2008 AMC 12B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一名篮球运动员在一场比赛中投进了 个球。每次进球得 分或 分。该运动员总得分可能有多少种不同的数值?
A basketball player made baskets during a game. Each basket was worth either or points. How many different numbers could represent the total points scored by the player?
小提示:
总分最小时全是 分球,最大时全是 分球。
The total is smallest with all -point baskets and largest with all -point baskets
大提示:
和 之间的每个整数都能达到。
Every integer between and is attainable
解答:
总分从 (全是两分球)到 (全是三分球)。每把一个两分球换成三分球,总分正好增加 ,所以中间的每个整数都会出现。
可能的总分是 ,共有 个值。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The total ranges from (all two-pointers) to (all three-pointers). Swapping one two-pointer for a three-pointer raises the total by exactly so every integer in between occurs.
The possible totals are which is values.
Thus, the correct answer is E.
2.
如图所示,一个 的日历日期方块。先将第二行数字的顺序反过来。然后将第四行数字的顺序反过来。最后,把两条对角线上的数字分别相加。两个对角线和的正差是多少?
A block of calendar dates is shown. The order of the numbers in the second row is to be reversed. Then the order of the numbers in the fourth row is to be reversed. Finally, the numbers on each diagonal are to be added. What will be the positive difference between the two diagonal sums?
小提示:
将第 行和第 行反向后,各行变成 、、、。
After reversing rows and the rows become
大提示:
一条对角线为 ,另一条为 。
One diagonal reads and the other reads
解答:
将第二行和第四行反向后,数组的各行是 、、 和 。
主对角线和为 ,另一条对角线和为 。
正差为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Reversing the second and fourth rows gives the array with rows and
The main diagonal sums to and the other diagonal sums to
The positive difference is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
3.
一个半职业棒球联盟中每队有 名球员。联盟规则规定,每名球员工资至少为 ,并且每队所有球员工资总和不能超过 。单名球员最高可能工资是多少美元?
A semipro baseball league has teams with players each. League rules state that a player must be paid at least and that the total of all players’ salaries for each team cannot exceed What is the maximum possible salary, in dollars, for a single player?
小提示:
要让一个人的工资尽可能大,就让其他 名球员都拿允许的最低工资。
To make one salary as large as possible, pay the other players the minimum allowed
大提示:
最大工资等于 减去 份最低工资的总和。
The maximum is minus the total of minimum salaries
解答:
当其他 名球员每人都拿最低工资 时,一名球员的工资最大。
因此最大工资为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
One player earns the most when the other players each receive the minimum salary of
Thus the maximum salary is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
4.
在圆 上,点 和 位于直径 的同一侧,,且 。较小扇形 的面积与圆面积之比是多少?
On circle points and are on the same side of diameter and What is the ratio of the area of the smaller sector to the area of the circle?
小提示:
、 和 合起来构成直径 上方的平角。
and together make the straight angle
大提示:
一个扇形占整个圆的比例等于它的圆心角除以 。
A sector’s fraction of the circle is its central angle divided by
解答:
因为 、 和 填满直径 上方的平角,所以
这个扇形占圆的比例为 。
因此,正确答案是 D。
Since and fill the straight angle over diameter
The sector’s share of the circle is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
5.
一个班级筹集了 为住院同学买花。玫瑰每朵 ,康乃馨每朵 。不使用其他花。恰好花完 可以购买多少种不同的花束?
A class collects to buy flowers for a classmate who is in the hospital. Roses cost each, and carnations cost each. No other flowers are to be used. How many different bouquets could be purchased for exactly
小提示:
如果有 朵玫瑰和 朵康乃馨,则 。
If there are roses and carnations, then
大提示:
因为 和 都是偶数,所以 是偶数, 必须是偶数;数一数有多少个可行的偶数 。
Since and are even, is even, so must be even; find how many even work
解答:
设 为玫瑰数量, 为康乃馨数量,则 ,其中 。
因为 和 都是偶数, 必须是偶数,所以 是偶数。最大的 是 (因为 ),所以 。
这给出 个 的值,每个值都确定一种花束。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let be the number of roses and the number of carnations, so with
Because and are even, must be even, forcing to be even. The largest possible is (since ), so
That gives values of each determining a bouquet.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
6.
