三分球和两分球。她的三分球命中率为 20%20\%,两分球命中率为 30%30\%。Shenille 一共出手 3030 次。她得了多少分?

In a recent basketball game, Shenille attempted only three-point shots and two-point shots. She was successful on 20%20\% of her three-point shots and 30%30\% of her two-point shots. Shenille attempted 3030 shots. How many points did she score?

1212

1818

2424

3030

3636

答案:B
知识点:百分数不变量
难度评级:1250
小提示:

设三分球出手次数为 xx,则两分球出手次数为 30x30 - x

Let xx be the number of three-point attempts, so 30x30 - x are two-point attempts

大提示:

她的得分为 0.23x+0.32(30x)0.2\cdot 3\cdot x + 0.3\cdot 2\cdot(30 - x);其中 xx 项会抵消

Her score is 0.23x+0.32(30x);0.2\cdot 3\cdot x + 0.3\cdot 2\cdot(30 - x); the xx terms cancel

解答:

如果 Shenille 出手 xx 次三分球、30x30 - x 次两分球,那么她的得分为 0.23x+0.32(30x)=0.6x+0.6(30x)=0.630=18 \begin{gathered} 0.2\cdot 3\cdot x + 0.3\cdot 2\cdot(30 - x) \\ = 0.6x + 0.6(30 - x) \\ = 0.6\cdot 30 = 18 \end{gathered} 分。

因此,正确答案是 B

If Shenille attempted xx three-point shots and 30x30 - x two-point shots, she scored 0.23x+0.32(30x)=0.6x+0.6(30x)=0.630=18 \begin{gathered} 0.2\cdot 3\cdot x + 0.3\cdot 2\cdot(30 - x) \\ = 0.6x + 0.6(30 - x) \\ = 0.6\cdot 30 = 18 \end{gathered} points.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

7.

数列 S1S_1S2S_2S3S_3\ldotsS10S_{10} 满足从第三项开始,每一项都是前两项之和。也就是说,Sn=Sn2+Sn1 对所有 n3S_n = S_{n-2} + S_{n-1} \text{ 对所有 } n \ge 3\text{。} 已知 S9=110S_9 = 110S7=42S_7 = 42S4S_4 是多少?

The sequence S1,S_1, S2,S_2, S3,S_3, ,\ldots, S10S_{10} has the property that every term beginning with the third is the sum of the previous two. That is, Sn=Sn2+Sn1 for n3.S_n = S_{n-2} + S_{n-1} \text{ for } n \ge 3. Suppose that S9=110S_9 = 110 and S7=42.S_7 = 42. What is S4?S_4?

44

66

1010

1212

1616

答案:C
知识点:递推逆推法
难度评级:1270
小提示:

将递推式改写为 Sn2=SnSn1S_{n-2} = S_n - S_{n-1},然后向前倒推

Rearrange the rule to Sn2=SnSn1S_{n-2} = S_n - S_{n-1} and step downward

大提示:

S9=S7+S8S_9 = S_7 + S_8 求出 S8S_8,再倒推到 S4S_4

From S9=S7+S8S_9 = S_7 + S_8 find S8,S_8, then work down to S4S_4

解答:

因为 S9=S7+S8S_9 = S_7 + S_8,所以 S8=11042=68S_8 = 110 - 42 = 68。然后 S6=S8S7=6842=26S_6 = S_8 - S_7 = 68 - 42 = 26S5=S7S6=4226=16S_5 = S_7 - S_6 = 42 - 26 = 16,且 S4=S6S5=2616=10S_4 = S_6 - S_5 = 26 - 16 = 10

因此,正确答案是 C

Since S9=S7+S8,S_9 = S_7 + S_8, we get S8=11042=68.S_8 = 110 - 42 = 68. Then S6=S8S7=6842=26,S_6 = S_8 - S_7 = 68 - 42 = 26, S5=S7S6=4226=16,S_5 = S_7 - S_6 = 42 - 26 = 16, and S4=S6S5=2616=10.S_4 = S_6 - S_5 = 26 - 16 = 10.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

已知 xxyy 是不同的非零实数,且 x+2x=y+2yx + \dfrac{2}{x} = y + \dfrac{2}{y}xyxy 是多少?

Given that xx and yy are distinct nonzero real numbers such that x+2x=y+2y,x + \dfrac{2}{x} = y + \dfrac{2}{y}, what is xy?xy?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

11

22

44

答案:D
难度评级:1400
小提示:

两边同乘 xyxy 来消去分母

Multiply both sides by xyxy to clear the fractions

大提示:

结果可因式分解为 (xy)(xy2)=0(x - y)(xy - 2) = 0

The result factors as (xy)(xy2)=0(x - y)(xy - 2) = 0

解答:

同乘 xyxyx2y+2y=xy2+2xx^2 y + 2y = xy^2 + 2x,所以 x2yxy22x+2y=(xy)(xy2)=0 \begin{gathered} x^2 y - xy^2 - 2x + 2y \\ = (x - y)(xy - 2) \\ = 0 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因为 xyx \ne y,所以 xy=2xy = 2

因此,正确答案是 D

Multiplying by xyxy gives x2y+2y=xy2+2x,x^2 y + 2y = xy^2 + 2x, so x2yxy22x+2y=(xy)(xy2)=0. \begin{gathered} x^2 y - xy^2 - 2x + 2y \\ = (x - y)(xy - 2) \\ = 0. \end{gathered}

Since xy,x \ne y, it follows that xy=2.xy = 2.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=AC=28AB = AC = 28,且 BC=20BC = 20。点 DDEEFF 分别在边 AB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}AC\overline{AC} 上,使得 DE\overline{DE}EF\overline{EF} 分别平行于 AC\overline{AC}AB\overline{AB}。平行四边形 ADEFADEF 的周长是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=AC=28AB = AC = 28 and BC=20.BC = 20. Points D,D, E,E, and FF are on sides AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, and AC,\overline{AC}, respectively, such that DE\overline{DE} and EF\overline{EF} are parallel to AC\overline{AC} and AB,\overline{AB}, respectively. What is the perimeter of parallelogram ADEF?ADEF?

4848

5252

5656

6060

7272

答案:C
难度评级:1460
小提示:

因为 EFABEF \parallel AB,三角形 FECFECABCABC 相似,因此是等腰三角形,且 FE=FCFE = FC

Since EFAB,EF \parallel AB, triangle FECFEC is similar to ABCABC and hence isosceles with FE=FCFE = FC

大提示:

周长的一半等于 AF+FE=AF+FC=ACAF + FE = AF + FC = AC

Half the perimeter equals AF+FE=AF+FC=ACAF + FE = AF + FC = AC

解答:

因为 EFABEF \parallel AB,三角形 FECFEC 与三角形 ABCABC 相似,而后者是等腰三角形,所以 FE=FCFE = FC

平行四边形 ADEFADEF 周长的一半为 AF+FEAF + FE =AF+FC= AF + FC =AC=28= AC = 28。因此整个周长为 5656

因此,正确答案是 C

Because EFAB,EF \parallel AB, triangle FECFEC is similar to triangle ABC,ABC, which is isosceles, so FE=FC.FE = FC.

