2008 AMC 12B 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

一名篮球运动员在一场比赛中投进了 55 个球。每次进球得 22 分或 33 分。该运动员总得分可能有多少种不同的数值?

A basketball player made 55 baskets during a game. Each basket was worth either 22 or 33 points. How many different numbers could represent the total points scored by the player?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:E
知识点:区间内整数计数
难度评级:920
小提示:

总分最小时全是 22 分球,最大时全是 33 分球。

The total is smallest with all 22-point baskets and largest with all 33-point baskets

大提示:

525 \cdot 2535 \cdot 3 之间的每个整数都能达到。

Every integer between 525 \cdot 2 and 535 \cdot 3 is attainable

解答:

总分从 52=105 \cdot 2 = 10(全是两分球)到 53=155 \cdot 3 = 15(全是三分球)。每把一个两分球换成三分球,总分正好增加 11,所以中间的每个整数都会出现。

可能的总分是 10,11,12,13,14,1510, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,共有 66 个值。

因此,正确答案是 E

The total ranges from 52=105 \cdot 2 = 10 (all two-pointers) to 53=155 \cdot 3 = 15 (all three-pointers). Swapping one two-pointer for a three-pointer raises the total by exactly 1,1, so every integer in between occurs.

The possible totals are 10,11,12,13,14,15,10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, which is 66 values.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

如图所示,一个 4×44 \times 4 的日历日期方块。先将第二行数字的顺序反过来。然后将第四行数字的顺序反过来。最后,把两条对角线上的数字分别相加。两个对角线和的正差是多少?

A 4×44 \times 4 block of calendar dates is shown. The order of the numbers in the second row is to be reversed. Then the order of the numbers in the fourth row is to be reversed. Finally, the numbers on each diagonal are to be added. What will be the positive difference between the two diagonal sums?

22

44

66

88

1010

答案:B
难度评级:1020
小提示:

将第 22 行和第 44 行反向后,各行变成 12341\,2\,3\,411109811\,10\,9\,81516171815\,16\,17\,182524232225\,24\,23\,22

After reversing rows 22 and 4,4, the rows become 1234,1\,2\,3\,4, 111098,11\,10\,9\,8, 15161718,15\,16\,17\,18, 2524232225\,24\,23\,22

大提示:

一条对角线为 1,10,17,221, 10, 17, 22,另一条为 4,9,16,254, 9, 16, 25

One diagonal reads 1,10,17,221, 10, 17, 22 and the other reads 4,9,16,254, 9, 16, 25

解答:

将第二行和第四行反向后,数组的各行是 12341\,2\,3\,411109811\,10\,9\,81516171815\,16\,17\,182524232225\,24\,23\,22

主对角线和为 1+10+17+22=501 + 10 + 17 + 22 = 50,另一条对角线和为 4+9+16+25=544 + 9 + 16 + 25 = 54

正差为 5450=454 - 50 = 4

因此,正确答案是 B

Reversing the second and fourth rows gives the array with rows 1234,1\,2\,3\,4, 111098,11\,10\,9\,8, 15161718,15\,16\,17\,18, and 25242322.25\,24\,23\,22.

The main diagonal sums to 1+10+17+22=50,1 + 10 + 17 + 22 = 50, and the other diagonal sums to 4+9+16+25=54.4 + 9 + 16 + 25 = 54.

The positive difference is 5450=4.54 - 50 = 4.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

一个半职业棒球联盟中每队有 2121 名球员。联盟规则规定,每名球员工资至少为 $15,000\$15{,}000,并且每队所有球员工资总和不能超过 $700,000\$700{,}000。单名球员最高可能工资是多少美元?

A semipro baseball league has teams with 2121 players each. League rules state that a player must be paid at least $15,000,\$15{,}000, and that the total of all players’ salaries for each team cannot exceed $700,000.\$700{,}000. What is the maximum possible salary, in dollars, for a single player?

270,000270{,}000

385,000385{,}000

400,000400{,}000

430,000430{,}000

700,000700{,}000

答案:C
难度评级:1100
小提示:

要让一个人的工资尽可能大,就让其他 2020 名球员都拿允许的最低工资。

To make one salary as large as possible, pay the other 2020 players the minimum allowed

大提示:

最大工资等于 $700,000\$700{,}000 减去 2020 份最低工资的总和。

The maximum is $700,000\$700{,}000 minus the total of 2020 minimum salaries

解答:

当其他 2020 名球员每人都拿最低工资 $15,000\$15{,}000 时,一名球员的工资最大。

因此最大工资为 $700,000\$700{,}000 20$15,000- 20 \cdot \$15{,}000 =$700,000= \$700{,}000 $300,000- \$300{,}000 =$400,000= \$400{,}000

因此,正确答案是 C

One player earns the most when the other 2020 players each receive the minimum salary of $15,000.\$15{,}000.

Thus the maximum salary is $700,000\$700{,}000 20$15,000- 20 \cdot \$15{,}000 =$700,000= \$700{,}000 $300,000- \$300{,}000 =$400,000.= \$400{,}000.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

在圆 OO 上,点 CCDD 位于直径 AB\overline{AB} 的同一侧,AOC=30\angle AOC = 30^\circ,且 DOB=45\angle DOB = 45^\circ。较小扇形 CODCOD 的面积与圆面积之比是多少?

On circle O,O, points CC and DD are on the same side of diameter AB,\overline{AB}, AOC=30,\angle AOC = 30^\circ, and DOB=45.\angle DOB = 45^\circ. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller sector CODCOD to the area of the circle?

29\dfrac{2}{9}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

518\dfrac{5}{18}

724\dfrac{7}{24}

310\dfrac{3}{10}

答案:D
知识点:扇形角度和
难度评级:1160
小提示:

AOC\angle AOCCOD\angle CODDOB\angle DOB 合起来构成直径 AB\overline{AB} 上方的平角。

AOC,\angle AOC, COD,\angle COD, and DOB\angle DOB together make the straight angle AB\overline{AB}

大提示:

一个扇形占整个圆的比例等于它的圆心角除以 360360^\circ

A sector’s fraction of the circle is its central angle divided by 360360^\circ

解答:

因为 AOC\angle AOCCOD\angle CODDOB\angle DOB 填满直径 AB\overline{AB} 上方的平角,所以 COD=1803045=105 \begin{aligned} \angle COD &= 180^\circ - 30^\circ - 45^\circ \\ &= 105^\circ \end{aligned}\text{。}

这个扇形占圆的比例为 105360=724\dfrac{105^\circ}{360^\circ} = \dfrac{7}{24}

因此,正确答案是 D

Since AOC,\angle AOC, COD,\angle COD, and DOB\angle DOB fill the straight angle over diameter AB,\overline{AB}, COD=1803045=105. \begin{aligned} \angle COD &= 180^\circ - 30^\circ - 45^\circ \\ &= 105^\circ. \end{aligned}

The sector’s share of the circle is 105360=724.\dfrac{105^\circ}{360^\circ} = \dfrac{7}{24}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

一个班级筹集了 $50\$50 为住院同学买花。玫瑰每朵 $3\$3,康乃馨每朵 $2\$2。不使用其他花。恰好花完 $50\$50 可以购买多少种不同的花束?

A class collects $50\$50 to buy flowers for a classmate who is in the hospital. Roses cost $3\$3 each, and carnations cost $2\$2 each. No other flowers are to be used. How many different bouquets could be purchased for exactly $50?\$50?

11

77

99

1616

1717

答案:C
难度评级:1270
小提示:

如果有 rr 朵玫瑰和 cc 朵康乃馨,则 3r+2c=503r + 2c = 50

If there are rr roses and cc carnations, then 3r+2c=503r + 2c = 50

大提示:

因为 2c2c5050 都是偶数,所以 3r3r 是偶数,rr 必须是偶数;数一数有多少个可行的偶数 rr

Since 2c2c and 5050 are even, 3r3r is even, so rr must be even; find how many even rr work

解答:

rr 为玫瑰数量,cc 为康乃馨数量,则 3r+2c=503r + 2c = 50,其中 r,c0r, c \ge 0

因为 2c2c5050 都是偶数,3r3r 必须是偶数,所以 rr 是偶数。最大的 rr1616(因为 317>503 \cdot 17 \gt 50),所以 r{0,2,4,,16}r \in \{0, 2, 4, \ldots, 16\}

这给出 99rr 的值,每个值都确定一种花束。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let rr be the number of roses and cc the number of carnations, so 3r+2c=503r + 2c = 50 with r,c0.r, c \ge 0.

