2023 AMC 10A 真题

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1.

城市 AABB 相距 4545 英里。Alicia 住在 AA,Beth 住在 BB。Alicia 以每小时 1818 英里的速度骑向 BB。Beth 同时出发,以每小时 1212 英里的速度骑向 AA。她们相遇时距离城市 AA 多少英里?

Cities AA and BB are 4545 miles apart. Alicia lives in AA and Beth lives in B.B. Alicia bikes towards BB at 1818 miles per hour. Leaving at the same time, Beth bikes toward AA at 1212 miles per hour. How many miles from City AA will they be when they meet?

2020

2424

2525

2626

2727

答案:E
知识点:相对速度路程、速度与时间
难度评级:890
小提示:

她们相向骑行,所以速度相加;先求相遇所需时间

They ride toward each other, so their speeds add; find the time until they meet

大提示:

相遇时间为 4518+12\frac{45}{18 + 12} 小时;再乘以 Alice 的速度。

The meeting time is 4518+12\frac{45}{18 + 12} hours; multiply Alice’s speed by that time

解答:

她们相向骑行,所以速度相加。两人以每小时 18+12=3018 + 12 = 30 英里的速度缩短这 4545 英里的距离,因此经过 4530=1.5\frac{45}{30} = 1.5 小时相遇。Alice 从 AA 出发,所以这时她骑了 181.5=2718 \cdot 1.5 = 27 英里。因此,正确答案是 E

They ride toward each other, so their speeds add. That closes the 4545-mile gap at 18+12=3018 + 12 = 30 mph, and they meet after 4530=1.5\frac{45}{30} = 1.5 hours. Alice starts at A,A, so by then she’s gone 181.5=2718 \cdot 1.5 = 27 miles. Thus, E is the correct answer.

2.

一个大披萨的 13\frac{1}{3} 加上 3123\frac{1}{2} 杯橙子片的重量,等于同一个大披萨的 34\frac{3}{4} 加上 12\frac{1}{2} 杯橙子片的重量。一杯橙子片重 14\frac{1}{4} 磅。一个大披萨重多少磅?

The weight of 13\frac{1}{3} of a large pizza together with 3123\frac{1}{2} cups of orange slices is the same as the weight of 34\frac{3}{4} of a large pizza together with 12\frac{1}{2} cup of orange slices. A cup of orange slices weighs 14\frac{1}{4} of a pound. What is the weight, in pounds, of a large pizza?

1451\frac{4}{5}

22

2252\frac{2}{5}

33

3353\frac{3}{5}

答案:A
知识点:一次方程分数
难度评级:1080
小提示:

设披萨重量为 pp,并用每杯 14\frac14 磅把橙子片换算成磅

Let pp be the pizza’s weight and convert cups of orange slices to pounds using 14\frac14 pound per cup

大提示:

列方程 13p+7214=34p+1214\frac13 p + \frac72 \cdot \frac14 = \frac34 p + \frac12 \cdot \frac14,然后解出 pp

Set 13p+7214=34p+1214\frac13 p + \frac72 \cdot \frac14 = \frac34 p + \frac12 \cdot \frac14 and solve for pp

解答:

设披萨重量为 pp。一杯橙子片重 14\frac14 磅,所以天平两边满足 13p+7214=34p+1214\frac13 p + \frac72 \cdot \frac14 = \frac34 p + \frac12 \cdot \frac14,也就是 13p+78=34p+18\frac13 p + \frac78 = \frac34 p + \frac18。整理披萨项得到 68=(3413)p=512p\frac68 = \left(\frac34 - \frac13\right)p = \frac{5}{12}p。因此 p=34125=95=145p = \frac34 \cdot \frac{12}{5} = \frac95 = 1\frac45。所以答案是 A

Let pp be the pizza’s weight. A cup of orange slices is 14\frac14 pound, so the two sides balance as 13p+7214=34p+1214,\frac13 p + \frac72 \cdot \frac14 = \frac34 p + \frac12 \cdot \frac14, that is 13p+78=34p+18.\frac13 p + \frac78 = \frac34 p + \frac18. Collect the pizza terms: 68=(3413)p=512p.\frac68 = \left(\frac34 - \frac13\right)p = \frac{5}{12}p. So p=34125=95=145.p = \frac34 \cdot \frac{12}{5} = \frac95 = 1\frac45. Therefore, the answer is A.

3.

小于 20232023 且能被 55 整除的正完全平方数有多少个?

How many positive perfect squares less than 20232023 are divisible by 5?5?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:A
难度评级:1050
小提示:

能被 55 整除的完全平方数一定能被 2525 整除

A perfect square divisible by 55 must be divisible by 2525

大提示:

把平方数写成 (5k)2=25k2<2023(5k)^2 = 25k^2 \lt 2023,再数可行的 kk

Write the square as (5k)2=25k2<2023(5k)^2 = 25k^2 \lt 2023 and count the valid kk

解答:

如果一个完全平方数能被 55 整除,它就能被 2525 整除,所以它形如 (5k)2=25k2(5k)^2 = 25k^2。我们需要 25k2<202325k^2 \lt 2023,即 k2<80.9k^2 \lt 80.9。这允许 k=1,2,,8k = 1, 2, \ldots, 8,共有 88 个平方数。因此,正确答案是 A

If a perfect square is divisible by 5,5, it’s divisible by 25,25, so it looks like (5k)2=25k2.(5k)^2 = 25k^2. We need 25k2<2023,25k^2 \lt 2023, i.e. k2<80.9.k^2 \lt 80.9. That allows k=1,2,,8,k = 1, 2, \ldots, 8, which is 88 squares. Thus, A is the correct answer.

4.

一个四边形的所有边长都是整数,周长为 2626,其中一条边长为 44。这个四边形的一条边的最大可能长度是多少?

A quadrilateral has all integer side lengths, a perimeter of 26,26, and one side of length 4.4. What is the greatest possible length of one side of this quadrilateral?

99

1010

1111

1212

1313

答案:D
难度评级:1130
小提示:

在任意四边形中,每条边都小于另外三条边之和

In any quadrilateral, each side is less than the sum of the other three

大提示:

若最长边为 ss,另外三条边之和为 26s26 - s,所以 s<26ss \lt 26 - s

If the longest side is s,s, the other three sum to 26s,26 - s, so s<26ss \lt 26 - s

解答:

在任意四边形中,每条边都短于另外三条边之和。设最长边为 ss。其余边长之和为 26s26 - s,所以 s<26ss \lt 26 - s,得到 s<13s \lt 13,因此 s12s \le 12。能否达到 1212 呢?边长 4,12,9,14, 12, 9, 1 可行,因为 12<4+9+112 \lt 4 + 9 + 1。所以最大长度为 1212。因此,答案是 D

In any quadrilateral each side is shorter than the sum of the other three. Call the longest side s.s. The rest sum to 26s,26 - s, so s<26s,s \lt 26 - s, which gives s<13s \lt 13 and hence s12.s \le 12. Can we hit 12?12? The sides 4,12,9,14, 12, 9, 1 work, since 12<4+9+1.12 \lt 4 + 9 + 1. So the greatest length is 12.12. Therefore, the answer is D.

5.

855101558^5 \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 15^5 的十进位表示有多少位数字?