邮差 Pete 有一个计步器来记录步数。计步器最多显示 步,下一步会翻转为 。Pete 计划计算自己一年的里程。一月 日,Pete 将计步器设为 。一年中,计步器从 翻到 共四十四次。十二月 日,计步器显示 。Pete 每英里走 步。下列哪一项最接近 Pete 这一年走过的英里数?
Postman Pete has a pedometer to count his steps. The pedometer records up to steps, then flips over to on the next step. Pete plans to determine his mileage for a year. On January Pete sets the pedometer to During the year, the pedometer flips from to forty-four times. On December the pedometer reads Pete takes steps per mile. Which of the following is closest to the number of miles Pete walked during the year?
小提示:
计步器每翻转一次代表 步;再加上最后显示的 。
Each flip of the pedometer represents steps; add the final reading of
大提示:
将总步数除以 ,换算成英里。
Divide the total number of steps by to convert to miles
解答:
每次翻转表示 步,所以这一年的总步数为
每英里 步,所以里程为 ,最接近 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Each flip counts steps, so the year’s steps total
At steps per mile, the mileage is which is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is A.
7.
8.
点 和 在 上。 的长度是 的 倍, 的长度是 的 倍。 的长度是 长度的几分之几?
Points and lie on The length of is times the length of and the length of is times the length of The length of is what fraction of the length of
小提示:
由 和 得到 。
From and get
大提示:
同理 ,且 。
Similarly and
解答:
因为 且 ,所以 ,于是 。
同样,由 且 得到 。
因为 和 的位置都从 起量,所以 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Since and we have so
Likewise with gives
Because and both measure from
Thus, the correct answer is C.
9.
点 和 在半径为 的圆上,且 。点 是小弧 的中点。线段 的长度是多少?
Points and are on a circle of radius and Point is the midpoint of the minor arc What is the length of the line segment
小提示:
经过弧中点 的半径垂直平分弦 ,交于 ,且 。
The radius through the arc midpoint perpendicularly bisects chord meeting it at with
大提示:
先求圆心到弦的距离 ,再求 ,最后对 使用勾股定理。
Find the center-to-chord distance then and apply the Pythagorean theorem to
解答:
设 为圆心, 为 与 的交点。因为 是弧 的中点, 是弦的垂直平分线,所以 。
在直角三角形 中,,所以 。
然后在直角三角形 中, 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
Let be the center and the point where meets Since is the midpoint of arc is the perpendicular bisector of the chord, so
In right triangle so
Then in right triangle
Thus, the correct answer is A.
10.
砌砖工 Brenda 单独建一个烟囱需要 小时,砌砖工 Brandon 单独建需要 小时。他们一起工作时聊天很多,合计产出每小时减少 块砖。他们一起工作 小时建完烟囱。这个烟囱有多少块砖?
Bricklayer Brenda would take hours to build a chimney alone, and bricklayer Brandon would take hours to build it alone. When they work together, they talk a lot, and their combined output is decreased by bricks per hour. Working together, they build the chimney in hours. How many bricks are in the chimney?
小提示:
如果烟囱有 块砖,Brenda 每小时砌 块,Brandon 每小时砌 块。
If the chimney has bricks, Brenda lays per hour and Brandon lays per hour
大提示:
他们一起每小时砌 块砖,工作 小时的产量等于 。
Together they lay bricks per hour, and hours of this equals
解答:
设烟囱有 块砖。Brenda 单独工作时每小时砌 块,Brandon 每小时砌 块。一起工作时,他们的效率为 。
工作 小时完成烟囱,因此 展开得 ,所以 ,从而 。
因此 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let be the number of bricks. Alone, Brenda lays bricks per hour and Brandon lays Together, their rate is
Working for hours completes the chimney: Expanding, so giving
Hence
Thus, the correct answer is B.
11.
一座圆锥形山的底部在海底,高为 英尺。山体体积的顶端 在水面以上。山底处的海水深度是多少英尺?