Because 2c2c and 5050 are even, 3r3r must be even, forcing rr to be even. The largest possible rr is 1616 (since 317>503 \cdot 17 \gt 50), so r{0,2,4,,16}.r \in \{0, 2, 4, \ldots, 16\}.

That gives 99 values of r,r, each determining a bouquet.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

6.

邮差 Pete 有一个计步器来记录步数。计步器最多显示 9999999999 步,下一步会翻转为 0000000000。Pete 计划计算自己一年的里程。一月 11 日,Pete 将计步器设为 0000000000。一年中,计步器从 9999999999 翻到 0000000000 共四十四次。十二月 3131 日,计步器显示 5000050000。Pete 每英里走 18001800 步。下列哪一项最接近 Pete 这一年走过的英里数?

Postman Pete has a pedometer to count his steps. The pedometer records up to 9999999999 steps, then flips over to 0000000000 on the next step. Pete plans to determine his mileage for a year. On January 11 Pete sets the pedometer to 00000.00000. During the year, the pedometer flips from 9999999999 to 0000000000 forty-four times. On December 3131 the pedometer reads 50000.50000. Pete takes 18001800 steps per mile. Which of the following is closest to the number of miles Pete walked during the year?

25002500

30003000

35003500

40004000

45004500

答案:A
难度评级:1350
小提示:

计步器每翻转一次代表 100000100000 步;再加上最后显示的 5000050000

Each flip of the pedometer represents 100000100000 steps; add the final reading of 5000050000

大提示:

将总步数除以 18001800,换算成英里。

Divide the total number of steps by 18001800 to convert to miles

解答:

每次翻转表示 100000100000 步,所以这一年的总步数为 44100000+50000=4,450,000 \begin{aligned} &44 \cdot 100000 \\ &\quad {}+ 50000 = 4{,}450{,}000 \end{aligned}\text{。}

每英里 18001800 步,所以里程为 4,450,00018002472\dfrac{4{,}450{,}000}{1800} \approx 2472,最接近 25002500

因此,正确答案是 A

Each flip counts 100000100000 steps, so the year’s steps total 44100000+50000=4,450,000. \begin{aligned} &44 \cdot 100000 \\ &\quad {}+ 50000 = 4{,}450{,}000. \end{aligned}

At 18001800 steps per mile, the mileage is 4,450,00018002472,\dfrac{4{,}450{,}000}{1800} \approx 2472, which is closest to 2500.2500.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

对实数 aabb,定义 a$b=(ab)2a \$ b = (a - b)^2(xy)2$(yx)2(x - y)^2 \$ (y - x)^2 等于多少?

For real numbers aa and b,b, define a$b=(ab)2.a \$ b = (a - b)^2. What is (xy)2$(yx)2?(x - y)^2 \$ (y - x)^2?

00

x2+y2x^2 + y^2

2x22x^2

2y22y^2

4xy4xy

答案:A
难度评级:1250
小提示:

注意 (yx)2=(xy)2(y - x)^2 = (x - y)^2

Note that (yx)2=(xy)2(y - x)^2 = (x - y)^2

大提示:

所以表达式是 t$tt \$ t,其中 t=(xy)2t = (x - y)^2,而 t$t=(tt)2t \$ t = (t - t)^2

So the expression is t$tt \$ t with t=(xy)2,t = (x - y)^2, and t$t=(tt)2t \$ t = (t - t)^2

解答:

因为 (yx)2=(xy)2(y - x)^2 = (x - y)^2,运算的两个输入都是同一个值 t=(xy)2t = (x - y)^2

因此 (xy)2$(yx)2(x - y)^2 \$ (y - x)^2 =t$t= t \$ t =(tt)2=0= (t - t)^2 = 0

因此,正确答案是 A

Since (yx)2=(xy)2,(y - x)^2 = (x - y)^2, both inputs to the operation are the same value t=(xy)2.t = (x - y)^2.

Therefore (xy)2$(yx)2(x - y)^2 \$ (y - x)^2 =t$t= t \$ t =(tt)2=0.= (t - t)^2 = 0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

8.

BBCCAD\overline{AD} 上。AB\overline{AB} 的长度是 BD\overline{BD}44 倍,AC\overline{AC} 的长度是 CD\overline{CD}99 倍。BC\overline{BC} 的长度是 AD\overline{AD} 长度的几分之几?

Points BB and CC lie on AD.\overline{AD}. The length of AB\overline{AB} is 44 times the length of BD,\overline{BD}, and the length of AC\overline{AC} is 99 times the length of CD.\overline{CD}. The length of BC\overline{BC} is what fraction of the length of AD?\overline{AD}?

136\dfrac{1}{36}

113\dfrac{1}{13}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

536\dfrac{5}{36}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

答案:C
知识点:比与比例
难度评级:1350
小提示:

AB=4BDAB = 4\,BDAB+BD=ADAB + BD = AD 得到 BD=15ADBD = \tfrac{1}{5}AD

From AB=4BDAB = 4\,BD and AB+BD=AD,AB + BD = AD, get BD=15ADBD = \tfrac{1}{5}AD

大提示:

同理 CD=110ADCD = \tfrac{1}{10}AD,且 BC=BDCDBC = BD - CD

Similarly CD=110AD,CD = \tfrac{1}{10}AD, and BC=BDCDBC = BD - CD

解答:

因为 AB=4BDAB = 4\,BDAB+BD=ADAB + BD = AD,所以 5BD=AD5\,BD = AD,于是 BD=15ADBD = \tfrac{1}{5}AD

同样,由 AC=9CDAC = 9\,CDAC+CD=ADAC + CD = AD 得到 CD=110ADCD = \tfrac{1}{10}AD

因为 BBCC 的位置都从 AA 起量,所以   BC=BDCD\;BC = BD - CD =15AD110AD= \tfrac{1}{5}AD - \tfrac{1}{10}AD =110AD= \tfrac{1}{10}AD

因此,正确答案是 C

Since AB=4BDAB = 4\,BD and AB+BD=AD,AB + BD = AD, we have 5BD=AD,5\,BD = AD, so BD=15AD.BD = \tfrac{1}{5}AD.

Likewise AC=9CDAC = 9\,CD with AC+CD=ADAC + CD = AD gives CD=110AD.CD = \tfrac{1}{10}AD.

Because BB and CC both measure from A,A,   BC=BDCD\;BC = BD - CD =15AD110AD= \tfrac{1}{5}AD - \tfrac{1}{10}AD =110AD.= \tfrac{1}{10}AD.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

AABB 在半径为 55 的圆上,且 AB=6AB = 6。点 CC 是小弧 ABAB 的中点。线段 ACAC 的长度是多少?

Points AA and BB are on a circle of radius 55 and AB=6.AB = 6. Point CC is the midpoint of the minor arc AB.AB. What is the length of the line segment AC?AC?

10\sqrt{10}

72\dfrac{7}{2}

14\sqrt{14}

15\sqrt{15}

44

答案:A
难度评级:1500
小提示:

经过弧中点 CC 的半径垂直平分弦 ABAB,交于 DD,且 AD=3AD = 3

The radius through the arc midpoint CC perpendicularly bisects chord AB,AB, meeting it at DD with AD=3AD = 3

大提示:

先求圆心到弦的距离 ODOD,再求 DC=5ODDC = 5 - OD,最后对 ADC\triangle ADC 使用勾股定理。

Find the center-to-chord distance OD,OD, then DC=5OD,DC = 5 - OD, and apply the Pythagorean theorem to ADC\triangle ADC

解答:

OO 为圆心,DDOC\overline{OC}AB\overline{AB} 的交点。因为 CC 是弧 ABAB 的中点,OC\overline{OC} 是弦的垂直平分线,所以 AD=3AD = 3

在直角三角形 ADOADO 中,OD=5232=4OD = \sqrt{5^2 - 3^2} = 4,所以 DC=OCOD=54=1DC = OC - OD = 5 - 4 = 1

然后在直角三角形 ADCADC 中,AC=AD2+DC2AC = \sqrt{AD^2 + DC^2} =32+12= \sqrt{3^2 + 1^2} =10= \sqrt{10}

因此,正确答案是 A

Let OO be the center and DD the point where OC\overline{OC} meets AB.\overline{AB}. Since CC is the midpoint of arc AB,AB, OC\overline{OC} is the perpendicular bisector of the chord, so AD=3.AD = 3.

