2005 AMC 10B 第 22 题

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22.

对于多少个不超过 2424 的正整数 nnn!n! 能被 1+2++n1 + 2 + \cdots + n 整除?

For how many positive integers nn less than or equal to 2424 is n!n! evenly divisible by 1+2++n?1 + 2 + \cdots + n?

88

1212

1616

1717

2121

答案:C
知识点:三角形数阶乘整除性质数
难度评级:1990
小提示:

使用 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2},并化简 n!n(n+1)2\dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}

Use 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} and simplify n!n(n+1)2\dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}

大提示:

化简后的分式 2(n1)!n+1\dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} 不能为整数,恰好发生在 n+1n+1 为奇质数时。

The reduced fraction 2(n1)!n+1\dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} fails to be an integer exactly when n+1n+1 is an odd prime

解答:

1+2++n=n(n+1)21 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} 可知,整除条件等价于 n!n(n+1)2=2(n1)!n+1 \dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} 是整数。

N=n+1N=n+1。若 NN 是合数但不是完全平方数,它有两个不同的真因数,其乘积为 NN;而这两个因数都出现在 (N2)!=(n1)!(N-2)!=(n-1)! 中。若 N=k2N=k^2k3k\ge3,因数 kk2k2k 都出现在该阶乘中,所以阶乘含有 2N2N 的倍数。剩下的合数情形 N=4N=4 也能整除 2(N2)!=42(N-2)!=4。因此当 NN 是合数时,分式为整数。若 N=n+1N=n+1 是奇质数,它既不整除 (n1)!(n-1)!,也不整除 22,所以分式不是整数。偶质数 N=2N=2 给出 n=1n=1,符合条件。

不超过 2525 的奇质数是 33557711111313171719192323,对应 88 个不符合条件的 nn。所以有 248=1624 - 8 = 16 个值符合条件。

所以正确答案是 C

Since 1+2++n=n(n+1)2,1 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}, divisibility is equivalent to n!n(n+1)2=2(n1)!n+1 \dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} being an integer.

Put N=n+1.N=n+1. If NN is composite and not a square, it has two distinct proper factors whose product is N;N; both occur in (N2)!=(n1)!.(N-2)!=(n-1)!. If N=k2N=k^2 with k3,k\ge3, the factors kk and 2k2k occur in that factorial, so it contains a multiple of 2N.2N. The remaining composite case, N=4,N=4, also divides 2(N2)!=4.2(N-2)!=4. Thus the fraction is an integer whenever NN is composite. If N=n+1N=n+1 is an odd prime, it divides neither (n1)!(n-1)! nor 2,2, so the fraction is not an integer. The even prime N=2N=2 gives n=1,n=1, which works.

The odd primes at most 2525 are 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, 17,17, 19,19, 23,23, giving 88 failing values of n.n. Hence 248=1624 - 8 = 16 values work.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

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