A cone-shaped mountain has its base on the ocean floor and has a height of feet. The top of the volume of the mountain is above water. What is the depth of the ocean at the base of the mountain, in feet?
小提示:
水面以上的部分是一个与整座山相似的小圆锥。
The above-water part is a smaller cone similar to the whole mountain
大提示:
体积比 是高度比的立方;深度等于总高度减去水上圆锥的高度。
The volume ratio is the cube of the height ratio; the depth is the total height minus the above-water cone’s height
解答:
水面以上的部分是一个与整座山相似的圆锥,其体积为总体积的 。由于体积按长度的立方缩放,水上圆锥的高度是全高的 。
所以水面以上的高度为 英尺。
山底处的海水深度就是水下高度,等于 英尺。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The part above the water is a cone similar to the whole mountain, with volume of the total. Since volume scales as the cube of length, the above-water cone’s height is of the full height.
So the above-water height is feet.
The ocean depth at the base is the submerged height, feet.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
12.
对每个正整数 ,某数列前 项的平均数为 。这个数列的第 项是多少?
For each positive integer the mean of the first terms of a sequence is What is the th term of the sequence?
小提示:
如果前 项的平均数为 ,那么它们的和为 。
If the mean of the first terms is then their sum is
大提示:
第 项等于前 项和减去前 项和。
The th term equals the sum of the first minus the sum of the first
解答:
因为前 项的平均数为 ,所以它们的和为 。
第 项是相邻两个部分和的差,。
当 时,该项为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Since the mean of the first terms is their sum is
The th term is the difference of consecutive sums,
For the term is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
13.
等边三角形 的顶点 在单位正方形 的内部。令 为所有位于 内部、 外部,且到 的距离介于 和 之间的点组成的区域。 的面积是多少?
Vertex of equilateral is in the interior of unit square Let be the region consisting of all points inside and outside whose distance from is between and What is the area of
小提示:
把 看作正方形的一条边;“到 的距离在 和 之间”是一个宽 、面积 的竖直条带。
Take as a side of the square; “distance from between and ” is a vertical strip of width and area
大提示:
从该条带面积 中减去条带内落在 内部的部分。
From that strip’s area subtract the part of the strip that lies inside
解答:
令 、、、,则 在 轴上,到 的距离就是 坐标。区域位于条带 中,该条带在正方形内的面积为 。
等边三角形 有 ,边 在 上,边 在 上。三角形在条带内的面积为
因此
因此,正确答案是 B。
Place so lies along the -axis and distance from is the -coordinate. The region lies in the strip which within the square has area
Equilateral has with side on and side on The area of the triangle inside the strip is
Therefore
Thus, the correct answer is B.
14.
一个圆的半径为 ,周长为 。 等于多少?
A circle has a radius of and a circumference of What is
15.
在一个单位正方形的每条边上,向外作一个边长为 的等边三角形。在每个等边三角形的新边上,再作一个边长为 的等边三角形。正方形和这 个三角形的内部没有公共点。令 为正方形和所有三角形的并集,令 为包含 的最小凸多边形。位于 内部但在 外部的区域面积是多少?
On each side of a unit square, an equilateral triangle of side length is constructed. On each new side of each equilateral triangle, another equilateral triangle of side length is constructed. The interiors of the square and the triangles have no points in common. Let be the region formed by the union of the square and all the triangles, and let be the smallest convex polygon that contains What is the area of the region that is inside but outside
小提示:
与 之间的空隙是四个小三角形,正方形的每个角各一个。
The gap between and is four small triangles, one at each corner of the square
大提示:
每个空隙三角形有两条长度为 的边,夹角为 ;使用 。
Each gap triangle has two sides of length meeting at angle use
解答:
凸包 与 的差只出现在正方形的四个角附近,每处形成一个小三角形空隙。每个空隙三角形有两条长度为 的边,也就是相邻三角形的外边。
这两条边之间的夹角为 ,所以每个空隙面积为
总面积为 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
The convex hull differs from only near the four corners of the square, where a small triangular gap forms. Each gap triangle has two sides of length (outer edges of adjacent triangles).
The angle between those two sides is so each gap has area
The total area is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
16.