In right triangle ADO,ADO, OD=5232=4,OD = \sqrt{5^2 - 3^2} = 4, so DC=OCOD=54=1.DC = OC - OD = 5 - 4 = 1.

Then in right triangle ADC,ADC, AC=AD2+DC2AC = \sqrt{AD^2 + DC^2} =32+12= \sqrt{3^2 + 1^2} =10.= \sqrt{10}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

砌砖工 Brenda 单独建一个烟囱需要 99 小时,砌砖工 Brandon 单独建需要 1010 小时。他们一起工作时聊天很多,合计产出每小时减少 1010 块砖。他们一起工作 55 小时建完烟囱。这个烟囱有多少块砖?

Bricklayer Brenda would take 99 hours to build a chimney alone, and bricklayer Brandon would take 1010 hours to build it alone. When they work together, they talk a lot, and their combined output is decreased by 1010 bricks per hour. Working together, they build the chimney in 55 hours. How many bricks are in the chimney?

500500

900900

950950

10001000

19001900

答案:B
知识点:速率一次方程
难度评级:1530
小提示:

如果烟囱有 nn 块砖,Brenda 每小时砌 n9\tfrac{n}{9} 块,Brandon 每小时砌 n10\tfrac{n}{10} 块。

If the chimney has nn bricks, Brenda lays n9\tfrac{n}{9} per hour and Brandon lays n10\tfrac{n}{10} per hour

大提示:

他们一起每小时砌 n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10 块砖,工作 55 小时的产量等于 nn

Together they lay n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10 bricks per hour, and 55 hours of this equals nn

解答:

设烟囱有 nn 块砖。Brenda 单独工作时每小时砌 n9\tfrac{n}{9} 块,Brandon 每小时砌 n10\tfrac{n}{10} 块。一起工作时,他们的效率为 n9+n1010\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10

工作 55 小时完成烟囱,因此 5(n9+n1010)=n 5\left(\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10\right) = n\text{。} 展开得 5n9+5n1050=n\tfrac{5n}{9} + \tfrac{5n}{10} - 50 = n,所以 95n90n=50\tfrac{95n}{90} - n = 50,从而 5n90=50\tfrac{5n}{90} = 50

因此 n=900n = 900

因此,正确答案是 B

Let nn be the number of bricks. Alone, Brenda lays n9\tfrac{n}{9} bricks per hour and Brandon lays n10.\tfrac{n}{10}. Together, their rate is n9+n1010.\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10.

Working for 55 hours completes the chimney: 5(n9+n1010)=n. 5\left(\tfrac{n}{9} + \tfrac{n}{10} - 10\right) = n. Expanding, 5n9+5n1050=n,\tfrac{5n}{9} + \tfrac{5n}{10} - 50 = n, so 95n90n=50,\tfrac{95n}{90} - n = 50, giving 5n90=50.\tfrac{5n}{90} = 50.

Hence n=900.n = 900.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

11.

一座圆锥形山的底部在海底,高为 80008000 英尺。山体体积的顶端 18\tfrac{1}{8} 在水面以上。山底处的海水深度是多少英尺?

A cone-shaped mountain has its base on the ocean floor and has a height of 80008000 feet. The top 18\tfrac{1}{8} of the volume of the mountain is above water. What is the depth of the ocean at the base of the mountain, in feet?

40004000

2000(42)2000(4 - \sqrt{2})

60006000

64006400

70007000

答案:A
难度评级:1570
小提示:

水面以上的部分是一个与整座山相似的小圆锥。

The above-water part is a smaller cone similar to the whole mountain

大提示:

体积比 18\tfrac{1}{8} 是高度比的立方;深度等于总高度减去水上圆锥的高度。

The volume ratio 18\tfrac{1}{8} is the cube of the height ratio; the depth is the total height minus the above-water cone’s height

解答:

水面以上的部分是一个与整座山相似的圆锥,其体积为总体积的 18\tfrac{1}{8}。由于体积按长度的立方缩放,水上圆锥的高度是全高的 183=12\sqrt[3]{\tfrac{1}{8}} = \tfrac{1}{2}

所以水面以上的高度为 800012=40008000 \cdot \tfrac{1}{2} = 4000 英尺。

山底处的海水深度就是水下高度,等于 80004000=40008000 - 4000 = 4000 英尺。

因此,正确答案是 A

The part above the water is a cone similar to the whole mountain, with volume 18\tfrac{1}{8} of the total. Since volume scales as the cube of length, the above-water cone’s height is 183=12\sqrt[3]{\tfrac{1}{8}} = \tfrac{1}{2} of the full height.

So the above-water height is 800012=40008000 \cdot \tfrac{1}{2} = 4000 feet.

The ocean depth at the base is the submerged height, 80004000=40008000 - 4000 = 4000 feet.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

对每个正整数 nn,某数列前 nn 项的平均数为 nn。这个数列的第 20082008 项是多少?

For each positive integer n,n, the mean of the first nn terms of a sequence is n.n. What is the 20082008th term of the sequence?

20082008

40154015

40164016

4,030,0564{,}030{,}056

4,032,0644{,}032{,}064

答案:B
知识点:平均数求和
难度评级:1500
小提示:

如果前 nn 项的平均数为 nn,那么它们的和为 n2n^2

If the mean of the first nn terms is n,n, then their sum is n2n^2

大提示:

nn 项等于前 nn 项和减去前 n1n - 1 项和。

The nnth term equals the sum of the first nn minus the sum of the first n1n - 1

解答:

因为前 nn 项的平均数为 nn,所以它们的和为 nn=n2n \cdot n = n^2

nn 项是相邻两个部分和的差,n2(n1)2=2n1n^2 - (n-1)^2 = 2n - 1

n=2008n = 2008 时,该项为 220081=40152 \cdot 2008 - 1 = 4015

因此,正确答案是 B

Since the mean of the first nn terms is n,n, their sum is nn=n2.n \cdot n = n^2.

The nnth term is the difference of consecutive sums, n2(n1)2=2n1.n^2 - (n-1)^2 = 2n - 1.

For n=2008,n = 2008, the term is 220081=4015.2 \cdot 2008 - 1 = 4015.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

等边三角形 ABE\triangle ABE 的顶点 EE 在单位正方形 ABCDABCD 的内部。令 RR 为所有位于 ABCDABCD 内部、ABE\triangle ABE 外部,且到 AD\overline{AD} 的距离介于 13\tfrac{1}{3}23\tfrac{2}{3} 之间的点组成的区域。RR 的面积是多少?

Vertex EE of equilateral ABE\triangle ABE is in the interior of unit square ABCD.ABCD. Let RR be the region consisting of all points inside ABCDABCD and outside ABE\triangle ABE whose distance from AD\overline{AD} is between 13\tfrac{1}{3} and 23.\tfrac{2}{3}. What is the area of R?R?