Half the perimeter of parallelogram ADEFADEF is AF+FEAF + FE =AF+FC= AF + FC =AC=28.= AC = 28. The entire perimeter is 56.56.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

SS 为所有正整数 nn 的集合,使得 1n\dfrac{1}{n} 的循环小数表示为 0.ab=0.ababab0.\overline{ab} = 0.ababab\ldots,其中 aabb 是不同的数字。集合 SS 中元素的和是多少?

Let SS be the set of positive integers nn for which 1n\dfrac{1}{n} has the repeating decimal representation 0.ab=0.ababab,0.\overline{ab} = 0.ababab\ldots, with aa and bb different digits. What is the sum of the elements of S?S?

1111

4444

110110

143143

155155

答案:D
知识点:循环小数因数
难度评级:1510
小提示:

两位循环节表示 1n=ab99\dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{\overline{ab}}{99}

A two-digit repeating block means 1n=ab99\dfrac{1}{n} = \dfrac{\overline{ab}}{99}

大提示:

所以 99n\dfrac{99}{n} 是两位数 ab\overline{ab};检查 9999 的因数

So 99n\dfrac{99}{n} is the two-digit number ab;\overline{ab}; check the divisors of 9999

解答:

1n=0.ab\dfrac{1}{n} = 0.\overline{ab},则 99n=ab\dfrac{99}{n} = \overline{ab} 是一个两位数。9999 的正因数为 1,3,9,11,33,991, 3, 9, 11, 33, 99

只有 n=11,33,99n = 11, 33, 99 时,99n\dfrac{99}{n} 分别等于 09,03,0109, 03, 01,它们有两个不同的数字。所求和为 11+33+99=14311 + 33 + 99 = 143

因此,正确答案是 D

If 1n=0.ab,\dfrac{1}{n} = 0.\overline{ab}, then 99n=ab,\dfrac{99}{n} = \overline{ab}, a two-digit number. The positive divisors of 9999 are 1,3,9,11,33,99.1, 3, 9, 11, 33, 99.

Only n=11,33,99n = 11, 33, 99 make 99n\dfrac{99}{n} equal to 09,03,01,09, 03, 01, which have two different digits. The requested sum is 11+33+99=143.11 + 33 + 99 = 143.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

三角形 ABCABC 是等边三角形,且 AB=1AB = 1。点 EEGGAC\overline{AC} 上,点 DDFFAB\overline{AB} 上,使得 DE\overline{DE}FG\overline{FG} 都平行于 BC\overline{BC}。此外,三角形 ADEADE 以及梯形 DFGEDFGEFBCGFBCG 的周长都相同。求 DE+FGDE + FG

Triangle ABCABC is equilateral with AB=1.AB = 1. Points EE and GG are on AC\overline{AC} and points DD and FF are on AB\overline{AB} such that both DE\overline{DE} and FG\overline{FG} are parallel to BC.\overline{BC}. Furthermore, triangle ADEADE and trapezoids DFGEDFGE and FBCGFBCG all have the same perimeter. What is DE+FG?DE + FG?

11

32\dfrac{3}{2}

2113\dfrac{21}{13}

138\dfrac{13}{8}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

答案:C
难度评级:1610
小提示:

x=DEx = DEy=FGy = FG,用 xxyy 表示三个周长

Let x=DEx = DE and y=FG,y = FG, and write each of the three perimeters in terms of xx and yy

大提示:

三个相等的周长给出 3x=3yx=3y3x = 3y - x = 3 - y

The three equal perimeters give 3x=3yx=3y3x = 3y - x = 3 - y

解答:

x=DEx = DEy=FGy = FG。平行线切出的较小区域是等边三角形或等腰梯形,所以周长为 ADE:3x,DFGE:3yx,FBCG:3y \begin{gathered} \triangle ADE: 3x, \\ \quad DFGE: 3y - x, \\ \quad FBCG: 3 - y \end{gathered}\text{。}

令它们相等,3x=3yx3x = 3y - x4x=3y4x = 3y,且 3x=3y3x = 3 - y。解得 x=913x = \tfrac{9}{13}y=1213y = \tfrac{12}{13},所以 DE+FG=2113DE + FG = \tfrac{21}{13}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let x=DEx = DE and y=FG.y = FG. The parallel cuts make the small regions equilateral or isosceles trapezoids, so the perimeters are ADE:3x,DFGE:3yx,FBCG:3y. \begin{gathered} \triangle ADE: 3x, \\ \quad DFGE: 3y - x, \\ \quad FBCG: 3 - y. \end{gathered}

Setting them equal, 3x=3yx3x = 3y - x gives 4x=3y,4x = 3y, and 3x=3y.3x = 3 - y. Solving yields x=913x = \tfrac{9}{13} and y=1213,y = \tfrac{12}{13}, so DE+FG=2113.DE + FG = \tfrac{21}{13}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

某个三角形的三个角成等差数列,边长为 4455,和 xx。所有可能的 xx 值之和等于 a+b+ca + \sqrt{b} + \sqrt{c},其中 aabb,和 cc 为正整数。a+b+ca + b + c 是多少?

The angles in a particular triangle are in arithmetic progression, and the side lengths are 4,4, 5,5, and x.x. The sum of the possible values of xx equals a+b+c,a + \sqrt{b} + \sqrt{c}, where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

3636

3838

4040

4242

4444

答案:A
难度评级:1740
小提示:

三个角成等差数列且和为 180180^\circ,所以中间的角必须是 6060^\circ

Angles in arithmetic progression summing to 180180^\circ force the middle angle to be 6060^\circ

大提示:

分别讨论哪条边对着 6060^\circ 角,并使用余弦定理

Apply the Law of Cosines in each case for which side is opposite the 6060^\circ angle

解答:

若三个角为 αδ,α,α+δ\alpha - \delta, \alpha, \alpha + \delta,它们的和 3α=1803\alpha = 180^\circ 给出 α=60\alpha = 60^\circ,所以其中一个角是 6060^\circ

xx 对着 6060^\circ 角,由余弦定理得 x2=42+52245cos60=21 \begin{gathered} x^2 = 4^2 + 5^2 - 2\cdot 4\cdot 5\cos 60^\circ \\ = 21\text{,} \end{gathered} 所以 x=21x = \sqrt{21}

55 对着 6060^\circ 角,则 25=x24x+1625 = x^2 - 4x + 16,正解为 x=2+13x = 2 + \sqrt{13}。若 44 对着该角,则 16=x25x+2516 = x^2 - 5x + 25,没有实数解。

所有可能值的和为 2+13+212 + \sqrt{13} + \sqrt{21},所以 a+b+c=2+13+21=36a + b + c = 2 + 13 + 21 = 36

因此,正确答案是 A

If the angles are αδ,α,α+δ,\alpha - \delta, \alpha, \alpha + \delta, their sum 3α=1803\alpha = 180^\circ gives α=60,\alpha = 60^\circ, so one angle is 60.60^\circ.