一个矩形地板尺寸为 英尺乘 英尺,其中 和 是正整数且 。一位艺术家在地板上画一个矩形,画出的矩形边与地板边平行。未涂色部分在画出的矩形周围形成宽 英尺的边框,并占整个地板面积的一半。有多少个有序对 满足条件?
A rectangular floor measures feet by feet, where and are positive integers with An artist paints a rectangle on the floor with the sides of the rectangle parallel to the sides of the floor. The unpainted part of the floor forms a border of width foot around the painted rectangle and occupies half the area of the entire floor. How many possibilities are there for the ordered pair
小提示:
涂色矩形为 ,面积等于地板的一半,所以 。
The painted rectangle is and equals half the floor, so
大提示:
整理为 ,再在 下数因数对。
Rearrange to and count factor pairs with
解答:
涂色矩形尺寸为 乘 ,面积是地板面积的一半,所以
展开得 ,再两边加 得到 。
在 下, 的有效因数对只有 和 ,给出 和 。
共有 种可能。
因此,正确答案是 B。
The painted rectangle measures by and has half the area of the floor, so
Expanding gives and adding yields
With the only valid factor pairs of are and giving and
There are possibilities.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
设 、、 是抛物线 上三个不同的点,其中直线 平行于 轴,且 是面积为 的直角三角形。点 的 坐标的各位数字之和是多少?
Let and be three distinct points on the graph of such that line is parallel to the -axis and is a right triangle with area What is the sum of the digits of the -coordinate of
小提示:
写 和 ;由于 的 坐标不同,直角在 处。
Write and since have distinct -coordinates, the right angle is at
大提示:
垂直边 和 强制 ,这也是到 的高;由面积求 ,再求 。
Perpendicular legs and force the height above get from the area, then
解答:
因为 水平,取 、,并设 。直角不可能在 或 处(否则需要 ),所以直角在 处。
令 。计算 与 的点积,得到 。三点互异,所以 ;因此 。这个值就是三角形相对于 的高。
面积为 ,所以 ,而 的 坐标为 。
它的数位和为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since is horizontal, take and and let The right angle cannot be at or (that would need ), so it is at
Put Taking the dot product of and gives The points are distinct, so hence This value is the height of the triangle above
The area is so and the -coordinate of is
Its digit sum is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
18.
一个棱锥的底面是正方形 ,顶点为 。正方形 的面积为 , 和 的面积分别为 和 。这个棱锥的体积是多少?
A pyramid has a square base and vertex The area of square is and the areas of and are and respectively. What is the volume of the pyramid?
小提示:
底面边长为 ;给定的三角形面积给出到边 和 的斜距 与 。
The base has side the given triangle areas give slant distances and to sides and
大提示:
三角形 的边长为 ,且所在平面垂直于底面;它到 的高就是棱锥的高。
Triangle has sides and stands perpendicular to the base; its altitude to is the pyramid’s height
解答:
正方形边长为 。令 和 分别为从 到 和 的垂足。于是 ,,且 。
三角形 位于垂直于底面的平面内,因此它到 的高就是棱锥的高。由海伦公式,半周长 ,其面积为 ,所以到 的高为 。
体积为 。
因此,正确答案是 E。
The square has side Let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from to and Then and
Triangle lies in a plane perpendicular to the base, so its altitude to is the pyramid’s height. By Heron’s formula with its area is so the altitude to is
The volume is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
19.
对所有复数 ,函数 定义为 ,其中 和 是复数,且 。假设 和 都是实数。 的最小可能值是多少?
A function is defined by for all complex numbers where and are complex numbers and Suppose that and are both real. What is the smallest possible value of
小提示:
写 和 ;要求 和 为实数会给出两个线性条件。
Write and requiring and to be real gives two linear conditions
大提示:
它们推出 和 ,所以 ;再对 最小化。
They force and so minimize over
解答:
令 ,。则 ,且 。
二者都是实数,强制 且 ,即 、。
因此 当 时最小,值为 。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Let and Then and
Both being real forces and i.e. and
Hence which is smallest when giving
Thus, the correct answer is B.
20.