125372\dfrac{12 - 5\sqrt{3}}{72}

125336\dfrac{12 - 5\sqrt{3}}{36}

318\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{18}

339\dfrac{3 - \sqrt{3}}{9}

312\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{12}

答案:B
难度评级:1730
小提示:

AD\overline{AD} 看作正方形的一条边;“到 AD\overline{AD} 的距离在 13\tfrac1323\tfrac23 之间”是一个宽 13\tfrac13、面积 13\tfrac13 的竖直条带。

Take AD\overline{AD} as a side of the square; “distance from AD\overline{AD} between 13\tfrac13 and 23\tfrac23” is a vertical strip of width 13\tfrac13 and area 13\tfrac13

大提示:

从该条带面积 13\tfrac13 中减去条带内落在 ABE\triangle ABE 内部的部分。

From that strip’s area 13,\tfrac13, subtract the part of the strip that lies inside ABE\triangle ABE

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(1,0)B = (1,0)C=(1,1)C = (1,1)D=(0,1)D = (0,1),则 AD\overline{AD}yy 轴上,到 AD\overline{AD} 的距离就是 xx 坐标。区域位于条带 13x23\tfrac13 \le x \le \tfrac23 中,该条带在正方形内的面积为 13\tfrac13

等边三角形 ABE\triangle ABEE=(12,32)E = \left(\tfrac12, \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}\right),边 AEAEy=3xy = \sqrt3\,x 上,边 BEBEy=3(1x)y = \sqrt3(1 - x) 上。三角形在条带内的面积为 13123xdx+12233(1x)dx=213123xdx=5336 \begin{aligned} &\int_{\frac{1}{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \sqrt3\,x\,dx \\ &\quad {}+ \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{2}{3}} \sqrt3(1 - x)\,dx \\ &= 2\int_{\frac{1}{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\sqrt3\,x\,dx \\ &= \frac{5\sqrt3}{36} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 [R]=135336=125336 [R] = \frac13 - \frac{5\sqrt3}{36} = \frac{12 - 5\sqrt3}{36}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Place A=(0,0),A = (0,0), B=(1,0),B = (1,0), C=(1,1),C = (1,1), D=(0,1),D = (0,1), so AD\overline{AD} lies along the yy-axis and distance from AD\overline{AD} is the xx-coordinate. The region lies in the strip 13x23,\tfrac13 \le x \le \tfrac23, which within the square has area 13.\tfrac13.

Equilateral ABE\triangle ABE has E=(12,32),E = \left(\tfrac12, \tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}\right), with side AEAE on y=3xy = \sqrt3\,x and side BEBE on y=3(1x).y = \sqrt3(1 - x). The area of the triangle inside the strip is 13123xdx+12233(1x)dx=213123xdx=5336. \begin{aligned} &\int_{\frac{1}{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}} \sqrt3\,x\,dx \\ &\quad {}+ \int_{\frac{1}{2}}^{\frac{2}{3}} \sqrt3(1 - x)\,dx \\ &= 2\int_{\frac{1}{3}}^{\frac{1}{2}}\sqrt3\,x\,dx \\ &= \frac{5\sqrt3}{36}. \end{aligned}

Therefore [R]=135336=125336. [R] = \frac13 - \frac{5\sqrt3}{36} = \frac{12 - 5\sqrt3}{36}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

一个圆的半径为 log10(a2)\log_{10}(a^2),周长为 log10(b4)\log_{10}(b^4)logab\log_a b 等于多少?

A circle has a radius of log10(a2)\log_{10}(a^2) and a circumference of log10(b4).\log_{10}(b^4). What is logab?\log_a b?

14π\dfrac{1}{4\pi}

1π\dfrac{1}{\pi}

π\pi

2π2\pi

102π10^{2\pi}

答案:C
知识点:对数圆周长
难度评级:1630
小提示:

周长等于半径的 2π2\pi 倍。

Circumference equals 2π2\pi times the radius

大提示:

使用 log10(a2)=2log10a\log_{10}(a^2) = 2\log_{10} alog10(b4)=4log10b\log_{10}(b^4) = 4\log_{10} b,再组成 log10blog10a\dfrac{\log_{10} b}{\log_{10} a}

Use log10(a2)=2log10a\log_{10}(a^2) = 2\log_{10} a and log10(b4)=4log10b,\log_{10}(b^4) = 4\log_{10} b, then form log10blog10a\dfrac{\log_{10} b}{\log_{10} a}

解答:

周长是半径的 2π2\pi 倍,所以 log10(b4)=2πlog10(a2) \log_{10}(b^4) = 2\pi \log_{10}(a^2)\text{。}

改写得 4log10b=4πlog10a4\log_{10} b = 4\pi \log_{10} a,因此 log10b=πlog10a\log_{10} b = \pi \log_{10} a

所以 logab=log10blog10a=π\log_a b = \dfrac{\log_{10} b}{\log_{10} a} = \pi

因此,正确答案是 C

The circumference is 2π2\pi times the radius, so log10(b4)=2πlog10(a2). \log_{10}(b^4) = 2\pi \log_{10}(a^2).

Rewriting, 4log10b=4πlog10a,4\log_{10} b = 4\pi \log_{10} a, hence log10b=πlog10a.\log_{10} b = \pi \log_{10} a.

Therefore logab=log10blog10a=π.\log_a b = \dfrac{\log_{10} b}{\log_{10} a} = \pi.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

在一个单位正方形的每条边上,向外作一个边长为 11 的等边三角形。在每个等边三角形的新边上,再作一个边长为 11 的等边三角形。正方形和这 1212 个三角形的内部没有公共点。令 RR 为正方形和所有三角形的并集,令 SS 为包含 RR 的最小凸多边形。位于 SS 内部但在 RR 外部的区域面积是多少?

On each side of a unit square, an equilateral triangle of side length 11 is constructed. On each new side of each equilateral triangle, another equilateral triangle of side length 11 is constructed. The interiors of the square and the 1212 triangles have no points in common. Let RR be the region formed by the union of the square and all the triangles, and let SS be the smallest convex polygon that contains R.R. What is the area of the region that is inside SS but outside R?R?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

24\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

11

3\sqrt{3}

232\sqrt{3}

答案:C
难度评级:1660
小提示:

SSRR 之间的空隙是四个小三角形,正方形的每个角各一个。

The gap between SS and RR is four small triangles, one at each corner of the square

大提示:

每个空隙三角形有两条长度为 11 的边,夹角为 36090460360^\circ - 90^\circ - 4 \cdot 60^\circ;使用 12absinC\tfrac12 ab \sin C

Each gap triangle has two sides of length 11 meeting at angle 36090460;360^\circ - 90^\circ - 4 \cdot 60^\circ; use 12absinC\tfrac12 ab \sin C

解答:

凸包 SSRR 的差只出现在正方形的四个角附近,每处形成一个小三角形空隙。每个空隙三角形有两条长度为 11 的边,也就是相邻三角形的外边。

这两条边之间的夹角为 36090460=30360^\circ - 90^\circ - 4 \cdot 60^\circ = 30^\circ,所以每个空隙面积为 1211sin30=14 \tfrac12 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot \sin 30^\circ = \tfrac14\text{。}

总面积为 414=14 \cdot \tfrac14 = 1

因此,正确答案是 C

The convex hull SS differs from RR only near the four corners of the square, where a small triangular gap forms. Each gap triangle has two sides of length 11 (outer edges of adjacent triangles).

The angle between those two sides is 36090460=30,360^\circ - 90^\circ - 4 \cdot 60^\circ = 30^\circ, so each gap has area 1211sin30=14. \tfrac12 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot \sin 30^\circ = \tfrac14.

The total area is 414=1.4 \cdot \tfrac14 = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

一个矩形地板尺寸为 aa 英尺乘 bb 英尺,其中 aabb 是正整数且 b>ab \gt a。一位艺术家在地板上画一个矩形,画出的矩形边与地板边平行。未涂色部分在画出的矩形周围形成宽 11 英尺的边框,并占整个地板面积的一半。有多少个有序对 (a,b)(a, b) 满足条件?

A rectangular floor measures aa feet by bb feet, where aa and bb are positive integers with b>a.b \gt a. An artist paints a rectangle on the floor with the sides of the rectangle parallel to the sides of the floor. The unpainted part of the floor forms a border of width 11 foot around the painted rectangle and occupies half the area of the entire floor. How many possibilities are there for the ordered pair (a,b)?(a, b)?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
难度评级:1660
小提示:

涂色矩形为 (a2)×(b2)(a - 2) \times (b - 2),面积等于地板的一半,所以 ab=2(a2)(b2)ab = 2(a - 2)(b - 2)

The painted rectangle is (a2)×(b2)(a - 2) \times (b - 2) and equals half the floor, so ab=2(a2)(b2)ab = 2(a - 2)(b - 2)

大提示:

整理为 (a4)(b4)=8(a - 4)(b - 4) = 8,再在 b>a>0b \gt a \gt 0 下数因数对。

Rearrange to (a4)(b4)=8(a - 4)(b - 4) = 8 and count factor pairs with b>a>0b \gt a \gt 0

解答:

涂色矩形尺寸为 (a2)(a - 2)(b2)(b - 2),面积是地板面积的一半,所以 ab=2(a2)(b2) ab = 2(a - 2)(b - 2)\text{。}

展开得 0=ab4a4b+80 = ab - 4a - 4b + 8,再两边加 88 得到 (a4)(b4)=8(a - 4)(b - 4) = 8

b>a>0b \gt a \gt 0 下,88 的有效因数对只有 (a4,b4)=(1,8)(a - 4, b - 4) = (1, 8)(2,4)(2, 4),给出 (a,b)=(5,12)(a, b) = (5, 12)(6,8)(6, 8)

共有 22 种可能。

因此,正确答案是 B

The painted rectangle measures (a2)(a - 2) by (b2)(b - 2) and has half the area of the floor, so ab=2(a2)(b2). ab = 2(a - 2)(b - 2).