If xx is opposite the 6060^\circ angle, the Law of Cosines gives x2=42+52245cos60=21, \begin{gathered} x^2 = 4^2 + 5^2 - 2\cdot 4\cdot 5\cos 60^\circ \\ = 21, \end{gathered} so x=21.x = \sqrt{21}.

If 55 is opposite the 6060^\circ angle, then 25=x24x+16,25 = x^2 - 4x + 16, whose positive solution is x=2+13.x = 2 + \sqrt{13}. If 44 is opposite, then 16=x25x+2516 = x^2 - 5x + 25 has no real solution.

The sum of the possible values is 2+13+21,2 + \sqrt{13} + \sqrt{21}, so a+b+c=2+13+21=36.a + b + c = 2 + 13 + 21 = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

设点 A=(0,0)A = (0, 0)B=(1,2)B = (1, 2)C=(3,3)C = (3, 3),和 D=(4,0)D = (4, 0)。一条经过 AA 的直线把四边形 ABCDABCD 分成面积相等的两部分。该直线与 CD\overline{CD} 交于点 (pq,rs)\left(\dfrac{p}{q}, \dfrac{r}{s}\right),其中这些分数均为最简形式。p+q+r+sp + q + r + s 是多少?

Let points A=(0,0),A = (0, 0), B=(1,2),B = (1, 2), C=(3,3),C = (3, 3), and D=(4,0).D = (4, 0). Quadrilateral ABCDABCD is cut into equal area pieces by a line passing through A.A. This line intersects CD\overline{CD} at point (pq,rs),\left(\dfrac{p}{q}, \dfrac{r}{s}\right), where these fractions are in lowest terms. What is p+q+r+s?p + q + r + s?

5454

5858

6262

7070

7575

答案:B
难度评级:1740
小提示:

求出 ABCDABCD 的面积;这条分割线与底边 ADAD 构成一个面积为一半的三角形

Find the area of ABCD;ABCD; the cutting line makes a triangle on base ADAD with half that area

大提示:

底边 AD=4AD = 4,该三角形的高就是 CDCD 上交点的 yy 坐标

With base AD=4,AD = 4, the triangle’s height is the yy-coordinate of the point on CDCD

解答:

由鞋带公式,ABCDABCD 的面积为 152\tfrac{15}{2}。设直线与 CD\overline{CD} 交于 GG。三角形 ADGADG 的面积必须为 154\tfrac{15}{4}

因为 AD=4AD = 4xx 轴上,124yG=154\tfrac12\cdot 4\cdot y_G = \tfrac{15}{4} 给出 yG=158y_G = \tfrac{15}{8}。直线 CDCDy=3(x4)y = -3(x - 4),所以 xG=278x_G = \tfrac{27}{8}

于是 p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =27+8+15+8= 27 + 8 + 15 + 8 =58= 58

因此,正确答案是 B

By the shoelace formula, the area of ABCDABCD is 152.\tfrac{15}{2}. Let the line meet CD\overline{CD} at G.G. Triangle ADGADG must have area 154.\tfrac{15}{4}.

Since AD=4AD = 4 lies on the xx-axis, 124yG=154\tfrac12\cdot 4\cdot y_G = \tfrac{15}{4} gives yG=158.y_G = \tfrac{15}{8}. Line CDCD is y=3(x4),y = -3(x - 4), so xG=278.x_G = \tfrac{27}{8}.

Then p+q+r+sp + q + r + s =27+8+15+8= 27 + 8 + 15 + 8 =58.= 58.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

数列 log12162, log12x, log12y, log12z, log121250 \begin{gathered} \log_{12} 162, \ \log_{12} x, \ \log_{12} y, \\ \ \log_{12} z, \ \log_{12} 1250 \end{gathered} 是一个等差数列。求 xx

The sequence log12162, log12x, log12y, log12z, log121250 \begin{gathered} \log_{12} 162, \ \log_{12} x, \ \log_{12} y, \\ \ \log_{12} z, \ \log_{12} 1250 \end{gathered} is an arithmetic progression. What is x?x?

1253125\sqrt{3}

270270

1625162\sqrt{5}

434434

2256225\sqrt{6}

答案:B
难度评级:1800
小提示:

对数的差相等,意味着 162,x,y,z,1250162, x, y, z, 1250 是等比数列

Equal differences of logs mean 162,x,y,z,1250162, x, y, z, 1250 is a geometric sequence

大提示:

162r4=1250162r^4 = 1250 求公比 rr

Find the common ratio rr from 162r4=1250162r^4 = 1250

解答:

因为这些对数成等差数列,162,x,y,z,1250162, x, y, z, 1250 成等比数列。它的公比 rr 满足 162r4=1250162 r^4 = 1250,所以 r4=62581r^4 = \tfrac{625}{81},且 r=53r = \tfrac53

因此 x=16253=270x = 162\cdot\tfrac53 = 270

因此,正确答案是 B

Because the logarithms are in arithmetic progression, 162,x,y,z,1250162, x, y, z, 1250 is a geometric sequence. Its common ratio rr satisfies 162r4=1250,162 r^4 = 1250, so r4=62581r^4 = \tfrac{625}{81} and r=53.r = \tfrac53.

Therefore x=16253=270.x = 162\cdot\tfrac53 = 270.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

15.

兔子 Peter 和 Pauline 有三个孩子 Flopsie、Mopsie 和 Cottontail。现在要把这五只兔子分配给四家不同的宠物店,使得没有一家店同时得到一只父母兔和一只孩子兔。不要求每家店都得到兔子。有多少种不同的分配方法?

Rabbits Peter and Pauline have three offspring—Flopsie, Mopsie, and Cottontail. These five rabbits are to be distributed to four different pet stores so that no store gets both a parent and a child. It is not required that every store gets a rabbit. In how many different ways can this be done?