How many digits are in the base-ten representation of 85510155?8^5 \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 15^5?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

答案:E
难度评级:1200
小提示:

把每个底数分解质因数:8=238 = 2^315=3515 = 3 \cdot 5

Factor each base into primes: 8=238 = 2^3 and 15=3515 = 3 \cdot 5

大提示:

合并成 10153510^{15} \cdot 3^5,也就是 353^5 后面接 1515 个零。

Combine into 101535,10^{15} \cdot 3^5, which is 353^5 followed by 1515 zeros

解答:

把所有数分解成质因数:855101558^5 \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 15^5 =2155103555= 2^{15} \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^5 =21551535= 2^{15} \cdot 5^{15} \cdot 3^5 =1015243= 10^{15} \cdot 243。这就是 243243 后面接 1515 个零,所以共有 3+15=183 + 15 = 18 位数字。因此,正确答案是 E

Factor everything into primes. 855101558^5 \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 15^5 =2155103555= 2^{15} \cdot 5^{10} \cdot 3^5 \cdot 5^5 =21551535= 2^{15} \cdot 5^{15} \cdot 3^5 =1015243.= 10^{15} \cdot 243. That’s 243243 followed by 1515 zeros, so it has 3+15=183 + 15 = 18 digits. Thus, E is the correct answer.

6.

一个整数被分配给立方体的每个顶点。一条边的值定义为它所连接的两个顶点的值之和,一个面的值定义为围成该面的四条边的值之和。立方体的值定义为六个面的值之和。若分配给各顶点的整数之和为 2121,这个立方体的值是多少?

An integer is assigned to each vertex of a cube. The value of an edge is defined to be the sum of the values of the two vertices it touches, and the value of a face is defined to be the sum of the values of the four edges surrounding it. The value of the cube is defined as the sum of the values of its six faces. Suppose the sum of the integers assigned to the vertices is 21.21. What is the value of the cube?

4242

6363

8484

126126

252252

答案:D
难度评级:1270
小提示:

每条边属于 22 个面,所以总面值是总边值的 22

Each edge belongs to 22 faces, so the total face value is 22 times the total edge value

大提示:

每个顶点属于 33 条边,所以总边值是顶点总和的 33

Each vertex belongs to 33 edges, so the total edge value is 33 times the vertex total

解答:

按关联次数计数。每条边在 22 个面上,所以六个面的值之和是所有边值总和的 22 倍。每个顶点在 33 条边上,所以所有边值总和是顶点值总和的 33 倍。连起来,立方体的值为 2321=1262 \cdot 3 \cdot 21 = 126。因此,答案是 D

Count by incidences. Each edge lies on 22 faces, so the six face values together are 22 times the total of all edge values. Each vertex lies on 33 edges, so the total edge value is 33 times the vertex sum. Chaining these, the cube’s value is 2321=126.2 \cdot 3 \cdot 21 = 126. Therefore, the answer is D.

7.

Janet 掷一个标准的 66 面骰子 44 次,并持续记录掷出点数的累加和。她的累加和在某一时刻等于 33 的概率是多少?

Janet rolls a standard 66-sided die 44 times and keeps a running total of the numbers she rolls. What is the probability that at some point her running total will equal 3?3?

29\dfrac{2}{9}

49216\dfrac{49}{216}

25108\dfrac{25}{108}

1772\dfrac{17}{72}

1354\dfrac{13}{54}

答案:B
难度评级:1340
小提示:

累加和只可能在前几次掷骰中到达 33;列出恰好到达 33 的互斥方式

The running total reaches 33 only through the first few rolls; list the disjoint ways to hit exactly 33

大提示:

情况为第一次掷出 33;前两次为 1,21,2;前两次为 2,12,1;前三次为 1,1,11,1,1;把概率相加

The cases are first roll 3;3; rolls 1,2;1,2; rolls 2,1;2,1; rolls 1,1,1;1,1,1; add their probabilities

解答:

累加和只能通过开头几次掷骰恰好到达 33,且这些方式互斥:单独掷出 33(概率 16\frac16),再是 1,21,22,12,1(各为 136\frac1{36}),以及 1,1,11,1,1(概率 1216\frac1{216})。相加得 36216+6216+6216+1216=49216\frac{36}{216} + \frac{6}{216} + \frac{6}{216} + \frac{1}{216} = \frac{49}{216}。因此,正确答案是 B

The total can only reach exactly 33 through the opening rolls, and these ways are disjoint: 33 alone (probability 16\frac16), then 1,21,2 and 2,12,1 (each 136\frac1{36}), and 1,1,11,1,1 (probability 1216\frac1{216}). Add them up: 36216+6216+6216+1216=49216.\frac{36}{216} + \frac{6}{216} + \frac{6}{216} + \frac{1}{216} = \frac{49}{216}. Thus, B is the correct answer.

8.

面包师 Barb 为烤面包设计了一种新的温度体系,叫作 Breadus,它与华氏温度成线性关系。面包在 110 F110\text{ F}^{\circ} 时发酵,这对应 Breadus 刻度上的 00。面包在 350 F350\text{ F}^{\circ} 时烘烤,这对应 Breadus 刻度上的 100100。面包烤好时内部温度为 200 F200\text{ F}^{\circ}。这个温度在 Breadus 刻度上是多少?

Barb the baker creates a new temperature system for baking bread, Breadus, which is linearly based on Fahrenheit. Bread rises at 110 F,110\text{ F}^{\circ}, which is 00 on the Breadus scale. Bread bakes at 350 F,350\text{ F}^{\circ}, which is 100100 on the Breadus scale. Bread is done when its internal temperature is 200 F.200\text{ F}^{\circ}. What is this temperature on the Breadus scale?

3333

34.534.5

3636

37.537.5

3939

答案:D
知识点:一次方程斜率
难度评级:1130
小提示:

Breadus 读数是经过 (110,0)(110, 0)(350,100)(350, 100) 的华氏温度线性函数。

The Breadus reading is linear in Fahrenheit through (110,0)(110, 0) and (350,100)(350, 100)

大提示:

斜率为 100350110\frac{100}{350 - 110};把它应用到高于 00 点的 200110200 - 110 度。

The slope is 100350110;\frac{100}{350 - 110}; apply it to the 200110200 - 110 degrees above the 00 point

解答:

Breadus 读数是经过 (110,0)(110, 0)(350,100)(350, 100) 的华氏温度线性函数,所以 B=100350110(F110)B = \frac{100}{350 - 110}(F - 110) =512(F110)= \frac{5}{12}(F - 110)。代入 F=200F = 200B=51290=37.5B = \frac{5}{12} \cdot 90 = 37.5。因此,答案是 D

The Breadus reading is linear in Fahrenheit through (110,0)(110, 0) and (350,100),(350, 100), so B=100350110(F110)B = \frac{100}{350 - 110}(F - 110) =512(F110).= \frac{5}{12}(F - 110). Plug in F=200:F = 200: B=51290=37.5.B = \frac{5}{12} \cdot 90 = 37.5. Therefore, the answer is D.

9.

一个电子显示屏把当前日期显示为一个 88 位整数,依次由 44 位年份、22 位月份和该月内的 22 位日期组成。例如,今年的植树节显示为 2023042820230428。在 20232023 年中,有多少个日期的 88 位显示中每个数字都出现偶数次?

A digital display shows the current date as an 88-digit integer consisting of a 44-digit year, followed by a 22-digit month, followed by a 22-digit date within the month. For example, Arbor Day this year is displayed as 20230428.20230428. For how many dates in 20232023 will each digit appear an even number of times in the 88-digit display for that date?