Expanding gives 0=ab4a4b+8,0 = ab - 4a - 4b + 8, and adding 88 yields (a4)(b4)=8.(a - 4)(b - 4) = 8.

With b>a>0,b \gt a \gt 0, the only valid factor pairs of 88 are (a4,b4)=(1,8)(a - 4, b - 4) = (1, 8) and (2,4),(2, 4), giving (a,b)=(5,12)(a, b) = (5, 12) and (6,8).(6, 8).

There are 22 possibilities.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

AABBCC 是抛物线 y=x2y = x^2 上三个不同的点,其中直线 ABAB 平行于 xx 轴,且 ABC\triangle ABC 是面积为 20082008 的直角三角形。点 CCyy 坐标的各位数字之和是多少?

Let A,A, BB and CC be three distinct points on the graph of y=x2y = x^2 such that line ABAB is parallel to the xx-axis and ABC\triangle ABC is a right triangle with area 2008.2008. What is the sum of the digits of the yy-coordinate of C?C?

1616

1717

1818

1919

2020

答案:C
难度评级:1800
小提示:

A=(a,a2)A = (a, a^2)B=(a,a2)B = (-a, a^2);由于 A,B,CA, B, Cxx 坐标不同,直角在 CC 处。

Write A=(a,a2)A = (a, a^2) and B=(a,a2);B = (-a, a^2); since A,B,CA, B, C have distinct xx-coordinates, the right angle is at CC

大提示:

垂直边 CACACBCB 强制 a2c2=1a^2 - c^2 = 1,这也是到 AB\overline{AB} 的高;由面积求 a|a|,再求 c2c^2

Perpendicular legs CACA and CBCB force a2c2=1,a^2 - c^2 = 1, the height above AB;\overline{AB}; get a|a| from the area, then c2c^2

解答:

因为 ABAB 水平,取 A=(a,a2)A = (a, a^2)B=(a,a2)B = (-a, a^2),并设 C=(c,c2)C = (c, c^2)。直角不可能在 AABB 处(否则需要 c=±ac = \pm a),所以直角在 CC 处。

d=a2c2d = a^2-c^2。计算 CA\overrightarrow{CA}CB\overrightarrow{CB} 的点积,得到 d(d1)=0d(d-1)=0。三点互异,所以 d0d \ne 0;因此 a2c2=1a^2-c^2=1。这个值就是三角形相对于 AB\overline{AB} 的高。

面积为 12AB\tfrac12 \cdot AB \cdot \text{高} =12(2a)(1)= \tfrac12 (2|a|)(1) =a=2008= |a| = 2008,所以 a2=20082=4,032,064a^2 = 2008^2 = 4{,}032{,}064,而 CCyy 坐标为 c2=a21=4,032,063c^2 = a^2 - 1 = 4{,}032{,}063

它的数位和为 4+0+3+2+0+6+3=184 + 0 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 6 + 3 = 18

所以正确答案是 C

Since ABAB is horizontal, take A=(a,a2)A = (a, a^2) and B=(a,a2),B = (-a, a^2), and let C=(c,c2).C = (c, c^2). The right angle cannot be at AA or BB (that would need c=±ac = \pm a), so it is at C.C.

Put d=a2c2.d = a^2-c^2. Taking the dot product of CA\overrightarrow{CA} and CB\overrightarrow{CB} gives d(d1)=0.d(d-1)=0. The points are distinct, so d0;d \ne 0; hence a2c2=1.a^2-c^2=1. This value is the height of the triangle above AB.\overline{AB}.

The area is 12ABheight\tfrac12 \cdot AB \cdot \text{height} =12(2a)(1)= \tfrac12 (2|a|)(1) =a=2008,= |a| = 2008, so a2=20082=4,032,064a^2 = 2008^2 = 4{,}032{,}064 and the yy-coordinate of CC is c2=a21=4,032,063.c^2 = a^2 - 1 = 4{,}032{,}063.

Its digit sum is 4+0+3+2+0+6+3=18.4 + 0 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 6 + 3 = 18.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

一个棱锥的底面是正方形 ABCDABCD,顶点为 EE。正方形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 196196ABE\triangle ABECDE\triangle CDE 的面积分别为 1051059191。这个棱锥的体积是多少?

A pyramid has a square base ABCDABCD and vertex E.E. The area of square ABCDABCD is 196,196, and the areas of ABE\triangle ABE and CDE\triangle CDE are 105105 and 91,91, respectively. What is the volume of the pyramid?

392392

1966196\sqrt{6}

3922392\sqrt{2}

3923392\sqrt{3}

784784

答案:E
难度评级:1910
小提示:

底面边长为 1414;给定的三角形面积给出到边 ABABCDCD 的斜距 EF=210514EF = \tfrac{2 \cdot 105}{14}EG=29114EG = \tfrac{2 \cdot 91}{14}

The base has side 14;14; the given triangle areas give slant distances EF=210514EF = \tfrac{2 \cdot 105}{14} and EG=29114EG = \tfrac{2 \cdot 91}{14} to sides ABAB and CDCD

大提示:

三角形 EFGEFG 的边长为 15,13,1415, 13, 14,且所在平面垂直于底面;它到 FG=14FG = 14 的高就是棱锥的高。

Triangle EFGEFG has sides 15,13,1415, 13, 14 and stands perpendicular to the base; its altitude to FG=14FG = 14 is the pyramid’s height

解答:

正方形边长为 196=14\sqrt{196} = 14。令 FFGG 分别为从 EEABABCDCD 的垂足。于是 FG=14FG = 14EF=210514=15EF = \tfrac{2 \cdot 105}{14} = 15,且 EG=29114=13EG = \tfrac{2 \cdot 91}{14} = 13

三角形 EFGEFG 位于垂直于底面的平面内,因此它到 FGFG 的高就是棱锥的高。由海伦公式,半周长 s=21s = 21,其面积为 21687=84\sqrt{21 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 \cdot 7} = 84,所以到 FGFG 的高为 28414=12\tfrac{2 \cdot 84}{14} = 12

体积为 1319612=784\tfrac13 \cdot 196 \cdot 12 = 784

因此,正确答案是 E

The square has side 196=14.\sqrt{196} = 14. Let FF and GG be the feet of the perpendiculars from EE to ABAB and CD.CD. Then FG=14,FG = 14, EF=210514=15,EF = \tfrac{2 \cdot 105}{14} = 15, and EG=29114=13.EG = \tfrac{2 \cdot 91}{14} = 13.

Triangle EFGEFG lies in a plane perpendicular to the base, so its altitude to FGFG is the pyramid’s height. By Heron’s formula with s=21,s = 21, its area is 21687=84,\sqrt{21 \cdot 6 \cdot 8 \cdot 7} = 84, so the altitude to FGFG is 28414=12.\tfrac{2 \cdot 84}{14} = 12.

The volume is 1319612=784.\tfrac13 \cdot 196 \cdot 12 = 784.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

对所有复数 zz,函数 ff 定义为 f(z)=(4+i)z2+αz+γf(z) = (4 + i)z^2 + \alpha z + \gamma,其中 α\alphaγ\gamma 是复数,且 i2=1i^2 = -1。假设 f(1)f(1)f(i)f(i) 都是实数。α+γ|\alpha| + |\gamma| 的最小可能值是多少?