9696

108108

156156

204204

372372

答案:D
难度评级:1880
小提示:

按两只父母兔是否去同一家店分类

Split into cases by whether the two parents go to the same store

大提示:

同店:父母有 44 种选择,孩子有 333^3 种分配;不同店:父母有 434\cdot 3 种选择,孩子有 232^3 种分配

Same store: 44 parent choices and 333^3 child assignments; different stores: 434\cdot 3 and 232^3

解答:

如果两只父母兔在同一家店,有 44 种选择,而每只孩子兔必须去另外三家店之一:共有 433=1084\cdot 3^3 = 108 种。

如果父母兔去不同的店,有 43=124\cdot 3 = 12 种选择,而每只孩子兔必须去剩下两家店之一:共有 1223=9612\cdot 2^3 = 96 种。

总数为 108+96=204108 + 96 = 204

因此,正确答案是 D

If the two parents share a store, there are 44 choices for it, and each child must go to one of the other three stores: 433=1084\cdot 3^3 = 108 ways.

If the parents go to different stores, there are 43=124\cdot 3 = 12 choices, and each child must go to one of the two remaining stores: 1223=9612\cdot 2^3 = 96 ways.

The total is 108+96=204.108 + 96 = 204.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

AABBCC 是三堆石头。AA 中石头的平均重量为 4040 磅,BB 中石头的平均重量为 5050 磅,合并 AABB 两堆后石头的平均重量为 4343 磅,合并 AACC 两堆后石头的平均重量为 4444 磅。合并 BBCC 两堆后,石头平均重量的最大可能整数值是多少磅?

A,A, B,B, and CC are three piles of rocks. The mean weight of the rocks in AA is 4040 pounds, the mean weight of the rocks in BB is 5050 pounds, the mean weight of the rocks in the combined piles AA and BB is 4343 pounds, and the mean weight of the rocks in the combined piles AA and CC is 4444 pounds. What is the greatest possible integer value for the mean in pounds of the rocks in the combined piles BB and C?C?

5555

5656

5757

5858

5959

答案:E
知识点:平均数最优化
难度评级:1980
小提示:

a,b,ca, b, c 为石头数量;A,BA,B 的平均数 4343 给出 7b=3a7b = 3a

Let a,b,ca, b, c be the counts; the A,BA,B mean 4343 gives 7b=3a7b = 3a

大提示:

a=7k, b=3ka = 7k,\ b = 3kA,CA,C 的平均数 4444,把 B,CB,C 的平均数写成 kkcc 的式子

Write the B,CB,C mean in terms of kk and cc using a=7k, b=3ka = 7k,\ b = 3k and the A,CA,C mean 4444

解答:

a,b,ca, b, c 分别为三堆石头的数量。由 40a+50ba+b=43\dfrac{40a + 50b}{a + b} = 43,得 7b=3a7b = 3a,所以 a=7ka = 7kb=3kb = 3k

μBC\mu_{BC}BBCC 的平均重量。利用 A,CA, C 的平均数 4444 表示出 μC=28k+44cc\mu_C = \dfrac{28k + 44c}{c},可得 μBC=178k+44c3k+c\mu_{BC} = \dfrac{178k + 44c}{3k + c},所以 (μBC44)c=(1783μBC)k(\mu_{BC} - 44)c = (178 - 3\mu_{BC})k

因为 BBAA 重,所以 BBCC 的平均数大于 4444,这迫使 1783μBC>0178 - 3\mu_{BC} \gt 0,即 μBC<1783=5913\mu_{BC} \lt \tfrac{178}{3} = 59\tfrac13。取 k=15ck=15c 时可以达到 5959:此时堆 CC 的平均重量为 464464,代入上式得 μBC=59\mu_{BC}=59。因此最大的整数平均数是 5959

因此,正确答案是 E

Let a,b,ca, b, c be the numbers of rocks in the piles. From 40a+50ba+b=43,\dfrac{40a + 50b}{a + b} = 43, we get 7b=3a,7b = 3a, so a=7ka = 7k and b=3k.b = 3k.

Let μBC\mu_{BC} be the mean of BB and C.C. Using the A,CA, C mean 4444 to express μC=28k+44cc,\mu_C = \dfrac{28k + 44c}{c}, we find μBC=178k+44c3k+c,\mu_{BC} = \dfrac{178k + 44c}{3k + c}, so (μBC44)c=(1783μBC)k.(\mu_{BC} - 44)c = (178 - 3\mu_{BC})k.

Since BB is heavier than A,A, the mean of BB and CC exceeds 44,44, forcing 1783μBC>0,178 - 3\mu_{BC} \gt 0, i.e. μBC<1783=5913.\mu_{BC} \lt \tfrac{178}{3} = 59\tfrac13. The value 5959 is attainable by taking k=15c;k=15c; then pile CC has mean 464464 and the displayed formula gives μBC=59.\mu_{BC}=59. Thus the greatest integer mean is 59.59.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

17.

一组 1212 名海盗同意按如下方式分一箱金币。第 kk 个取份额的海盗拿走箱中剩余金币的 k12\dfrac{k}{12}。箱中最初的金币数是能使每名海盗都得到正整数枚金币的最小数。第 1212 名海盗得到多少枚金币?

A group of 1212 pirates agree to divide a treasure chest of gold coins among themselves as follows. The kkth pirate to take a share takes k12\dfrac{k}{12} of the coins that remain in the chest. The number of coins initially in the chest is the smallest number for which this arrangement will allow each pirate to receive a positive whole number of coins. How many coins does the 1212th pirate receive?

720720

12961296

17281728

19251925

38503850

答案:D
难度评级:2050
小提示:

在第 kk 名海盗取走份额之前,箱中金币数是取走之后剩余金币数的 1212k\dfrac{12}{12 - k}

Before the kkth pirate takes a share, the chest holds 1212k\dfrac{12}{12 - k} times what remains after

大提示:

若最后一名海盗拿到 nn 枚金币,则初始金币数为 1211n11!\dfrac{12^{11}n}{11!};令它成为整数并使 nn 最小

If nn coins remain for the last pirate, the initial count is 1211n11!;\dfrac{12^{11}n}{11!}; make it an integer with smallest nn

解答:

1k111 \le k \le 11,第 kk 名海盗取走份额之前的金币数,是取走之后金币数的 1212k\dfrac{12}{12 - k} 倍。所以若留给第 1212 名海盗的是 nn 枚金币,初始金币数为 1211n11!=21437n52711 \dfrac{12^{11}\, n}{11!} = \dfrac{2^{14}\cdot 3^{7}\, n}{5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11}\text{。}

使其成为正整数的最小 nn52711=19255^2\cdot7\cdot11=1925。在第 kk 名海盗取金币之前,剩余的金币数等于初始数目乘以 11!(12k)!12k1\frac{11!}{(12-k)!\,12^{k-1}};代入这个 nn 便可看出它对每个 kk 都是整数。因此每个人分到的都是整数枚金币,而第 1212 名海盗得到 19251925 枚金币。

因此,正确答案是 D

For 1k11,1 \le k \le 11, the number of coins before the kkth pirate takes a share is 1212k\dfrac{12}{12 - k} times the number afterward. So if nn coins are left for the 1212th pirate, the initial count is 1211n11!=21437n52711. \dfrac{12^{11}\, n}{11!} = \dfrac{2^{14}\cdot 3^{7}\, n}{5^2\cdot 7\cdot 11}.