55

66

77

88

99

答案:E
难度评级:1410
小提示:

年份 20232023 提供两个 22(偶数次)、一个 00 和一个 33

The year 20232023 contributes two 22s (even), one 0,0, and one 33

大提示:

月份和日期的四个数字必须再提供一个 00 和一个 33,其余两个数字彼此相同

The four month-and-day digits must supply one more 00 and one more 3,3, with the remaining two digits equal to each other

解答:

年份 20232023 已经给出两个 22(偶数次)、一个 00 和一个 33。因此,为了让每个数字总体都出现偶数次,月份 MMMM 和日期 DDDD 的四个数字必须再提供一个 00、一个 33,然后另外两个数字相同,同时还要让 22 的个数保持偶数。逐一检查合法的月日组合,得到 01/1301/1301/3101/3102/2302/2303/1103/1103/2203/2210/1310/1310/3110/3111/0311/0311/3011/30,恰好有 99 个日期。因此,正确答案是 E

The year 20232023 already gives two 22s (even), one 00, and one 33. So to make every digit occur an even number of times, the four digits of MMMM and DDDD must supply one more 00, one more 33, and two equal digits, while keeping the number of 22s even. Checking the legal dates gives 01/13,01/13, 01/31,01/31, 02/23,02/23, 03/11,03/11, 03/22,03/22, 10/13,10/13, 10/31,10/31, 11/03,11/03, and 11/30,11/30, exactly 99 dates. Thus, E is the correct answer.

10.

Maureen 在记录她这学期小测成绩的平均分。如果 Maureen 下一次小测得 1111 分,她的平均分会增加 11。如果接下来三次小测她每次都得 1111 分,她的平均分会增加 22。她当前的小测平均分是多少?

Maureen is keeping track of the mean of her quiz scores this semester. If Maureen scores an 1111 on the next quiz, her mean will increase by 1.1. If she scores an 1111 on each of the next three quizzes, her mean will increase by 2.2. What is the mean of her quiz scores currently?

44

55

66

77

88

答案:D
知识点:平均数方程组
难度评级:1270
小提示:

设当前平均分为 mm,已有 nn 次小测,所以当前总分为 mnmn

Let the current mean be mm over nn tests, so the current total is mnmn

大提示:

加入一次 1111 分后平均分为 m+1m + 1,加入三次 1111 分后平均分为 m+2m + 2;建立两个方程。

Adding one 1111 gives mean m+1m + 1 and adding three 1111s gives mean m+2;m + 2; form two equations

解答:

设当前 nn 次小测的平均分为 mm。再得一次 1111 分后平均分为 m+1m + 1mn+11n+1=m+1\frac{mn + 11}{n + 1} = m + 1,整理得 m+n=10m + n = 10。再得三次 1111 分后平均分为 m+2m + 2mn+33n+3=m+2\frac{mn + 33}{n + 3} = m + 2,即 3m+2n=273m + 2n = 27。解这组方程得 m=7m = 7。因此,答案是 D

Let mm be the current mean over nn quizzes. One more 1111 makes the mean m+1:m + 1: mn+11n+1=m+1,\frac{mn + 11}{n + 1} = m + 1, which tidies up to m+n=10.m + n = 10. Three more 1111s make it m+2:m + 2: mn+33n+3=m+2,\frac{mn + 33}{n + 3} = m + 2, i.e. 3m+2n=27.3m + 2n = 27. Solve the pair and m=7.m = 7. Therefore, the answer is D.

11.

一个面积为 22 的正方形内接于一个面积为 33 的正方形,如下图所示,从而形成四个全等的三角形。阴影直角三角形中,较短直角边与较长直角边的比是多少?

A square of area 22 is inscribed in a square of area 3,3, creating four congruent triangles, as shown below. What is the ratio of the shorter leg to the longer leg in the shaded right triangle?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

232 - \sqrt{3}

32\sqrt{3} - \sqrt{2}

21\sqrt{2} - 1

答案:C
难度评级:1500
小提示:

每个角上的三角形有直角边 a,ba,b,满足 a+b=3a+b=\sqrt3(大正方形边长)且 a2+b2=2a^2+b^2=2(小正方形边长的平方)

Each corner triangle has legs a,ba,b with a+b=3a+b=\sqrt3 (a side of the big square) and a2+b2=2a^2+b^2=2 (a side of the small square)

大提示:

(a+b)2(a2+b2)(a+b)^2-(a^2+b^2)2ab2ab;然后 aabbt23t+12=0t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0 的根

(a+b)2(a2+b2)(a+b)^2-(a^2+b^2) gives 2ab;2ab; then aa and bb are the roots of t23t+12=0t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0

解答:

每个角上的直角三角形有直角边 aabb。外层正方形的一条边给出 a+b=3a+b=\sqrt3,内接正方形的一条边给出 a2+b2=2a^2+b^2=2。相减求积:2ab=(a+b)2(a2+b2)2ab=(a+b)^2-(a^2+b^2) =32=3-2 =1=1,所以 ab=12ab=\tfrac12。于是 aabbt23t+12=0t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0 的根,即 3±12\tfrac{\sqrt3\pm1}{2}。较短边与较长边之比为 313+1\dfrac{\sqrt3-1}{\sqrt3+1} =(31)22=\dfrac{(\sqrt3-1)^2}{2} =23=2-\sqrt3。因此,正确答案是 C

Each corner right triangle has legs aa and b.b. A side of the outer square gives a+b=3,a+b=\sqrt3, and a side of the inscribed square gives a2+b2=2.a^2+b^2=2. Subtract to find the product: 2ab=(a+b)2(a2+b2)2ab=(a+b)^2-(a^2+b^2) =32=3-2 =1,=1, so ab=12.ab=\tfrac12. Then aa and bb are the roots of t23t+12=0,t^2-\sqrt3\,t+\tfrac12=0, namely 3±12.\tfrac{\sqrt3\pm1}{2}. The ratio of the smaller leg to the larger is 313+1\dfrac{\sqrt3-1}{\sqrt3+1} =(31)22=\dfrac{(\sqrt3-1)^2}{2} =23.=2-\sqrt3. Thus, C is the correct answer.

12.

有多少个三位正整数 NN 同时满足下面两个性质?

• 数 NN 能被 77 整除。

• 把 NN 的数字倒序后形成的数能被 55 整除。

How many three-digit positive integers NN satisfy the following properties?

• The number NN is divisible by 7.7.

• The number formed by reversing the digits of NN is divisible by 5.5.

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

答案:B
难度评级:1440
小提示:

倒序数的个位是 NN 的首位;要能被 55 整除,该数字必须是 0055

The reversed number ends in the first digit of N,N, and for divisibility by 55 that digit must be 00 or 55

大提示:

因为 NN 是三位数,所以它以 55 开头;数出 50050059959977 的倍数。

Since NN is three digits it starts with 5;5; count the multiples of 77 from 500500 to 599599

解答:

倒序 NN 后,它的个位是 NN 的首位。若倒序数能被 55 整除,则该数字为 0055。三位数不能以 00 开头,所以 NN55 开头,也就是 500N599500 \le N \le 599(倒序数总会以 55 结尾)。现在只需数其中 77 的倍数:从 772=5047 \cdot 72 = 504785=5957 \cdot 85 = 595,共有 1414 个数。因此,答案是 B

When we reverse N,N, its last digit is the first digit of N.N. For the reversal to be divisible by 5,5, that digit is 00 or 5.5. A three-digit number can’t start with 0,0, so NN starts with 5,5, meaning 500N599500 \le N \le 599 (and the reversal ends in 5,5, always fine). Now just count multiples of 77 here: from 772=5047 \cdot 72 = 504 to 785=595,7 \cdot 85 = 595, that’s 1414 numbers. Therefore, the answer is B.

13.

