2025 AMC 10A 第 21 题

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21.

若一个数集满足:无论 xxyy 是否相同,只要它们都是该集合的元素,x+yx + y 就不是该集合的元素,则称这个数集为无和集。例如,{1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} 和空集是无和集,但 {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} 不是。从 {1,2,3,,20}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\} 中取出的无和子集最多可以有多少个元素?

A set of numbers is called sum-free if whenever xx and yy are (not necessarily distinct) elements of the set, x+yx + y is not an element of the set. For example, {1,4,6}\{1, 4, 6\} and the empty set are sum-free, but {2,4,5}\{2, 4, 5\} is not. What is the greatest possible number of elements in a sum-free subset of {1,2,3,,20}?\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 20\}?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

答案:C
知识点:子集极端原理配对与分组
难度评级:2120
解答:

可以达到 1010 所有奇数组成的集合 {1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\} 是无和集,因为两个奇数之和为偶数。{11,12,,20}\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\} 也是无和集,因为其中任意两个数相加都超过 2020 这两个集合各有 1010 个元素。现在说明不可能超过 1010mm 是某个无和子集的最大元素。把 1i<m/21\le i<m/2 配对为 {i,mi}\{i,m-i\} 同一对不能两个都选,否则它们的和 mm 也在集合中。这样的配对有 mm 对,所以该子集最多有 m/2m/2 m/2+m/2=mm/2+m/2=m 个元素。因此正确答案是 Cmm (m1)/2\lfloor(m-1)/2\rfloor (m1)/2+110\lfloor(m-1)/2\rfloor+1\le10

We can reach 10.10. The odds {1,3,5,,19}\{1, 3, 5, \ldots, 19\} are sum-free, since two odds sum to an even. So is {11,12,,20},\{11, 12, \ldots, 20\}, since any two of those sum past 20.20. Each has 1010 elements. Now let mm be the largest element of any sum-free subset. For 1i<m/2,1\le i<m/2, at most one member of {i,mi}\{i,m-i\} can be chosen, because the two sum to m.m. If mm is even, m/2m/2 cannot be chosen either, since it can be used twice and m/2+m/2=m.m/2+m/2=m. Thus besides mm there are at most (m1)/2\lfloor(m-1)/2\rfloor chosen elements, for a total of at most (m1)/2+110.\lfloor(m-1)/2\rfloor+1\le10. Therefore the greatest possible size is 10.10. Thus, C is the correct answer.

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