The smallest nn making this a positive integer is 52711=1925.5^2\cdot7\cdot11=1925. Before pirate k,k, the remaining count is the initial count multiplied by 11!(12k)!12k1;\frac{11!}{(12-k)!\,12^{k-1}}; substituting this nn shows it is an integer for every k.k. Hence all shares are integral, and the 1212th pirate receives 19251925 coins.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

六个半径为 11 的球摆放成它们的球心位于边长为 22 的正六边形顶点上。这六个球都内切于一个大球,大球球心是该正六边形的中心。第八个球外切于这六个小球,并内切于大球。这个第八个球的半径是多少?

Six spheres of radius 11 are positioned so that their centers are at the vertices of a regular hexagon of side length 2.2. The six spheres are internally tangent to a larger sphere whose center is the center of the hexagon. An eighth sphere is externally tangent to the six smaller spheres and internally tangent to the larger sphere. What is the radius of this eighth sphere?

2\sqrt{2}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

3\sqrt{3}

22

答案:B
难度评级:2100
小提示:

大球半径为 33;设第八个球半径为 rr,其球心到中心的距离为 xx,且 x+r=3x + r = 3

The large sphere has radius 3;3; let the eighth sphere have radius rr and center at distance xx from the center, with x+r=3x + r = 3

大提示:

一个小球球心、中心 OO,和第八个球心构成直角三角形:(r+1)2=22+x2(r + 1)^2 = 2^2 + x^2

A center of a small sphere, the center O,O, and the eighth center form a right triangle: (r+1)2=22+x2(r + 1)^2 = 2^2 + x^2

解答:

每个小球球心到中心 OO 的距离为 22,而小球半径为 11,所以大球半径为 33。设第八个球半径为 rr,球心 GGOO 的距离为 xx,则 x+r=3x + r = 3

因为 GG 到两个相对的六边形顶点等距,GOGO 垂直于通向某个顶点的线,由勾股定理得 (r+1)2=22+x2=4+(3r)2 \begin{gathered} (r + 1)^2 = 2^2 + x^2 \\ = 4 + (3 - r)^2 \end{gathered}\text{。}

化简得 2r+1=136r2r + 1 = 13 - 6r,所以 r=32r = \tfrac32

因此,正确答案是 B

Each small center is 22 from the center O,O, and the small spheres have radius 1,1, so the large sphere has radius 3.3. Let the eighth sphere have radius rr and center GG at distance xx from O;O; then x+r=3.x + r = 3.

Since GG is equidistant from two opposite hexagon vertices, GOGO is perpendicular to the line to a vertex, and the Pythagorean Theorem gives (r+1)2=22+x2=4+(3r)2. \begin{gathered} (r + 1)^2 = 2^2 + x^2 \\ = 4 + (3 - r)^2. \end{gathered}

This simplifies to 2r+1=136r,2r + 1 = 13 - 6r, so r=32.r = \tfrac32.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=86AB = 86,且 AC=97AC = 97。以 AA 为圆心、ABAB 为半径的圆与 BC\overline{BC} 交于点 BBXX。此外,BX\overline{BX}CX\overline{CX} 的长度都是整数。BCBC 是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=86,AB = 86, and AC=97.AC = 97. A circle with center AA and radius ABAB intersects BC\overline{BC} at points BB and X.X. Moreover BX\overline{BX} and CX\overline{CX} have integer lengths. What is BC?BC?

1111

2828

3333

6161

7272

答案:D
难度评级:2200
小提示:

从点 CC 使用点的幂,得到 BCCX=AC2AB2BC\cdot CX = AC^2 - AB^2

Power of a Point from CC gives BCCX=AC2AB2BC\cdot CX = AC^2 - AB^2

大提示:

AC2AB2=2013=31161AC^2 - AB^2 = 2013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61;在 CX<BC<AB+AC=183CX \lt BC \lt AB + AC = 183 下分解因数

AC2AB2=2013=31161;AC^2 - AB^2 = 2013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61; factor with CX<BC<AB+AC=183CX \lt BC \lt AB + AC = 183

解答:

由点的幂定理,BCCX=AC2AB2BC\cdot CX = AC^2 - AB^2,其中 ABAB 是圆的半径。因此 BCCX=972862=2013BC\cdot CX = 97^2 - 86^2 = 2013

因为 BC=BX+CXBC = BX + CXCXCX 都是整数,它们是 2013=311612013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61 的一对互补因数。由于 CX<BC<AB+AC=183CX \lt BC \lt AB + AC = 183,唯一可能是 CX=33CX = 33BC=61BC = 61

因此,正确答案是 D

By the Power of a Point Theorem, BCCX=AC2AB2BC\cdot CX = AC^2 - AB^2 where ABAB is the radius. Thus BCCX=972862=2013.BC\cdot CX = 97^2 - 86^2 = 2013.

Since BC=BX+CXBC = BX + CX and CXCX are integers, they are complementary factors of 2013=31161.2013 = 3\cdot 11\cdot 61. As CX<BC<AB+AC=183,CX \lt BC \lt AB + AC = 183, the only possibility is CX=33CX = 33 and BC=61.BC = 61.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

SS 为集合 {1,2,3,,19}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 19\}。对 aabSb \in S,定义 aba \succ b 表示 0<ab90 \lt a - b \le 9ba>9b - a \gt 9。有多少个由 SS 中元素组成的有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 满足 xyx \succ yyzy \succ zzxz \succ x

Let SS be the set {1,2,3,,19}.\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 19\}. For a,a, bS,b \in S, define aba \succ b to mean that either 0<ab90 \lt a - b \le 9 or ba>9.b - a \gt 9. How many ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of elements of SS have the property that xy,x \succ y, yz,y \succ z, and zx?z \succ x?

