2023 AMC 10A 第 25 题

先试着解答 2023 AMC 10A 第 25 题,然后核对你的答案与精心整理的解答,解答来自 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh。你也可以参加完整限时模拟考试、查看全部 2023 AMC 10A 解答,或核对答案

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

25.

如果 AABB 是一个多面体的顶点,定义距离 d(A,B)d(A, B) 为沿该多面体的棱从 AA 连接到 BB 所需经过的最少棱数。例如,如果 ABAB 是多面体的一条棱,则 d(A,B)=1d(A, B) = 1;但如果 ACACCBCB 是棱而 ABAB 不是棱,则 d(A,B)=2d(A, B) = 2。设 QQRRSS 是从一个正二十面体(由 2020 个等边三角形组成的正多面体)的顶点中随机选出的三个不同顶点。求 d(Q,R)>d(R,S)d(Q, R) \gt d(R, S) 的概率。

If AA and BB are vertices of a polyhedron, define the distance d(A,B)d(A, B) to be the minimum number of edges of the polyhedron one must traverse in order to connect AA and B.B. For example, if ABAB is an edge of the polyhedron, then d(A,B)=1,d(A, B) = 1, but if ACAC and CBCB are edges and ABAB is not an edge, then d(A,B)=2.d(A, B) = 2. Let Q,Q, R,R, and SS be randomly chosen distinct vertices of a regular icosahedron (a regular polyhedron made up of 2020 equilateral triangles). What is the probability that d(Q,R)>d(R,S)?d(Q, R) \gt d(R, S)?

722\dfrac{7}{22}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:A
知识点:图论对称性基本概率
难度评级:2600
解答:

固定 RR。在其他 1111 个顶点中,有 55 个到该固定顶点的距离为 1155 个距离为 22,还有 11 个(对顶点)距离为 33。从这 1111 个顶点中有序选出不同的 Q,SQ, S,共有 1110=11011 \cdot 10 = 110 对。满足 d(R,Q)=d(R,S)d(R,Q) = d(R,S) 的对数为 54+54+10=405\cdot4 + 5\cdot4 + 1\cdot0 = 40,所以 P(equal)=40110=411P(\text{equal}) = \frac{40}{110} = \frac{4}{11}。由 QQSS 的对称性,>\gt<\lt 的情况平分剩余概率,所以 P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =14112= \frac{1 - \frac4{11}}{2} =722= \frac{7}{22}。因此,正确答案是 A

Fix R.R. Of the other 1111 vertices, 55 sit at distance 1,1, 55 at distance 2,2, and 11 (the opposite vertex) at distance 3.3. Pick ordered distinct Q,SQ, S from these 11:11: that's 1110=11011 \cdot 10 = 110 pairs. The ones with d(R,Q)=d(R,S)d(R,Q) = d(R,S) number 54+54+10=40,5\cdot4 + 5\cdot4 + 1\cdot0 = 40, so P(equal)=40110=411.P(\text{equal}) = \frac{40}{110} = \frac{4}{11}. By the symmetry between QQ and S,S, the >\gt and <\lt cases split the rest evenly, so P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =14112= \frac{1 - \frac4{11}}{2} =722.= \frac{7}{22}. Thus, A is the correct answer.

← 第 24 题#24
完整试卷

其他年份的第 25 题