Abdul 和 Chiang 站在一片田野中,相距 4848 英尺。Bharat 也站在同一片田野中,并且在使他看向 Abdul 和 Chiang 的两条视线所成角为 6060^\circ 的条件下,尽可能远离 Abdul。Abdul 与 Bharat 之间距离的平方是多少(单位为平方英尺)?

Abdul and Chiang are standing 4848 feet apart in a field. Bharat is standing in the same field as far from Abdul as possible so that the angle formed by his lines of sight to Abdul and Chiang measures 60.60^\circ. What is the square of the distance (in feet) between Abdul and Bharat?

17281728

26012601

30723072

46084608

69126912

答案:C
难度评级:1590
小提示:

以固定 6060^\circ 角看见线段 ACAC 的点位于经过 AACC 的一段圆弧上

Points that see segment ACAC at a fixed 6060^\circ lie on a circular arc through AA and CC

大提示:

离 Abdul 最远的这种点是直径的端点;用正弦定理求圆的直径

The farthest such point from Abdul is a diameter endpoint; find the circle’s diameter with the law of sines

解答:

AA 为 Abdul,CC 为 Chiang,且 AC=48AC = 48BB 为 Bharat,满足 B=60\angle B = 60^\circ。所有以 6060^\circ 角看见 ACAC 的点都在同一圆弧上,所以所有可行的 BB 都在一个圆上,其中弦 ACAC 所对圆周角为 6060^\circ。正弦定理给出该圆直径为 ACsin60=4832=323\frac{AC}{\sin 60^\circ} = \frac{48}{\frac{\sqrt3}{2}} = 32\sqrt3。现在 ABAB 是一条弦,而弦最长时为直径。所以 AB=323AB = 32\sqrt3AB2=10243=3072AB^2 = 1024 \cdot 3 = 3072。因此,正确答案是 C

Let AA be Abdul, CC be Chiang with AC=48,AC = 48, and BB be Bharat with B=60.\angle B = 60^\circ. Every point seeing ACAC at 6060^\circ lies on one circular arc, so all valid BB sit on a circle where chord ACAC subtends 60.60^\circ. The law of sines gives its diameter, ACsin60=4832=323.\frac{AC}{\sin 60^\circ} = \frac{48}{\frac{\sqrt3}{2}} = 32\sqrt3. Now ABAB is a chord, and a chord is longest when it’s a diameter. So AB=323AB = 32\sqrt3 and AB2=10243=3072.AB^2 = 1024 \cdot 3 = 3072. Thus, C is the correct answer.

14.

从前 100100 个正整数中随机选一个数,然后从该数的正整数因数中随机选一个。所选因数能被 1111 整除的概率是多少?

A number is chosen at random from among the first 100100 positive integers, and a positive integer divisor of that number is then chosen at random. What is the probability that the chosen divisor is divisible by 11?11?

4100\dfrac{4}{100}

9200\dfrac{9}{200}

120\dfrac{1}{20}

11200\dfrac{11}{200}

350\dfrac{3}{50}

答案:B
难度评级:1630
小提示:

只有 100100 以内的 1111 的倍数才可能有能被 1111 整除的因数

Only multiples of 1111 up to 100100 can have a divisor divisible by 1111

大提示:

对于 n=11mn = 11mm9m \le 9,由于 mm 不是 1111 的倍数,nn 的因数中恰好一半是 1111 的倍数。

For n=11mn = 11m with m9,m \le 9, exactly half of nn’s divisors are multiples of 11,11, since mm is not a multiple of 1111

解答:

一个数 n100n \le 100 只有在 nn 能被 1111 整除时,才可能有能被 1111 整除的因数,所以 n{11,22,,99}n \in \{11, 22, \ldots, 99\}。写成 n=11mn = 11m,其中 m9m \le 9。这里 mm 不是 1111 的倍数,所以 d(11m)=2d(m)d(11m) = 2\,d(m),而能被 1111 整除的因数恰好是 11d11d 这种形式,共有 d(m)d(m) 个。因此对于每个这样的 nn,概率都是 d(m)2d(m)=12\frac{d(m)}{2\,d(m)} = \frac12。对全部 100100 个起始数字取平均,概率为 1100m=1912=9200\frac{1}{100}\sum_{m=1}^{9}\frac12 = \frac{9}{200}。因此,答案是 B

A number n100n \le 100 can only have a divisor divisible by 1111 when nn is divisible by 11,11, so n{11,22,,99}.n \in \{11, 22, \ldots, 99\}. Write n=11mn = 11m with m9.m \le 9. Here mm is not a multiple of 11,11, so d(11m)=2d(m),d(11m) = 2\,d(m), and the divisors that are multiples of 1111 are exactly the d(m)d(m) numbers 11d.11d. That makes the chance d(m)2d(m)=12\frac{d(m)}{2\,d(m)} = \frac12 for each such n.n. Averaging over all 100100 starting numbers, the probability is 1100m=1912=9200.\frac{1}{100}\sum_{m=1}^{9}\frac12 = \frac{9}{200}. Therefore, the answer is B.

15.

偶数个圆相互嵌套,第一个半径为 11,之后每次半径增加 11,并且所有圆共享一个公共点。从半径为 22 的圆内但半径为 11 的圆外的区域开始,每隔一圈给区域涂色。下面显示的是 88 个圆的例子。至少需要多少个圆,才能使总阴影面积至少为 2023π2023\pi

An even number of circles are nested, starting with a radius of 11 and increasing by 11 each time, all sharing a common point. The region between every other circle is shaded, starting with the region inside the circle of radius 22 but outside the circle of radius 1.1. An example showing 88 circles is displayed below. What is the least number of circles needed to make the total shaded area at least 2023π?2023\pi?

4646

4848

5656

6060

6464

答案:E
难度评级:1560
小提示:

半径 2k2k2k12k-1 的圆之间的阴影区域面积为 π((2k)2(2k1)2)\pi\big((2k)^2 - (2k-1)^2\big) =(4k1)π= (4k-1)\pi

The shaded region between the circles of radius 2k2k and 2k12k-1 has area π((2k)2(2k1)2)\pi\big((2k)^2 - (2k-1)^2\big) =(4k1)π= (4k-1)\pi

大提示:

2n2n 个圆时,阴影面积为 πk=1n(4k1)=π(2n2+n)\pi\sum_{k=1}^{n}(4k-1) = \pi(2n^2 + n);解 2n2+n20232n^2 + n \ge 2023

With 2n2n circles the shaded area is πk=1n(4k1)=π(2n2+n);\pi\sum_{k=1}^{n}(4k-1) = \pi(2n^2 + n); solve 2n2+n20232n^2 + n \ge 2023

解答:

半径为 rr 的圆面积为 πr2\pi r^2。因此半径 2k2k2k12k-1 之间的阴影环形区域面积为 π((2k)2(2k1)2)\pi\big((2k)^2 - (2k-1)^2\big) =(4k1)π= (4k-1)\pi。有 2n2n 个圆时,阴影总面积为 πk=1n(4k1)=π(2n2+n)\pi\sum_{k=1}^{n}(4k-1) = \pi(2n^2 + n)。我们需要 2n2+n20232n^2 + n \ge 2023。当 n=31n = 31 时为 19531953,当 n=32n = 32 时为 20802080。所以 n=32n = 32,也就是 2n=642n = 64 个圆。因此,正确答案是 E

A circle of radius rr has area πr2.\pi r^2. So the shaded ring between radius 2k2k and 2k12k-1 has area π((2k)2(2k1)2)\pi\big((2k)^2 - (2k-1)^2\big) =(4k1)π.= (4k-1)\pi. With 2n2n circles the shaded total is πk=1n(4k1)=π(2n2+n).\pi\sum_{k=1}^{n}(4k-1) = \pi(2n^2 + n). We want 2n2+n2023.2n^2 + n \ge 2023. At n=31n = 31 it’s 1953,1953, at n=32n = 32 it’s 2080.2080. So n=32,n = 32, which means 2n=642n = 64 circles. Thus, E is the correct answer.