A function ff is defined by f(z)=(4+i)z2+αz+γf(z) = (4 + i)z^2 + \alpha z + \gamma for all complex numbers z,z, where α\alpha and γ\gamma are complex numbers and i2=1.i^2 = -1. Suppose that f(1)f(1) and f(i)f(i) are both real. What is the smallest possible value of α+γ?|\alpha| + |\gamma|?

11

2\sqrt{2}

22

222\sqrt{2}

44

答案:B
知识点:复数最优化
难度评级:1990
小提示:

α=a+bi\alpha = a + biγ=c+di\gamma = c + di;要求 f(1)f(1)f(i)f(i) 为实数会给出两个线性条件。

Write α=a+bi\alpha = a + bi and γ=c+di;\gamma = c + di; requiring f(1)f(1) and f(i)f(i) to be real gives two linear conditions

大提示:

它们推出 a=1da = 1 - db=1db = -1 - d,所以 α+γ|\alpha| + |\gamma| =2+2d2+c2+d2= \sqrt{2 + 2d^2} + \sqrt{c^2 + d^2};再对 c,dc, d 最小化。

They force a=1da = 1 - d and b=1d,b = -1 - d, so α+γ|\alpha| + |\gamma| =2+2d2+c2+d2;= \sqrt{2 + 2d^2} + \sqrt{c^2 + d^2}; minimize over c,dc, d

解答:

α=a+bi\alpha = a + biγ=c+di\gamma = c + di。则 f(1)=(4+a+c)f(1) = (4 + a + c) +(1+b+d)i+ (1 + b + d)i,且 f(i)=(4b+c)f(i) = (-4 - b + c) +(1+a+d)i+ (-1 + a + d)i

二者都是实数,强制 1+b+d=01 + b + d = 01+a+d=0-1 + a + d = 0,即 a=1da = 1 - db=1db = -1 - d

因此 α+γ=(1d)2+(1+d)2+c2+d2=2+2d2+c2+d2 \begin{aligned} &|\alpha| + |\gamma| \\ &= \sqrt{(1 - d)^2 + (1 + d)^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{c^2 + d^2} \\ &= \sqrt{2 + 2d^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{c^2 + d^2}\text{,} \end{aligned} c=d=0c = d = 0 时最小,值为 2\sqrt{2}

因此,正确答案是 B

Let α=a+bi\alpha = a + bi and γ=c+di.\gamma = c + di. Then f(1)=(4+a+c)f(1) = (4 + a + c) +(1+b+d)i+ (1 + b + d)i and f(i)=(4b+c)f(i) = (-4 - b + c) +(1+a+d)i.+ (-1 + a + d)i.

Both being real forces 1+b+d=01 + b + d = 0 and 1+a+d=0,-1 + a + d = 0, i.e. a=1da = 1 - d and b=1d.b = -1 - d.

Hence α+γ=(1d)2+(1+d)2+c2+d2=2+2d2+c2+d2, \begin{aligned} &|\alpha| + |\gamma| \\ &= \sqrt{(1 - d)^2 + (1 + d)^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{c^2 + d^2} \\ &= \sqrt{2 + 2d^2} \\ &\quad {}+ \sqrt{c^2 + d^2}, \end{aligned} which is smallest when c=d=0,c = d = 0, giving 2.\sqrt{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

Michael 在一条长直路上以每秒 55 英尺的速度步行。路上每隔 200200 英尺有一个垃圾桶。一辆垃圾车以每秒 1010 英尺的速度沿同一方向行驶,并在每个垃圾桶处停 3030 秒。当 Michael 经过一个垃圾桶时,他注意到前方的垃圾车刚离开下一个垃圾桶。Michael 和垃圾车会相遇多少次?

Michael walks at the rate of 55 feet per second on a long straight path. Trash pails are located every 200200 feet along the path. A garbage truck travels at 1010 feet per second in the same direction as Michael and stops for 3030 seconds at each pail. As Michael passes a pail, he notices the truck ahead of him just leaving the next pail. How many times will Michael and the truck meet?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:B
难度评级:1860
小提示:

给垃圾桶编号,使 Michael 从 00 号桶开始,垃圾车从 11 号桶开始;Michael 在 40n40n 秒时到达 nn 号桶。

Number the pails so Michael starts at pail 00 and the truck at pail 1;1; Michael reaches pail nn at time 40n40n seconds

大提示:

垃圾车在 50(n1)50(n - 1) 秒离开 nn 号桶,并在 50(n1)3050(n - 1) - 30 秒到达;找出他们在桶边相遇的编号,再检查桶之间移动时是否还有一次交会。

The truck leaves pail nn at 50(n1)50(n - 1) and arrives at 50(n1)30;50(n - 1) - 30; find the pails where they coincide, then check for a crossing while the truck moves between them

解答:

给垃圾桶编号。在时刻 00,Michael 在 00 号桶,垃圾车在 11 号桶。Michael 在 40n40n 秒时到达 nn 号桶。垃圾车在两个桶之间行驶 2020 秒,并停 3030 秒,所以它在 50(n1)50(n - 1) 秒离开 nn 号桶,并且(当 n2n \ge 2 时)在 50(n1)3050(n - 1) - 30 秒到达。

Michael 在 nn 号桶时垃圾车也在那里,恰好当 50(n1)3040n50(n-1) - 30 \le 40n 50(n1)\le 50(n-1),化简得 5n85 \le n \le 8。所以他们在 55 号桶(t=200t = 200,垃圾车离开时)、66 号桶(t=240t = 240)、77 号桶(t=280t = 280)和 88 号桶(t=320t = 320,垃圾车到达时)相遇。

66 号桶和 77 号桶之间,垃圾车(以 1010 英尺/秒移动)先超过 Michael,随后又被 Michael 追上一次,额外增加一次交会。总共相遇 55 次。

因此,正确答案是 B

Number the pails so Michael is at pail 00 and the truck at pail 11 at time 0.0. Michael reaches pail nn at 40n40n seconds. The truck spends 2020 seconds between pails and 3030 stopped, so it leaves pail nn at 50(n1)50(n - 1) seconds and (for n2n \ge 2) arrives at 50(n1)30.50(n - 1) - 30.

Michael is at pail nn while the truck is there exactly when 50(n1)3040n50(n-1) - 30 \le 40n 50(n1),\le 50(n-1), which simplifies to 5n8.5 \le n \le 8. So they meet at pail 55 (at t=200,t = 200, as the truck departs), pail 66 (t=240t = 240), pail 77 (t=280t = 280), and pail 88 (t=320,t = 320, as the truck arrives).

Between pails 66 and 77 the truck (moving at 1010 ft/s) pulls ahead of and is then overtaken by Michael once more, adding one crossing. In all, they meet 55 times.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

按如下方式构造两个半径为 11 的圆。圆 AA 的圆心从连接 (0,0)(0, 0)(2,0)(2, 0) 的线段上均匀随机选取。圆 BB 的圆心从连接 (0,1)(0, 1)(2,1)(2, 1) 的线段上均匀随机选取,并且与第一次选择相互独立。圆 AA 和圆 BB 相交的概率是多少?

Two circles of radius 11 are to be constructed as follows. The center of circle AA is chosen uniformly and at random from the line segment joining (0,0)(0, 0) to (2,0).(2, 0). The center of circle BB is chosen uniformly and at random, and independently of the first choice, from the line segment joining (0,1)(0, 1) to (2,1).(2, 1). What is the probability that circles AA and BB intersect?