810810

855855

900900

950950

988988

答案:B
难度评级:2220
小提示:

在模 1919 意义下考虑;此时 aba \succ b 等价于 0<(ab)mod1990 \lt (a - b) \bmod 19 \le 9

Work modulo 19;19; then aba \succ b means 0<(ab)mod1990 \lt (a - b) \bmod 19 \le 9

大提示:

固定 xx1919 种);令 y=x+iy = x + i,其中 1i91 \le i \le 9,则 zzii 种选择

Fix xx (1919 ways); let y=x+iy = x + i with 1i9,1 \le i \le 9, then zz has ii options

解答:

把元素按模 1919 来看,关系 aba \succ b 恰好在 0<(ab)mod1990 \lt (a - b) \bmod 19 \le 9 时成立。

xx1919 种选择。固定 xx 后,令 y=x+iy = x + i,其中 1i91 \le i \le 9。那么 zz 必须满足 x+10zx+9+ix + 10 \le z \le x + 9 + i,因而有 ii 种选择。

总数为 19(1+2++9)=194519(1 + 2 + \cdots + 9) = 19\cdot 45 =855= 855

因此,正确答案是 B

Reading the elements modulo 19,19, the relation aba \succ b holds exactly when 0<(ab)mod199.0 \lt (a - b) \bmod 19 \le 9.

There are 1919 choices for x.x. Once xx is fixed, take y=x+iy = x + i for some 1i9.1 \le i \le 9. Then zz must satisfy x+10zx+9+i,x + 10 \le z \le x + 9 + i, giving ii choices.

The total is 19(1+2++9)=194519(1 + 2 + \cdots + 9) = 19\cdot 45 =855.= 855.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

考虑 A=log(2013+log(2012+log(2011+log(+log(3+log2))))) \begin{gathered} A = \\ \tiny \log(2013 + \log(2012 + \log(2011 + \log(\cdots + \log(3 + \log 2)\cdots)))) \end{gathered}\text{。}

以下哪个区间包含 AA

Consider A=log(2013+log(2012+log(2011+log(+log(3+log2))))). \begin{gathered} A = \\ \tiny \log(2013 + \log(2012 + \log(2011 + \log(\cdots + \log(3 + \log 2)\cdots)))). \end{gathered}

Which of the following intervals contains A?A?

(log2016,log2017)(\log 2016, \log 2017)

(log2017,log2018)(\log 2017, \log 2018)

(log2018,log2019)(\log 2018, \log 2019)

(log2019,log2020)(\log 2019, \log 2020)

(log2020,log2021)(\log 2020, \log 2021)

答案:A
难度评级:2210
小提示:

跟踪嵌套值所在范围:较小 nn 时有 0<An<10 \lt A_n \lt 1,之后有 1<An<21 \lt A_n \lt 2,等等

Track where the nested value sits: 0<An<10 \lt A_n \lt 1 for small n,n, then 1<An<2,1 \lt A_n \lt 2, etc.

大提示:

n=2012n = 2012 时,该值满足 3<A2012<43 \lt A_{2012} \lt 4,再估计 2013+A20122013 + A_{2012}

For n=2012n = 2012 the value satisfies 3<A2012<4,3 \lt A_{2012} \lt 4, so estimate 2013+A20122013 + A_{2012}

解答:

An=log(n+log((n1)++log(3+log2)))\tiny A_n = \log(n + \log((n-1) + \cdots + \log(3 + \log 2)\cdots))。可以检查 2n92 \le n \le 90<An<10 \lt A_n \lt 110n9810 \le n \le 981<An<21 \lt A_n \lt 299n99799 \le n \le 9972<An<32 \lt A_n \lt 3,且 998n9996998 \le n \le 99963<An<43 \lt A_n \lt 4

因此 3<A2012<43 \lt A_{2012} \lt 4,所以 2016<2013+A2012<20172016 \lt 2013 + A_{2012} \lt 2017,从而 log2016<A<log2017\log 2016 \lt A \lt \log 2017

因此,正确答案是 A

Let An=log(n+log((n1)++log(3+log2))).\tiny A_n = \log(n + \log((n-1) + \cdots + \log(3 + \log 2)\cdots)). One checks 0<An<10 \lt A_n \lt 1 for 2n9,2 \le n \le 9, then 1<An<21 \lt A_n \lt 2 for 10n98,10 \le n \le 98, then 2<An<32 \lt A_n \lt 3 for 99n997,99 \le n \le 997, and 3<An<43 \lt A_n \lt 4 for 998n9996.998 \le n \le 9996.

Hence 3<A2012<4,3 \lt A_{2012} \lt 4, so 2016<2013+A2012<20172016 \lt 2013 + A_{2012} \lt 2017 and therefore log2016<A<log2017.\log 2016 \lt A \lt \log 2017.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

回文数是一个非负整数,按 1010 进制书写且没有前导零时,从前往后读和从后往前读相同。随机均匀选取一个 66 位回文数 nnn11\dfrac{n}{11} 也是回文数的概率是多少?

A palindrome is a nonnegative integer number that reads the same forwards and backwards when written in base 1010 with no leading zeros. A 66-digit palindrome nn is chosen uniformly at random. What is the probability that n11\dfrac{n}{11} is also a palindrome?

825\dfrac{8}{25}

33100\dfrac{33}{100}

720\dfrac{7}{20}

925\dfrac{9}{25}

1130\dfrac{11}{30}

答案:E
难度评级:2440
小提示:

证明 m=n11m = \dfrac{n}{11} 必须是一个 55 位回文数 abcba\overline{abcba}

Show m=n11m = \dfrac{n}{11} must be a 55-digit palindrome abcba\overline{abcba}

大提示:

乘积 11m11m 是回文数当且仅当 a+b9a + b \le 9b+c9b + c \le 9;计数这些情况

The product 11m11m is a palindrome exactly when a+b9a + b \le 9 and b+c9;b + c \le 9; count those

解答:

m=n11m= \frac{n}{11}。如果 mm 是四位数,那么 n<110000n<110000,所以六位回文数 nn 的首位和末位都必须是 11。这迫使回文数 mm 的首位和末位也都是 11,从而 m<2000m<2000n<22000n<22000,矛盾。因此 mm 是五位回文数 abcba\overline{abcba}

写成 n=11m=abcba0+abcban=11m=\overline{abcba0}+\overline{abcba},恰好在 a+b9a+b\le9b+c9b+c\le9 时没有进位;所得数字依次为 a,a+b,b+c,b+c,a+b,aa,a+b,b+c,b+c,a+b,a。若 a+b10a+b\ge10,首位与末位不同;若只有 b+c10b+c\ge10,第二位与倒数第二位不同。所以这些条件也是必要的。有效的 mm 的个数是 b=09(10b)(9b)=330 \sum_{b=0}^{9}(10 - b)(9 - b) = 330\text{。}

六位回文数共有 9102=9009\cdot 10^2 = 900 个,所以概率为 330900=1130\dfrac{330}{900} = \dfrac{11}{30}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let m=n11.m= \frac{n}{11}. If mm had four digits, then n<110000,n<110000, so the first and last digits of the six-digit palindrome nn would both be 1.1. This forces the first and last digits of the palindromic mm to be 1,1, hence m<2000m<2000 and n<22000,n<22000, a contradiction. Therefore mm is a five-digit palindrome abcba.\overline{abcba}.