Michael 在一条长直路上以每秒 英尺的速度步行。路上每隔 英尺有一个垃圾桶。一辆垃圾车以每秒 英尺的速度沿同一方向行驶,并在每个垃圾桶处停 秒。当 Michael 经过一个垃圾桶时,他注意到前方的垃圾车刚离开下一个垃圾桶。Michael 和垃圾车会相遇多少次?
Michael walks at the rate of feet per second on a long straight path. Trash pails are located every feet along the path. A garbage truck travels at feet per second in the same direction as Michael and stops for seconds at each pail. As Michael passes a pail, he notices the truck ahead of him just leaving the next pail. How many times will Michael and the truck meet?
小提示:
给垃圾桶编号,使 Michael 从 号桶开始,垃圾车从 号桶开始;Michael 在 秒时到达 号桶。
Number the pails so Michael starts at pail and the truck at pail Michael reaches pail at time seconds
大提示:
垃圾车在 秒离开 号桶,并在 秒到达;找出他们在桶边相遇的编号,再检查桶之间移动时是否还有一次交会。
The truck leaves pail at and arrives at find the pails where they coincide, then check for a crossing while the truck moves between them
解答:
给垃圾桶编号。在时刻 ,Michael 在 号桶,垃圾车在 号桶。Michael 在 秒时到达 号桶。垃圾车在两个桶之间行驶 秒,并停 秒,所以它在 秒离开 号桶,并且(当 时)在 秒到达。
Michael 在 号桶时垃圾车也在那里,恰好当 ,化简得 。所以他们在 号桶(,垃圾车离开时)、 号桶()、 号桶()和 号桶(,垃圾车到达时)相遇。
在 号桶和 号桶之间,垃圾车(以 英尺/秒移动)先超过 Michael,随后又被 Michael 追上一次,额外增加一次交会。总共相遇 次。
因此,正确答案是 B。
Number the pails so Michael is at pail and the truck at pail at time Michael reaches pail at seconds. The truck spends seconds between pails and stopped, so it leaves pail at seconds and (for ) arrives at
Michael is at pail while the truck is there exactly when which simplifies to So they meet at pail (at as the truck departs), pail (), pail (), and pail ( as the truck arrives).
Between pails and the truck (moving at ft/s) pulls ahead of and is then overtaken by Michael once more, adding one crossing. In all, they meet times.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
21.
按如下方式构造两个半径为 的圆。圆 的圆心从连接 和 的线段上均匀随机选取。圆 的圆心从连接 和 的线段上均匀随机选取,并且与第一次选择相互独立。圆 和圆 相交的概率是多少?
Two circles of radius are to be constructed as follows. The center of circle is chosen uniformly and at random from the line segment joining to The center of circle is chosen uniformly and at random, and independently of the first choice, from the line segment joining to What is the probability that circles and intersect?
小提示:
若圆心为 和 ,两圆相交当且仅当 ,也就是 。
With centers and the circles intersect iff i.e.
大提示:
在面积为 的正方形 中,通过去掉两个满足 的角落三角形来求 的面积。
In the square of area find the area with by removing the two corner triangles where
解答:
设两个圆心为 和 ,其中 。两个半径均为 的圆相交,当且仅当圆心距至多为 :
所有点对 填满面积为 的正方形 。失败区域 是两个直角三角形,每个的两条直角边长为 ,总面积为 。
所以有利面积为 ,概率为
因此,正确答案是 E。
Let the centers be and with The circles (radius each) intersect iff the distance between centers is at most
The pairs fill the square of area The failing region is two right triangles, each with legs of total area
So the favorable area is and the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
22.
一个停车场有一排 个车位。十二辆车先后到达,每辆车需要一个车位,司机从可用车位中随机选择停车。随后 Auntie Em 开着她的 SUV 到达,这辆车需要 个相邻车位。她能够停车的概率是多少?
A parking lot has spaces in a row. Twelve cars arrive, each of which requires one parking space, and their drivers choose their spaces at random from among the available spaces. Auntie Em then arrives in her SUV, which requires adjacent spaces. What is the probability that she is able to park?