2+24\dfrac{2 + \sqrt{2}}{4}

33+28\dfrac{3\sqrt{3} + 2}{8}

2212\dfrac{2\sqrt{2} - 1}{2}

2+34\dfrac{2 + \sqrt{3}}{4}

4334\dfrac{4\sqrt{3} - 3}{4}

答案:E
难度评级:2040
小提示:

若圆心为 (a,0)(a, 0)(b,1)(b, 1),两圆相交当且仅当 (ab)2+12\sqrt{(a - b)^2 + 1} \le 2,也就是 ab3|a - b| \le \sqrt{3}

With centers (a,0)(a, 0) and (b,1),(b, 1), the circles intersect iff (ab)2+12,\sqrt{(a - b)^2 + 1} \le 2, i.e. ab3|a - b| \le \sqrt{3}

大提示:

在面积为 44 的正方形 [0,2]2[0, 2]^2 中,通过去掉两个满足 ab>3|a - b| \gt \sqrt{3} 的角落三角形来求 ab3|a - b| \le \sqrt{3} 的面积。

In the square [0,2]2[0, 2]^2 of area 4,4, find the area with ab3|a - b| \le \sqrt{3} by removing the two corner triangles where ab>3|a - b| \gt \sqrt{3}

解答:

设两个圆心为 (a,0)(a, 0)(b,1)(b, 1),其中 a,b[0,2]a, b \in [0, 2]。两个半径均为 11 的圆相交,当且仅当圆心距至多为 22(ab)2+12    ab3 \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(a - b)^2 + 1} \le 2 \\ &\iff |a - b| \le \sqrt{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所有点对 (a,b)(a, b) 填满面积为 44 的正方形 [0,2]2[0, 2]^2。失败区域 ab>3|a - b| \gt \sqrt3 是两个直角三角形,每个的两条直角边长为 232 - \sqrt3,总面积为 (23)2=743(2 - \sqrt3)^2 = 7 - 4\sqrt3

所以有利面积为 4(743)=4334 - (7 - 4\sqrt3) = 4\sqrt3 - 3,概率为 4334 \frac{4\sqrt3 - 3}{4}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the centers be (a,0)(a, 0) and (b,1)(b, 1) with a,b[0,2].a, b \in [0, 2]. The circles (radius 11 each) intersect iff the distance between centers is at most 2:2: (ab)2+12    ab3. \begin{aligned} &\sqrt{(a - b)^2 + 1} \le 2 \\ &\iff |a - b| \le \sqrt{3}. \end{aligned}

The pairs (a,b)(a, b) fill the square [0,2]2[0, 2]^2 of area 4.4. The failing region ab>3|a - b| \gt \sqrt3 is two right triangles, each with legs 23,2 - \sqrt3, of total area (23)2=743.(2 - \sqrt3)^2 = 7 - 4\sqrt3.

So the favorable area is 4(743)=433,4 - (7 - 4\sqrt3) = 4\sqrt3 - 3, and the probability is 4334. \frac{4\sqrt3 - 3}{4}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

一个停车场有一排 1616 个车位。十二辆车先后到达,每辆车需要一个车位,司机从可用车位中随机选择停车。随后 Auntie Em 开着她的 SUV 到达,这辆车需要 22 个相邻车位。她能够停车的概率是多少?

A parking lot has 1616 spaces in a row. Twelve cars arrive, each of which requires one parking space, and their drivers choose their spaces at random from among the available spaces. Auntie Em then arrives in her SUV, which requires 22 adjacent spaces. What is the probability that she is able to park?

1120\dfrac{11}{20}

47\dfrac{4}{7}

81140\dfrac{81}{140}

35\dfrac{3}{5}

1728\dfrac{17}{28}

答案:E
难度评级:2110
小提示:

44 个空车位等可能地是 1616 个车位中的任意 44 个;她失败恰好当没有两个空位相邻。

The 44 empty spaces are equally likely to be any 44 of the 16;16; she fails exactly when no two empties are adjacent

大提示:

1616 个车位中选择 44 个互不相邻的空位有 (134)\binom{13}{4} 种;从 11 中减去这个概率。

The number of ways to choose 44 empty spaces among 1616 with no two adjacent is (134);\binom{13}{4}; subtract that probability from 11

解答:

1212 辆车停好后,有 44 个车位为空,等可能地是 1616 个车位中的任意 44 个,共有 (164)=1820\binom{16}{4} = 1820 个等可能集合。

Auntie Em 不能停车恰好当没有两个空车位相邻。在 1616 个车位中放置 44 个互不相邻的空位有 (134)=715\binom{13}{4} = 715 种。

因此她能够停车的概率为 17151820=11051820=1728 1 - \frac{715}{1820} = \frac{1105}{1820} = \frac{17}{28}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

After the 1212 cars park, 44 spaces are empty, equally likely to be any 44 of the 16,16, for (164)=1820\binom{16}{4} = 1820 equally likely sets.

Auntie Em fails exactly when no two empty spaces are adjacent. The number of ways to place 44 non-adjacent empties among 1616 is (134)=715.\binom{13}{4} = 715.

So the probability she can park is 17151820=11051820=1728. 1 - \frac{715}{1820} = \frac{1105}{1820} = \frac{17}{28}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

10n10^n 的所有正因数的以 1010 为底的对数之和为 792792nn 等于多少?

The sum of the base-1010 logarithms of the divisors of 10n10^n is 792.792. What is n?n?

1111

1212

1313

1414

1515

答案:A
知识点:对数因数个数
难度评级:1860
小提示:

因数对数之和等于所有因数乘积的对数。

The sum of the logs of the divisors equals the log of the product of all divisors

大提示:

10n10^n(n+1)2(n + 1)^2 个因数,而 NN 的所有因数的乘积是 Nd(N)2N^{\frac{d(N)}{2}};这给出 12n(n+1)2=792\tfrac12 n(n + 1)^2 = 792

10n10^n has (n+1)2(n + 1)^2 divisors, and the product of the divisors of NN is Nd(N)2;N^{\frac{d(N)}{2}}; this gives 12n(n+1)2=792\tfrac12 n(n + 1)^2 = 792

解答:

所有因数的以 1010 为底的对数之和,就是这些因数乘积的对数。若一个数 NNd(N)d(N) 个因数,则其所有因数的乘积为 Nd(N)2N^{\frac{d(N)}{2}}

这里 N=10nN = 10^nd(N)=(n+1)2d(N) = (n + 1)^2 个因数,所以因数乘积为 (10n)(n+1)22(10^n)^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}},其对数为 n(n+1)22=792 \frac{n(n + 1)^2}{2} = 792\text{。}

因此 n(n+1)2=1584n(n + 1)^2 = 1584 =11144= 11 \cdot 144 =11122= 11 \cdot 12^2,得到 n=11n = 11

因此,正确答案是 A

The sum of the base-1010 logs of the divisors is the log of their product. A number NN with d(N)d(N) divisors has divisor product Nd(N)2.N^{\frac{d(N)}{2}}.

Here N=10nN = 10^n has d(N)=(n+1)2d(N) = (n + 1)^2 divisors, so the product is (10n)(n+1)22(10^n)^{\frac{(n+1)^2}{2}} and its log is n(n+1)22=792. \frac{n(n + 1)^2}{2} = 792.

Thus n(n+1)2=1584n(n + 1)^2 = 1584 =11144= 11 \cdot 144 =11122,= 11 \cdot 12^2, giving n=11.n = 11.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

24.

A0=(0,0)A_0 = (0, 0)。互不相同的点 A1A_1A2A_2\ldots 位于 xx 轴上,互不相同的点 B1B_1B2B_2\ldots 位于 y=xy = \sqrt{x} 的图像上。对每个正整数 nnAn1BnAnA_{n-1}B_nA_n 是等边三角形。使得长度 A0An100A_0A_n \ge 100 的最小 nn 是多少?

Let A0=(0,0).A_0 = (0, 0). Distinct points A1,A_1, A2,A_2, \ldots lie on the xx-axis, and distinct points B1,B_1, B2,B_2, \ldots lie on the graph of y=x.y = \sqrt{x}. For every positive integer n,n, An1BnAnA_{n-1}B_nA_n is an equilateral triangle. What is the least nn for which the length A0An100?A_0A_n \ge 100?