16.

在一场乒乓球锦标赛中,每位参赛者都与其他每位参赛者恰好比赛一次。虽然右手选手的人数是左手选手的两倍,但左手选手赢得的场数比右手选手赢得的场数多 40%40\%。(没有平局,也没有左右手都用的选手。)总共进行了多少场比赛?

In a table tennis tournament every participant played every other participant exactly once. Although there were twice as many right-handed players as left-handed players, the number of games won by left-handed players was 40%40\% more than the number of games won by right-handed players. (There were no ties and no ambidextrous players.) What is the total number of games played?

1515

3636

4545

4848

6666

答案:B
知识点:组合比与比例
难度评级:1730
小提示:

若有 LL 名左手选手和 2L2L 名右手选手,则比赛场数为 (3L2)\binom{3L}{2}

With LL left-handed and 2L2L right-handed players, the number of games is (3L2)\binom{3L}{2}

大提示:

每场比赛有一名获胜者,左手胜场与右手胜场之比为 1.4:1=7:51.4 : 1 = 7 : 5,所以总场数是 1212 的倍数。

Every game has one winner, and left wins to right wins is 1.4:1=7:5,1.4 : 1 = 7 : 5, so the total is a multiple of 1212

解答:

设有 LL 名左手选手和 2L2L 名右手选手,所以共有 3L3L 名选手,比赛场数为 (3L2)\binom{3L}{2}。每场比赛有一名获胜者,且左手胜场是右手胜场的 1.41.4 倍,所以胜场按 7:57 : 5 分配,总场数必须是 1212 的倍数。左手选手至多赢下所有至少有一名左手选手参加的比赛,共 (L2)+2L2\binom{L}{2} + 2L^2 场。因此 712(3L2)(L2)+2L2 \frac{7}{12}\binom{3L}{2} \leq \binom{L}{2} + 2L^2\text{,} 化简得 L3L \leq 3。当 L=1L = 1L=2L = 2 时,总场数不是 1212 的倍数;当 L=3L = 3 时,总场数为 (92)=36\binom{9}{2} = 36。这种结果确实可以实现:左手选手赢下对阵右手选手的全部 1818 场比赛和左手选手之间的全部 33 场比赛,而右手选手赢下彼此之间的全部 1515 场比赛。这样双方的胜场数分别为 21211515。因此总共进行了 3636 场比赛,答案是 B

Say there are LL left-handers and 2L2L right-handers, so 3L3L players and (3L2)\binom{3L}{2} games. Every game has one winner, and left wins are 1.41.4 times right wins, so the wins split 7:57 : 5 and the total must be a multiple of 1212. Left-handers can win at most all games involving at least one left-hander, namely (L2)+2L2\binom{L}{2} + 2L^2. Hence 712(3L2)(L2)+2L2, \frac{7}{12}\binom{3L}{2} \leq \binom{L}{2} + 2L^2, which gives L3L \leq 3. For L=1L = 1 and L=2L = 2, the total is not divisible by 1212. For L=3L = 3, there are (92)=36\binom{9}{2} = 36 games. This is attainable if the left-handers win all 1818 cross-group games and all 33 games among themselves, while the right-handers win their 1515 internal games. The win totals are 2121 and 1515, so the answer is 3636. Therefore, the answer is B.

17.

ABCDABCD 是一个矩形,且 AB=30AB = 30BC=28BC = 28。点 PPQQ 分别在 BCBCCDCD 上,使得 ABP\triangle ABPPCQ\triangle PCQQDA\triangle QDA 的所有边长都是整数。APQ\triangle APQ 的周长是多少?

Let ABCDABCD be a rectangle with AB=30AB = 30 and BC=28.BC = 28. Points PP and QQ lie on BCBC and CDCD respectively so that all sides of ABP,\triangle ABP, PCQ,\triangle PCQ, and QDA\triangle QDA have integer lengths. What is the perimeter of APQ?\triangle APQ?

8484

8686

8888

9090

9292

答案:A
难度评级:1840
小提示:

三个三角形都在矩形顶点处为直角,所以 AP2=302+BP2AP^2 = 30^2 + BP^2,且 QA2=282+DQ2QA^2 = 28^2 + DQ^2 必须是完全平方数。

Each of the three triangles is right-angled at a corner, so AP2=302+BP2AP^2 = 30^2 + BP^2 and QA2=282+DQ2QA^2 = 28^2 + DQ^2 must be perfect squares

大提示:

使用 3030-1616-34342121-2828-3535 这两组勾股数;此时 PQPQ 也会是整数。

Use the triples 3030-1616-3434 and 2121-2828-35;35; then PQPQ comes out an integer too

解答:

A=(0,0)A = (0,0)B=(30,0)B = (30,0)C=(30,28)C = (30,28)D=(0,28)D = (0,28),且 P=(30,p)P = (30, p)BCBC 上,Q=(30q,28)Q = (30 - q, 28)CDCD 上。三个直角三角形给出 AP=302+p2AP = \sqrt{30^2 + p^2}QA=282+(30q)2QA = \sqrt{28^2 + (30 - q)^2}PQ=(28p)2+q2PQ = \sqrt{(28 - p)^2 + q^2},并且三者都必须是整数。当 0p280 \leq p \leq 28 时,将等式写成 (APp)(AP+p)=900(AP-p)(AP+p)=900,可知只有 p=0p=0p=16p=16 两种可能,对应 AP=30AP=30AP=34AP=34。同理,令 x=30qx=30-q,则 (QAx)(QA+x)=784(QA-x)(QA+x)=784,且 0x300 \leq x \leq 30,所以 x=0x=0x=21x=21。将这四种组合代入 PQPQ 的公式检验,只有 p=16p=16x=21x=21 可行。因此 q=9q=9QA=35QA=35,并且 PQ=122+92=15PQ=\sqrt{12^2+9^2}=15。所以 APQ\triangle APQ 的周长为 34+15+35=8434+15+35=84,正确答案是 A

Set A=(0,0)A = (0,0), B=(30,0)B = (30,0), C=(30,28)C = (30,28), D=(0,28)D = (0,28), with P=(30,p)P = (30, p) on BCBC and Q=(30q,28)Q = (30 - q, 28) on CDCD. The three right triangles give AP=302+p2AP = \sqrt{30^2 + p^2}, QA=282+(30q)2QA = \sqrt{28^2 + (30 - q)^2}, and PQ=(28p)2+q2PQ = \sqrt{(28 - p)^2 + q^2}. For 0p280 \leq p \leq 28, the equation (APp)(AP+p)=900(AP-p)(AP+p)=900 gives only p=0p=0 and p=16p=16, with AP=30AP=30 and AP=34AP=34. Similarly, setting x=30qx=30-q, the equation (QAx)(QA+x)=784(QA-x)(QA+x)=784 with 0x300 \leq x \leq 30 gives x=0x=0 or x=21x=21. Testing these four combinations in the formula for PQPQ, only p=16p=16, x=21x=21 works. Thus q=9q=9, QA=35QA=35, and PQ=122+92=15PQ=\sqrt{12^2+9^2}=15. The perimeter of APQ\triangle APQ is 34+15+35=8434+15+35=84. Thus, A is the correct answer.

18.