小提示:
个空车位等可能地是 个车位中的任意 个;她失败恰好当没有两个空位相邻。
The empty spaces are equally likely to be any of the she fails exactly when no two empties are adjacent
大提示:
在 个车位中选择 个互不相邻的空位有 种;从 中减去这个概率。
The number of ways to choose empty spaces among with no two adjacent is subtract that probability from
解答:
辆车停好后,有 个车位为空,等可能地是 个车位中的任意 个,共有 个等可能集合。
Auntie Em 不能停车恰好当没有两个空车位相邻。在 个车位中放置 个互不相邻的空位有 种。
因此她能够停车的概率为
因此,正确答案是 E。
After the cars park, spaces are empty, equally likely to be any of the for equally likely sets.
Auntie Em fails exactly when no two empty spaces are adjacent. The number of ways to place non-adjacent empties among is
So the probability she can park is
Thus, the correct answer is E.
23.
的所有正因数的以 为底的对数之和为 。 等于多少?
The sum of the base- logarithms of the divisors of is What is
小提示:
因数对数之和等于所有因数乘积的对数。
The sum of the logs of the divisors equals the log of the product of all divisors
大提示:
有 个因数,而 的所有因数的乘积是 ;这给出 。
has divisors, and the product of the divisors of is this gives
解答:
所有因数的以 为底的对数之和,就是这些因数乘积的对数。若一个数 有 个因数,则其所有因数的乘积为 。
这里 有 个因数,所以因数乘积为 ,其对数为
因此 ,得到 。
因此,正确答案是 A。
The sum of the base- logs of the divisors is the log of their product. A number with divisors has divisor product
Here has divisors, so the product is and its log is
Thus giving
Thus, the correct answer is A.
24.
令 。互不相同的点 ,, 位于 轴上,互不相同的点 ,, 位于 的图像上。对每个正整数 , 是等边三角形。使得长度 的最小 是多少?
Let Distinct points lie on the -axis, and distinct points lie on the graph of For every positive integer is an equilateral triangle. What is the least for which the length
小提示:
若 ,顶点 位于中点上方高度 处;它在 上给出 。
If the apex sits at height above the midpoint; lying on gives
大提示:
将相邻两个关系相减,得到 ,所以 ,且 。
Subtracting consecutive relations yields so and
解答:
令 ,并令 为第 个等边三角形的底边。其顶点 位于底边中点上方,高度为 ,且在 上,所以 即
对前一个三角形写出相同关系并相减,得到 ,又 ,所以 。求和得
需要 ,即 。由于 而 ,最小的 是 。
因此,正确答案是 C。
Let and be the base of the th equilateral triangle. Its apex lies above the midpoint at height and being on gives i.e.
Writing the same relation for the previous triangle and subtracting gives and with we get Summing,
We need i.e. Since and the least such is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
25.
设 是梯形,满足 、、、、。 与 的角平分线交于 , 与 的角平分线交于 。六边形 的面积是多少?
Let be a trapezoid with and Bisectors of and meet at and bisectors of and meet at What is the area of hexagon
小提示:
,所以它们的角平分线垂直相交,且 的中点到 等距。
so their bisectors meet at right angles, and the midpoint of is equidistant from
大提示:
这使 位于中位线上,且 ;再由 (,边长为 )求高。
This puts on the midline with get the height from ( sides )
解答:
因为 ,有 ,所以 与 的角平分线垂直相交,即 。于是 的中点 是直角三角形 的外心,得到 。所以 ,最后一个等号使用了 处的角平分线。因此 。对 的中点 同理可得 。所以 共线于中位线上。
中位线长为 ,而 、。因此 。
作 ,其中 位于 上,则 ,且 。在 中,,所以 ,梯形高为 。
线段 位于半高处,所以六边形分成两个梯形,并且
所以正确答案是 B。
Because so the bisectors of and meet at right angles, Then the midpoint of is the circumcenter of right triangle giving Thus where the last equality uses the angle bisector at Therefore The same argument gives for the midpoint of Hence are collinear on the midline.
The midline has length while and Hence
Drawing with on gives and In so and the trapezoid’s height is
The segment sits at half the height, so the hexagon splits into two trapezoids and
Thus, the correct answer is B.