1313

1515

1717

1919

2121

答案:C
难度评级:2270
小提示:

cn=An1Anc_n = A_{n-1}A_n,顶点 BnB_n 位于中点上方高度 32cn\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n 处;它在 y=xy = \sqrt{x} 上给出 34cn2=an1+cn2\tfrac34 c_n^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}

If cn=An1An,c_n = A_{n-1}A_n, the apex BnB_n sits at height 32cn\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n above the midpoint; lying on y=xy = \sqrt{x} gives 34cn2=an1+cn2\tfrac34 c_n^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}

大提示:

将相邻两个关系相减,得到 cn=cn1+23c_n = c_{n-1} + \tfrac23,所以 cn=2n3c_n = \tfrac{2n}{3},且 A0An=n(n+1)3A_0A_n = \tfrac{n(n+1)}{3}

Subtracting consecutive relations yields cn=cn1+23,c_n = c_{n-1} + \tfrac23, so cn=2n3c_n = \tfrac{2n}{3} and A0An=n(n+1)3A_0A_n = \tfrac{n(n+1)}{3}

解答:

an=A0Ana_n = A_0A_n,并令 cn=anan1c_n = a_n - a_{n-1} 为第 nn 个等边三角形的底边。其顶点 BnB_n 位于底边中点上方,高度为 32cn\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n,且在 y=xy = \sqrt{x} 上,所以 (32cn)2=an1+cn2 \left(\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n\right)^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}\text{,} 34cn2=an1+cn2 \tfrac34 c_n^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}\text{。}

对前一个三角形写出相同关系并相减,得到 cn=cn1+23c_n = c_{n-1} + \tfrac23,又 c1=23c_1 = \tfrac23,所以 cn=2n3c_n = \tfrac{2n}{3}。求和得 an=k=1n2k3=n(n+1)3 a_n = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{2k}{3} = \frac{n(n + 1)}{3}\text{。}

需要 n(n+1)3100\tfrac{n(n + 1)}{3} \ge 100,即 n(n+1)300n(n + 1) \ge 300。由于 1617=27216 \cdot 17 = 2721718=30617 \cdot 18 = 306,最小的 nn1717

因此,正确答案是 C

Let an=A0Ana_n = A_0A_n and cn=anan1c_n = a_n - a_{n-1} be the base of the nnth equilateral triangle. Its apex BnB_n lies above the midpoint at height 32cn,\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n, and being on y=xy = \sqrt{x} gives (32cn)2=an1+cn2, \left(\tfrac{\sqrt3}{2}c_n\right)^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}, i.e. 34cn2=an1+cn2. \tfrac34 c_n^2 = a_{n-1} + \tfrac{c_n}{2}.

Writing the same relation for the previous triangle and subtracting gives cn=cn1+23,c_n = c_{n-1} + \tfrac23, and with c1=23c_1 = \tfrac23 we get cn=2n3.c_n = \tfrac{2n}{3}. Summing, an=k=1n2k3=n(n+1)3. a_n = \sum_{k=1}^n \frac{2k}{3} = \frac{n(n + 1)}{3}.

We need n(n+1)3100,\tfrac{n(n + 1)}{3} \ge 100, i.e. n(n+1)300.n(n + 1) \ge 300. Since 1617=27216 \cdot 17 = 272 and 1718=306,17 \cdot 18 = 306, the least such nn is 17.17.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

ABCDABCD 是梯形,满足 ABCDAB \parallel CDAB=11AB = 11BC=5BC = 5CD=19CD = 19DA=7DA = 7A\angle AD\angle D 的角平分线交于 PPB\angle BC\angle C 的角平分线交于 QQ。六边形 ABQCDPABQCDP 的面积是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a trapezoid with ABCD,AB \parallel CD, AB=11,AB = 11, BC=5,BC = 5, CD=19,CD = 19, and DA=7.DA = 7. Bisectors of A\angle A and D\angle D meet at P,P, and bisectors of B\angle B and C\angle C meet at Q.Q. What is the area of hexagon ABQCDP?ABQCDP?

28328\sqrt{3}

30330\sqrt{3}

32332\sqrt{3}

35335\sqrt{3}

36336\sqrt{3}

答案:B
难度评级:2230
小提示:

A+D=180\angle A + \angle D = 180^\circ,所以它们的角平分线垂直相交,且 AD\overline{AD} 的中点到 A,D,PA, D, P 等距。

A+D=180,\angle A + \angle D = 180^\circ, so their bisectors meet at right angles, and the midpoint of AD\overline{AD} is equidistant from A,D,PA, D, P

大提示:

这使 M,P,Q,NM, P, Q, N 位于中位线上,且 PQ=AB+CDADBC2PQ = \tfrac{AB + CD - AD - BC}{2};再由 ADE\triangle ADEAEBCAE \parallel BC,边长为 7,5,87, 5, 8)求高。

This puts M,P,Q,NM, P, Q, N on the midline with PQ=AB+CDADBC2;PQ = \tfrac{AB + CD - AD - BC}{2}; get the height from ADE\triangle ADE (AEBC,AE \parallel BC, sides 7,5,87, 5, 8)

解答:

因为 ABCDAB \parallel CD,有 A+D=180\angle A + \angle D = 180^\circ,所以 A\angle AD\angle D 的角平分线垂直相交,即 APD=90\angle APD = 90^\circ。于是 AD\overline{AD} 的中点 MM 是直角三角形 APDAPD 的外心,得到 MP=MA=MDMP = MA = MD。所以 MPA=PAM=PAB\angle MPA = \angle PAM = \angle PAB,最后一个等号使用了 AA 处的角平分线。因此 MPABMP \parallel AB。对 BC\overline{BC} 的中点 NN 同理可得 QNABQN \parallel AB。所以 M,P,Q,NM, P, Q, N 共线于中位线上。

中位线长为 AB+CD2=15\tfrac{AB + CD}{2} = 15,而 MP=AD2=72MP = \tfrac{AD}{2} = \tfrac72QN=BC2=52QN = \tfrac{BC}{2} = \tfrac52。因此 PQ=157252=9PQ = 15 - \tfrac72 - \tfrac52 = 9

AEBCAE \parallel BC,其中 EE 位于 CD\overline{CD} 上,则 AE=5AE = 5,且 DE=CDAB=8DE = CD - AB = 8。在 ADE\triangle ADE 中,cos(AED)=82+5272285=12\cos(\angle AED) = \tfrac{8^2 + 5^2 - 7^2}{2 \cdot 8 \cdot 5} = \tfrac12,所以 AED=60\angle AED = 60^\circ,梯形高为 AF=5sin60=532AF = 5\sin 60^\circ = \tfrac{5\sqrt3}{2}

线段 PQPQ 位于半高处,所以六边形分成两个梯形,并且 [ABQCDP]=AF4(AB+CD+2PQ)=5324(11+19+18)=303 \begin{aligned} &[ABQCDP] \\ &= \frac{AF}{4}\bigl(AB + CD + 2\,PQ\bigr) \\ &= \frac{\frac{5\sqrt3}{2}}{4}(11 + 19 + 18) \\ &= 30\sqrt3 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Because ABCD,AB \parallel CD, A+D=180,\angle A + \angle D = 180^\circ, so the bisectors of A\angle A and D\angle D meet at right angles, APD=90.\angle APD = 90^\circ. Then the midpoint MM of AD\overline{AD} is the circumcenter of right triangle APD,APD, giving MP=MA=MD.MP = MA = MD. Thus MPA=PAM=PAB,\angle MPA = \angle PAM = \angle PAB, where the last equality uses the angle bisector at A.A. Therefore MPAB.MP \parallel AB. The same argument gives QNABQN \parallel AB for the midpoint NN of BC.\overline{BC}. Hence M,P,Q,NM, P, Q, N are collinear on the midline.

The midline has length AB+CD2=15,\tfrac{AB + CD}{2} = 15, while MP=AD2=72MP = \tfrac{AD}{2} = \tfrac72 and QN=BC2=52.QN = \tfrac{BC}{2} = \tfrac52. Hence PQ=157252=9.PQ = 15 - \tfrac72 - \tfrac52 = 9.

Drawing AEBCAE \parallel BC with EE on CD\overline{CD} gives AE=5AE = 5 and DE=CDAB=8.DE = CD - AB = 8. In ADE,\triangle ADE, cos(AED)=82+5272285=12,\cos(\angle AED) = \tfrac{8^2 + 5^2 - 7^2}{2 \cdot 8 \cdot 5} = \tfrac12, so AED=60\angle AED = 60^\circ and the trapezoid’s height is AF=5sin60=532.AF = 5\sin 60^\circ = \tfrac{5\sqrt3}{2}.

The segment PQPQ sits at half the height, so the hexagon splits into two trapezoids and [ABQCDP]=AF4(AB+CD+2PQ)=5324(11+19+18)=303. \begin{aligned} &[ABQCDP] \\ &= \frac{AF}{4}\bigl(AB + CD + 2\,PQ\bigr) \\ &= \frac{\frac{5\sqrt3}{2}}{4}(11 + 19 + 18) \\ &= 30\sqrt3. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.