菱形十二面体是一个有 1212 个全等菱形面的立体。在每个顶点处,根据顶点不同,会有 33 条或 44 条棱相交。恰有 33 条棱相交的顶点有多少个?

A rhombic dodecahedron is a solid with 1212 congruent rhombus faces. At every vertex, 33 or 44 edges meet, depending on the vertex. How many vertices have exactly 33 edges meeting?

55

66

77

88

99

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

这个立体有 1212 个面和 2424 条棱;用欧拉公式求顶点数

The solid has 1212 faces and 2424 edges; use Euler’s formula to get the number of vertices

大提示:

xx 个顶点度数为 33,其余顶点度数为 44,则所有顶点度数之和为 2242 \cdot 24

If xx vertices have degree 33 and the rest degree 4,4, the sum of all degrees is 2242 \cdot 24

解答:

每个菱形有 44 条边,每条棱由 22 个面共享,所以 E=1242=24E = \frac{12 \cdot 4}{2} = 24。已知 F=12F = 12,由欧拉公式得 V=2F+E=14V = 2 - F + E = 14。设 xx 个顶点有 33 条棱相交,其余 14x14 - x 个顶点有 44 条棱相交。度数之和等于棱数的两倍:3x+4(14x)=2E=483x + 4(14 - x) = 2E = 48,所以 x=8x = 8。因此,答案是 D

Each rhombus has 44 edges, and every edge is shared by 22 faces, so E=1242=24.E = \frac{12 \cdot 4}{2} = 24. With F=12,F = 12, Euler’s formula gives V=2F+E=14.V = 2 - F + E = 14. Suppose xx vertices have 33 edges and the other 14x14 - x have 4.4. The degrees sum to twice the edge count: 3x+4(14x)=2E=48,3x + 4(14 - x) = 2E = 48, so x=8.x = 8. Therefore, the answer is D.

19.

A(1,2)A(1, 2)B(3,3)B(3, 3) 形成的线段,绕点 P(r,s)P(r, s) 旋转后变成由 A(3,1)A'(3, 1)B(4,3)B'(4, 3) 形成的线段。求 rs|r - s|

The line segment formed by A(1,2)A(1, 2) and B(3,3)B(3, 3) is rotated to the line segment formed by A(3,1)A'(3, 1) and B(4,3)B'(4, 3) about the point P(r,s).P(r, s). What is rs?|r - s|?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

11

答案:E
难度评级:1730
小提示:

旋转中心到每个点及其像的距离相等,所以它在 AAAA'BBBB' 的垂直平分线上

The rotation center is equidistant from each point and its image, so it lies on the perpendicular bisectors of AAAA' and BBBB'

大提示:

BBBB' 的垂直平分线(一条竖直线)与 AAAA' 的垂直平分线的交点

Intersect the perpendicular bisector of BBBB' (a vertical line) with that of AAAA'

解答:

旋转使中心到每个点及其像的距离相等。因此 PPAAAA' 等距,也到 BBBB' 等距,所以它是两条垂直平分线的交点。从 (3,3)(3,3)(4,3)(4,3) 的线段 BBBB' 的垂直平分线是 x=3.5x = 3.5。从 (1,2)(1,2)(3,1)(3,1) 的线段 AAAA' 的垂直平分线是 2xy=2.52x - y = 2.5。于是 y=2(3.5)2.5=4.5y = 2(3.5) - 2.5 = 4.5,所以 P=(3.5,4.5)P = (3.5, 4.5)rs=3.54.5=1|r - s| = |3.5 - 4.5| = 1。因此,正确答案是 E

A rotation keeps its center equidistant from each point and its image. So PP is equidistant from AA and A,A', and from BB and B,B', which puts it at the intersection of two perpendicular bisectors. The bisector of BBBB' from (3,3)(3,3) to (4,3)(4,3) is x=3.5.x = 3.5. The bisector of AAAA' from (1,2)(1,2) to (3,1)(3,1) is 2xy=2.5.2x - y = 2.5. Then y=2(3.5)2.5=4.5,y = 2(3.5) - 2.5 = 4.5, so P=(3.5,4.5)P = (3.5, 4.5) and rs=3.54.5=1.|r - s| = |3.5 - 4.5| = 1. Thus, E is the correct answer.

20.

一个 3×33 \times 3 方格中的每个小正方形都涂成红、白、蓝、绿中的一种颜色,使得每个 2×22 \times 2 正方形都包含四种颜色各一个。下图显示了一种这样的涂色(字母表示颜色,中心格为白色)。有多少种不同的涂色方式?

Each square in a 3×33 \times 3 grid of squares is colored red, white, blue, or green so that every 2×22 \times 2 square contains one square of each color. One such coloring is shown on the right below. How many different colorings are possible?

2424

4848

6060

7272

9696

答案:D
难度评级:2080
小提示:

aabbccddeeffgghhii 给格子标号;左上角四格是四种颜色的一个排列。

Label the cells row by row as a,a, b,b, c;c; d,d, e,e, f;f; g,g, h,h, i;i; the top-left four are a permutation of all four colors

大提示:

接着 {c,f}\{c, f\}{g,h}\{g, h\} 各自是剩余两种颜色的某种顺序,而 ii 被确定,但只有当 fhf \ne h 时可行。

Then {c,f}\{c, f\} and {g,h}\{g, h\} are each the two remaining colors in some order, and ii is forced but works only when fhf \ne h

解答:

按行把格子标为 aabbccddeeffgghhii。左上角方块 a,b,d,ea, b, d, e 是四种颜色的一个排列,所以有 4!=244! = 24 种。方块 {b,c,e,f}\{b, c, e, f\} 也必须包含四种颜色,而 b,eb, e 已确定,所以 {c,f}\{c, f\} 是剩下两种颜色的某种顺序:22 种。对 {g,h}\{g, h\} 同理,它们是除 d,ed, e 外的两种颜色,另有 22 种。最后 ii 被迫取 {e,f,h}\{e, f, h\} 中缺少的颜色,并且只有在 fhf \ne h 时才可行。在 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 种顺序组合中,恰有一种满足 f=hf = h,所以 33 种保留下来。总数为 243=7224 \cdot 3 = 72。因此,答案是 D

Label the cells row by row as a,a, b,b, c;c; d,d, e,e, f;f; g,g, h,h, i.i. The top-left block a,b,d,ea, b, d, e is a permutation of the four colors, so 4!=244! = 24 ways. The block {b,c,e,f}\{b, c, e, f\} is also all four colors, and b,eb, e are fixed, so {c,f}\{c, f\} is the remaining two in some order: 22 ways. Same story for {g,h},\{g, h\}, the two colors apart from d,e,d, e, another 22 ways. That leaves i,i, forced to whatever color is missing from {e,f,h},\{e, f, h\}, and that only works when fh.f \ne h. Of the 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 order combinations, exactly one has f=h,f = h, so 33 survive. The total is 243=72.24 \cdot 3 = 72. Therefore, the answer is D.

21.

存在一个首项系数为 11、次数最小且唯一的多项式 P(x)P(x),满足以下所有条件:

11P(x)1P(x) - 1 的一个根,22P(x2)P(x - 2) 的一个根,33P(3x)P(3x) 的一个根,且 444P(x)4P(x) 的一个根。

除一个根外,P(x)P(x) 的所有根都是整数。若唯一的非整数根可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n

There is a unique polynomial P(x)P(x) of least degree with leading coefficient 11 satisfying all of the following:

11 is a root of P(x)1,P(x) - 1, 22 is a root of P(x2),P(x - 2), 33 is a root of P(3x),P(3x), and 44 is a root of 4P(x).4P(x).