Writing n=11m=abcba0+abcba,n=11m=\overline{abcba0}+\overline{abcba}, no carries occur exactly when a+b9a+b\le9 and b+c9;b+c\le9; the resulting digits are a,a+b,b+c,b+c,a+b,a.a,a+b,b+c,b+c,a+b,a. If a+b10,a+b\ge10, the leading and trailing digits differ; if only b+c10,b+c\ge10, the next pair differs. Thus the conditions are also necessary. The number of valid mm is b=09(10b)(9b)=330. \sum_{b=0}^{9}(10 - b)(9 - b) = 330.

There are 9102=9009\cdot 10^2 = 900 six-digit palindromes, so the probability is 330900=1130.\dfrac{330}{900} = \dfrac{11}{30}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

ABCDABCD 是一个边长为 3+1\sqrt{3} + 1 的正方形。点 PPAC\overline{AC} 上,且 AP=2AP = \sqrt{2}。将正方形 ABCDABCD 围成的区域绕中心 PP 逆时针旋转 9090^\circ,扫过区域的面积为 1c(aπ+b)\dfrac{1}{c}(a\pi + b),其中 aabbcc 为正整数且 gcd(a,b,c)=1\gcd(a, b, c) = 1。求 a+b+ca + b + c

ABCDABCD is a square of side length 3+1.\sqrt{3} + 1. Point PP is on AC\overline{AC} such that AP=2.AP = \sqrt{2}. The square region bounded by ABCDABCD is rotated 9090^\circ counterclockwise with center P,P, sweeping out a region whose area is 1c(aπ+b),\dfrac{1}{c}(a\pi + b), where a,a, b,b, and cc are positive integers and gcd(a,b,c)=1.\gcd(a, b, c) = 1. What is a+b+c?a + b + c?

1515

1717

1919

2121

2323

答案:C
难度评级:2520
小提示:

跟踪像点 A,B,C,DA', B', C', D';扫过区域由四个圆扇形和四个三角形组成

Track the images A,B,C,D;A', B', C', D'; the swept region is four circular sectors plus four triangles

大提示:

AP=2AP = \sqrt{2}PC=6PC = \sqrt{6} 给出扇形半径,而 BPH\triangle BPH3030-6060-9090 度三角形。

AP=2AP = \sqrt{2} and PC=6PC = \sqrt{6} give the sector radii, and BPH\triangle BPH is a 303060609090 triangle

解答:

A,B,C,DA', B', C', D' 为各顶点旋转后的像。扫过的区域可分解为四个圆扇形和四个三角形。

因为 AP=2AP = \sqrt{2}PC=ACAP=6PC = AC - AP = \sqrt{6},所以 AACC 处的扇形面积分别为 π2\tfrac{\pi}{2}3π2\tfrac{3\pi}{2}。若 HHAAAA' 的中点,则 PH=AH=1PH=AH=1HB=3HB=\sqrt3,所以 BPH\triangle BPH3030-6060-9090^\circ 三角形,并且 PB=2PB=2。因此沿 BCBC 的两个 6060^\circ 扇形面积各为 2π3\frac{2\pi}{3}。以 PHPH 为高的两个三角形贡献 31\sqrt3-1,另一对全等三角形的高为 3\sqrt3,贡献 333-\sqrt3。所以四个三角形共贡献 22

总面积为 π2+3π2+22π3+2=10π+63 \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\pi}{2} + \dfrac{3\pi}{2} + 2\cdot\dfrac{2\pi}{3} + 2 \\ = \dfrac{10\pi + 6}{3} \end{gathered}\text{,}因此 a+b+c=10+6+3=19a + b + c = 10 + 6 + 3 = 19

因此,正确答案是 C

Let A,B,C,DA', B', C', D' be the images of the vertices under the rotation. The swept region decomposes into four circular sectors and four triangles.

Since AP=2AP = \sqrt{2} and PC=ACAP=6,PC = AC - AP = \sqrt{6}, the sectors at AA and CC have areas π2\tfrac{\pi}{2} and 3π2.\tfrac{3\pi}{2}. If HH is the midpoint of AA,AA', then PH=AH=1PH=AH=1 and HB=3,HB=\sqrt3, so BPH\triangle BPH is a 3030-6060-9090^\circ triangle and PB=2.PB=2. Hence the two 6060^\circ sectors along BCBC each have area 2π3.\frac{2\pi}{3}. The two triangles with altitude PHPH contribute 31,\sqrt3-1, and the other congruent pair has altitude 3\sqrt3 and contributes 33.3-\sqrt3. Thus the four triangles contribute 2.2.

The total area is π2+3π2+22π3+2=10π+63, \begin{gathered} \dfrac{\pi}{2} + \dfrac{3\pi}{2} + 2\cdot\dfrac{2\pi}{3} + 2 \\ = \dfrac{10\pi + 6}{3}, \end{gathered} so a+b+c=10+6+3=19.a + b + c = 10 + 6 + 3 = 19.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

从所有以正 1212 边形顶点为端点的线段中随机选取三条不同的线段。这三条线段的长度能作为一个面积为正的三角形的三条边长的概率是多少?

Three distinct segments are chosen at random among the segments whose endpoints are the vertices of a regular 1212-gon. What is the probability that the lengths of these three segments are the three side lengths of a triangle with positive area?