All the roots of P(x)P(x) except one are integers. If the one non-integer root can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, what is m+n?m + n?

4141

4343

4545

4747

4949

答案:D
知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:2120
小提示:

把每个条件翻译成函数值:P(1)=1P(1) = 1P(0)=0P(0) = 0P(9)=0P(9) = 0P(4)=0P(4) = 0

Translate each condition into a value: P(1)=1,P(1) = 1, P(0)=0,P(0) = 0, P(9)=0,P(9) = 0, P(4)=0P(4) = 0

大提示:

整数根 0,4,90, 4, 9 迫使 P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc)P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c);用 P(1)=1P(1) = 1cc

The integer roots 0,4,90, 4, 9 force P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc);P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c); use P(1)=1P(1) = 1 to find cc

解答:

把每个条件翻译成函数值:P(1)=1P(1) = 1P(0)=0P(0) = 0P(9)=0P(9) = 0P(4)=0P(4) = 0。所以 0,4,90, 4, 9 是根。三次多项式可以吗?带这些根的首一三次多项式有 P(1)=(1)(3)(8)=241P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8) = 24 \ne 1,所以不行。次数最小的首一多项式是 44 次:P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc)P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c)。现在 P(1)=(1)(3)(8)(1c)P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8)(1 - c) =24(1c)= 24(1 - c) =1= 1,所以 1c=1241 - c = \frac{1}{24},且 c=2324c = \frac{23}{24}。这就是唯一的非整数根,因此 m+n=23+24=47m + n = 23 + 24 = 47。因此,正确答案是 D

Translate each condition into a value: P(1)=1,P(1) = 1, P(0)=0,P(0) = 0, P(9)=0,P(9) = 0, and P(4)=0.P(4) = 0. So 0,4,90, 4, 9 are roots. Could a cubic do it? A monic cubic with those roots has P(1)=(1)(3)(8)=241,P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8) = 24 \ne 1, so no. The least-degree monic polynomial is degree 4:4: P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc).P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c). Now P(1)=(1)(3)(8)(1c)P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8)(1 - c) =24(1c)= 24(1 - c) =1,= 1, so 1c=1241 - c = \frac{1}{24} and c=2324.c = \frac{23}{24}. That’s the lone non-integer root, so m+n=23+24=47.m + n = 23 + 24 = 47. Thus, D is the correct answer.

22.

C1C_1C2C_2 的半径都是 11,两圆圆心距离为 12\frac{1}{2}。圆 C3C_3 是同时内切于 C1C_1C2C_2 的最大圆。圆 C4C_4 同时内切于 C1C_1C2C_2,并且外切于 C3C_3C4C_4 的半径是多少?

Circle C1C_1 and C2C_2 each have radius 1,1, and the distance between their centers is 12.\frac{1}{2}. Circle C3C_3 is the largest circle internally tangent to both C1C_1 and C2.C_2. Circle C4C_4 is internally tangent to both C1C_1 and C2C_2 and externally tangent to C3.C_3. What is the radius of C4?C_4?

114\dfrac{1}{14}

112\dfrac{1}{12}

110\dfrac{1}{10}

328\dfrac{3}{28}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

答案:D
难度评级:2270
小提示:

C1,C2C_1, C_2 的圆心放在 (±14,0)\left(\pm\frac14, 0\right)C3C_3 以原点为圆心,半径由 1r3=141 - r_3 = \frac14 得出。

Put the centers of C1,C2C_1, C_2 at (±14,0);\left(\pm\frac14, 0\right); C3C_3 is centered at the origin with radius from 1r3=141 - r_3 = \frac14

大提示:

C4C_4 圆心为 (0,y)(0, y),半径为 rr;与 C1C_1 内切、与 C3C_3 外切分别给出两个方程。

Let C4C_4 be centered at (0,y)(0, y) with radius r;r; internal tangency to C1C_1 and external tangency to C3C_3 give two equations

解答:

C1,C2C_1, C_2 的圆心放在 (±14,0)\left(\pm\frac14, 0\right)。由对称性,位于两圆内部的最大圆以原点为圆心,半径为 r3r_3,其中 1r3=141 - r_3 = \frac14,所以 r3=34r_3 = \frac34。设 C4C_4 圆心为 (0,y)(0, y),半径为 rr。与 C1C_1 内切给出 116+y2=1r\sqrt{\frac1{16} + y^2} = 1 - r,与 C3C_3 外切给出 y=34+ry = \frac34 + r。把第二个方程代入第一个:116+(34+r)2=(1r)2\frac1{16} + \left(\frac34 + r\right)^2 = (1 - r)^2。化简得 72r=38\frac72 r = \frac38,所以 r=328r = \frac{3}{28}。因此,答案是 D

Put the centers of C1,C2C_1, C_2 at (±14,0).\left(\pm\frac14, 0\right). By symmetry the largest circle inside both sits at the origin with radius r3,r_3, where 1r3=14,1 - r_3 = \frac14, so r3=34.r_3 = \frac34. Let C4C_4 be centered at (0,y)(0, y) with radius r.r. Internal tangency to C1C_1 gives 116+y2=1r,\sqrt{\frac1{16} + y^2} = 1 - r, and external tangency to C3C_3 gives y=34+r.y = \frac34 + r. Substitute the second into the first: 116+(34+r)2=(1r)2.\frac1{16} + \left(\frac34 + r\right)^2 = (1 - r)^2. This collapses to 72r=38,\frac72 r = \frac38, so r=328.r = \frac{3}{28}. Therefore, the answer is D.

23.

NN 的正整数因数 aabb 称为互补的,如果 ab=Nab = N。已知 NN 有一对相差 2020 的互补因数,也有一对相差 2323 的互补因数,求 NN 的各位数字之和。

Positive integer divisors aa and bb of NN are called complementary if ab=N.ab = N. Given that NN has a pair of complementary divisors that differ by 2020 and a pair of complementary divisors that differ by 23,23, find the sum of the digits of N.N.

1111

1313

1515

1717

1919

答案:C
难度评级:2380
小提示:

乘积为 NN 且相差 2020 的互补因数可记为 bbb+20b + 20,所以 N+100=(b+10)2N + 100 = (b + 10)^2

Complementary divisors with product NN differing by 2020 are bb and b+20,b + 20, so N+100=(b+10)2N + 100 = (b + 10)^2

大提示:

同理 4N+5294N + 529 也是完全平方数;把两者结合,得到一个等于 129129 的平方差。

Then 4N+5294N + 529 is also a perfect square; combine the two to get a difference of squares equal to 129129

解答:

相差 2020 的互补因数为 bbb+20b + 20,乘积为 NN,所以 N=b2+20bN = b^2 + 20b,且 N+100=(b+10)2N + 100 = (b + 10)^2。相差 2323 的一对给出 4N+529=(2d+23)24N + 529 = (2d + 23)^2。设 N+100=k2N + 100 = k^2。则 4k2+129=m24k^2 + 129 = m^2,所以 (m2k)(m+2k)(m - 2k)(m + 2k) =129= 129 =343= 3 \cdot 43。正因数对 3,433,43 给出 k=10k=10,从而得到不合要求的 N=0N=0。因数对 1,1291,129 给出 m=65m = 65k=32k = 32,于是 N=322100=924N = 32^2 - 100 = 924。检验:924=2242=2144924 = 22 \cdot 42 = 21 \cdot 44,数字和为 9+2+4=159 + 2 + 4 = 15。因此,正确答案是 C

Complementary divisors differing by 2020 are bb and b+20b + 20 with product NN, so N=b2+20bN = b^2 + 20b and N+100=(b+10)2N + 100 = (b + 10)^2. A pair differing by 2323 gives 4N+529=(2d+23)24N + 529 = (2d + 23)^2. Set N+100=k2N + 100 = k^2. Then 4k2+129=m24k^2 + 129 = m^2, so (m2k)(m+2k)(m - 2k)(m + 2k) =129= 129 =343= 3 \cdot 43. The positive factor pair 3,433,43 gives k=10k=10, hence the inadmissible value N=0N=0. The pair 1,1291,129 gives m=65m = 65, k=32k = 32, hence N=322100=924N = 32^2 - 100 = 924. Check it: 924=2242=2144924 = 22 \cdot 42 = 21 \cdot 44, and the digit sum is 9+2+4=159 + 2 + 4 = 15. Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

六个边长为 11 单位的正六边形积木排列在一个正六边形框架内。每个积木都沿着框架的一条内边放置,并与另外两个积木对齐,如下图所示。从框架任意顶点到最近的积木顶点的距离都是 37\frac{3}{7} 单位。框架内未被积木占据的区域面积是多少?