553715\dfrac{553}{715}

443572\dfrac{443}{572}

111143\dfrac{111}{143}

81104\dfrac{81}{104}

223286\dfrac{223}{286}

答案:E
难度评级:2650
小提示:

共有 66 种可能长度 dk=2sin(15k)d_k = 2\sin(15k^\circ);统计每种长度有多少条线段

There are 66 possible lengths dk=2sin(15k);d_k = 2\sin(15k^\circ); count how many segments have each length

大提示:

用补集计数:减去最长边长度大于或等于另外两边长度之和的三元组

Use complementary counting: subtract the triples whose longest length is at least the sum of the other two

解答:

将正 1212 边形内接于单位圆。线段长度为 dk=2sin(15k)d_k = 2\sin(15k^\circ),其中 1k61 \le k \le 6,长度 d1,,d5d_1, \ldots, d_5 各有 1212 条,长度 d6d_666 条。

比较各和,满足 dadbdcd_a \le d_b \le d_cdcda+dbd_c \ge d_a + d_b 的禁用指标三元组 (a,b,c)(a, b, c)(1,1,3),(1,1,4),(1,1,5),(1,1,6),(1,2,4),(1,2,5),(1,2,6),(1,3,5),(1,3,6),(2,2,6) \begin{gathered} (1,1,3),(1,1,4),(1,1,5), \\ (1,1,6),(1,2,4),(1,2,5), \\ (1,2,6),(1,3,5),(1,3,6), \\ (2,2,6) \end{gathered}\text{。}

前三个以 3,4,53,4,5 结尾的三元组贡献 3(122)123\binom{12}{2}12;两个以 66 结尾且有重复长度的三元组贡献 2(122)62\binom{12}{2}6;三个长度互异且不含直径的三元组贡献 31233\cdot12^3;剩下两个含直径的三元组贡献 212262\cdot12^2\cdot6。将总和除以 (663)\binom{66}{3},得到失败概率 63286\frac{63}{286},所以答案是 163286=2232861-\frac{63}{286}=\frac{223}{286}

因此,正确答案是 E

Inscribe the 1212-gon in a unit circle. The segment lengths are dk=2sin(15k)d_k = 2\sin(15k^\circ) for 1k6,1 \le k \le 6, with 1212 segments of each length d1,,d5d_1, \ldots, d_5 and 66 of length d6.d_6.

Comparing sums, the forbidden index triples (a,b,c)(a, b, c) with dadbdcd_a \le d_b \le d_c and dcda+dbd_c \ge d_a + d_b are (1,1,3),(1,1,4),(1,1,5),(1,1,6),(1,2,4),(1,2,5),(1,2,6),(1,3,5),(1,3,6),(2,2,6). \begin{gathered} (1,1,3),(1,1,4),(1,1,5), \\ (1,1,6),(1,2,4),(1,2,5), \\ (1,2,6),(1,3,5),(1,3,6), \\ (2,2,6). \end{gathered}

The first three triples ending in 3,4,53,4,5 contribute 3(122)12;3\binom{12}{2}12; the two repeated-length triples ending in 66 contribute 2(122)6;2\binom{12}{2}6; the three triples of distinct non-diameter lengths contribute 3123;3\cdot12^3; and the two remaining diameter triples contribute 21226.2\cdot12^2\cdot6. Dividing their sum by (663)\binom{66}{3} gives failure probability 63286,\frac{63}{286}, so the answer is 163286=223286.1-\frac{63}{286}=\frac{223}{286}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

25.

定义函数 f:CCf : \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C}f(z)=z2+iz+1f(z) = z^2 + iz + 1。有多少个复数 zz 满足 Im(z)>0\operatorname{Im}(z) \gt 0,并且 f(z)f(z) 的实部和虚部都是绝对值至多为 1010 的整数?

Let f:CCf : \mathbb{C} \to \mathbb{C} be defined by f(z)=z2+iz+1.f(z) = z^2 + iz + 1. How many complex numbers zz are there such that Im(z)>0\operatorname{Im}(z) \gt 0 and both the real and the imaginary parts of f(z)f(z) are integers with absolute value at most 10?10?

399399

401401

413413

431431

441441

答案:A
知识点:复数格点
难度评级:2790
小提示:

证明 ff 在上半平面上一一对应到其像,所以计数 zz 等价于计数有效的 f(z)f(z)

Show ff is one-to-one on the upper half-plane, so counting zz equals counting valid f(z)f(z)

大提示:

像集为 {w:Re(w)<(Im(w))2+1}\{w : \operatorname{Re}(w) \lt (\operatorname{Im}(w))^2 + 1\};统计满足 Re,Im10|\operatorname{Re}|, |\operatorname{Im}| \le 10 的格点

The image is {w:Re(w)<(Im(w))2+1};\{w : \operatorname{Re}(w) \lt (\operatorname{Im}(w))^2 + 1\}; count lattice points with Re,Im10|\operatorname{Re}|, |\operatorname{Im}| \le 10

解答:

在上半平面 HH 上,若 f(z1)=f(z2)f(z_1) = f(z_2),则 (z1z2)(z1+z2+i)=0(z_1 - z_2)(z_1 + z_2 + i) = 0;因为 Im(z1),Im(z2)>0\operatorname{Im}(z_1), \operatorname{Im}(z_2) \gt 0,因子 z1+z2+i0z_1 + z_2 + i \ne 0,所以 ffHH 上是一一的。

rr 取实数时,边界上的值 f(r)=r2+1+irf(r)=r^2+1+ir 描出抛物线 Re(w)=(Im(w))2+1\operatorname{Re}(w)=(\operatorname{Im}(w))^2+1。因为 f(i)=1f(i)=-1 位于它的左侧,而 ffHH 上连续且一一对应,所以它的像恰好由满足 Re(w)<(Im(w))2+1\operatorname{Re}(w)<(\operatorname{Im}(w))^2+1 的所有 ww 组成。因此我们计数满足 a,bZa, b \in \mathbb{Z}a,b10|a|, |b| \le 10a<b2+1a \lt b^2 + 1w=a+ibw = a + ibS=212b=33(10b2)=44142=399 \begin{gathered} |S| = 21^2 \\ {}- \sum_{b=-3}^{3}(10 - b^2) \\ = 441 - 42 = 399 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

On the upper half-plane H,H, if f(z1)=f(z2)f(z_1) = f(z_2) then (z1z2)(z1+z2+i)=0;(z_1 - z_2)(z_1 + z_2 + i) = 0; since Im(z1),Im(z2)>0,\operatorname{Im}(z_1), \operatorname{Im}(z_2) \gt 0, the factor z1+z2+i0,z_1 + z_2 + i \ne 0, so ff is one-to-one on H.H.

For real r,r, the boundary values f(r)=r2+1+irf(r)=r^2+1+ir trace the parabola Re(w)=(Im(w))2+1.\operatorname{Re}(w)=(\operatorname{Im}(w))^2+1. Since f(i)=1f(i)=-1 lies to its left and ff is continuous and one-to-one on H,H, its image consists precisely of the values ww satisfying Re(w)<(Im(w))2+1.\operatorname{Re}(w)<(\operatorname{Im}(w))^2+1. Thus we count w=a+ibw = a + ib with a,bZ,a, b \in \mathbb{Z}, a,b10,|a|, |b| \le 10, and a<b2+1:a \lt b^2 + 1: S=212b=33(10b2)=44142=399. \begin{gathered} |S| = 21^2 \\ {}- \sum_{b=-3}^{3}(10 - b^2) \\ = 441 - 42 = 399. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.