Six regular hexagonal blocks of side length 11 unit are arranged inside a regular hexagonal frame. Each block lies along an inside edge of the frame and is aligned with two other blocks, as shown in the figure below. The distance from any corner of the frame to the nearest vertex of a block is 37\frac{3}{7} unit. What is the area of the region inside the frame not occupied by the blocks?

1333\dfrac{13\sqrt{3}}{3}

216349\dfrac{216\sqrt{3}}{49}

932\dfrac{9\sqrt{3}}{2}

1433\dfrac{14\sqrt{3}}{3}

243349\dfrac{243\sqrt{3}}{49}

答案:C
难度评级:2520
小提示:

未覆盖区域等于框架面积减去六个单位正六边形面积;边长为 tt 的正六边形面积为 332t2\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}t^2

The uncovered region is the frame’s area minus the six unit hexagons; a regular hexagon of side tt has area 332t2\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}t^2

大提示:

把积木的边延长到框架:框架的一条边被分成长度 37,1,1\tfrac37, 1, 11371-\tfrac37;然后减去六个积木的面积

Extend the block edges to the frame: one frame side splits into lengths 37,1,1,\tfrac37, 1, 1, and 137;1-\tfrac37; then subtract the six block areas

解答:

d=37d=\tfrac37。把与框架某条固定边相接的那些积木的斜边延长。由于所有相关的角都是 6060^\circ,这些延长线在一端围成一个边长为 11 的正三角形,在另一端围成一个边长为 1d1-d 的正三角形。于是这条框架边被分成长度依次为 d,1,1d,1,11d1-d 的四段,所以它的长度是 d+1+1+(1d)=3d+1+1+(1-d)=3。边长为 tt 的正六边形面积为 332t2\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}t^2。因此未被占据的面积等于边长为 33 的框架面积减去六个单位积木的面积:33232\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 3^2 6332- 6\cdot\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2} =273293= \tfrac{27\sqrt3}{2} - 9\sqrt3 =932= \tfrac{9\sqrt3}{2}。因此,答案是 C

Let d=37.d=\tfrac37. Extend the slanted edges of the blocks that meet a fixed side of the frame. Because all the relevant angles are 60,60^\circ, the extensions form an equilateral triangle of side 11 at one end and an equilateral triangle of side 1d1-d at the other. Thus that frame side is partitioned into lengths d,1,1,d,1,1, and 1d,1-d, so its length is d+1+1+(1d)=3.d+1+1+(1-d)=3. A regular hexagon of side tt has area 332t2.\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}t^2. Therefore the uncovered area is the area of the side-33 frame minus the areas of the six unit blocks: 33232\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2}\cdot 3^2 6332- 6\cdot\tfrac{3\sqrt3}{2} =273293= \tfrac{27\sqrt3}{2} - 9\sqrt3 =932.= \tfrac{9\sqrt3}{2}. Therefore, the answer is C.

25.

如果 AABB 是一个多面体的顶点,定义距离 d(A,B)d(A, B) 为沿该多面体的棱从 AA 连接到 BB 所需经过的最少棱数。例如,如果 ABAB 是多面体的一条棱,则 d(A,B)=1d(A, B) = 1;但如果 ACACCBCB 是棱而 ABAB 不是棱,则 d(A,B)=2d(A, B) = 2。设 QQRRSS 是从一个正二十面体(由 2020 个等边三角形组成的正多面体)的顶点中随机选出的三个不同顶点。求 d(Q,R)>d(R,S)d(Q, R) \gt d(R, S) 的概率。

If AA and BB are vertices of a polyhedron, define the distance d(A,B)d(A, B) to be the minimum number of edges of the polyhedron one must traverse in order to connect AA and B.B. For example, if ABAB is an edge of the polyhedron, then d(A,B)=1,d(A, B) = 1, but if ACAC and CBCB are edges and ABAB is not an edge, then d(A,B)=2.d(A, B) = 2. Let Q,Q, R,R, and SS be randomly chosen distinct vertices of a regular icosahedron (a regular polyhedron made up of 2020 equilateral triangles). What is the probability that d(Q,R)>d(R,S)?d(Q, R) \gt d(R, S)?

722\dfrac{7}{22}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

答案:A
难度评级:2600
小提示:

从正二十面体任一顶点出发,有 55 个顶点距离为 1155 个顶点距离为 22,还有 11 个(对顶点)距离为 33

From any vertex of an icosahedron, 55 vertices are at distance 1,1, 55 at distance 2,2, and 11 (the opposite vertex) at distance 33

大提示:

固定 RR;由对称性,P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =P(d(Q,R)<d(R,S))= P(d(Q,R) \lt d(R,S)),所以它等于 1P(相等)2\frac{1 - P(\text{相等})}{2}

Fix R;R; by symmetry P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =P(d(Q,R)<d(R,S)),= P(d(Q,R) \lt d(R,S)), so it equals 1P(equal)2\frac{1 - P(\text{equal})}{2}

解答:

固定 RR。在其他 1111 个顶点中,有 55 个到该固定顶点的距离为 1155 个距离为 22,还有 11 个(对顶点)距离为 33。从这 1111 个顶点中有序选出不同的 Q,SQ, S,共有 1110=11011 \cdot 10 = 110 对。满足 d(R,Q)=d(R,S)d(R,Q) = d(R,S) 的对数为 54+54+10=405\cdot4 + 5\cdot4 + 1\cdot0 = 40,所以 P(相等)=40110=411P(\text{相等}) = \frac{40}{110} = \frac{4}{11}。由 QQSS 的对称性,>\gt<\lt 的情况平分剩余概率,所以 P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =14112= \frac{1 - \frac4{11}}{2} =722= \frac{7}{22}。因此,正确答案是 A

Fix R.R. Of the other 1111 vertices, 55 sit at distance 1,1, 55 at distance 2,2, and 11 (the opposite vertex) at distance 3.3. Pick ordered distinct Q,SQ, S from these 11:11: that’s 1110=11011 \cdot 10 = 110 pairs. The ones with d(R,Q)=d(R,S)d(R,Q) = d(R,S) number 54+54+10=40,5\cdot4 + 5\cdot4 + 1\cdot0 = 40, so P(equal)=40110=411.P(\text{equal}) = \frac{40}{110} = \frac{4}{11}. By the symmetry between QQ and S,S, the >\gt and <\lt cases split the rest evenly, so P(d(Q,R)>d(R,S))P(d(Q,R) \gt d(R,S)) =14112= \frac{1 - \frac4{11}}{2} =722.= \frac{7}{22}. Thus, A is the correct answer.