2005 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一个童子军小队以每五根 $2\$2 的价格买了 10001000 根糖果棒。他们又以每两根 $1\$1 的价格把所有糖果棒卖出。他们的利润是多少美元?

A scout troop buys 10001000 candy bars at a price of five for $2.\$2. They sell all the candy bars at a price of two for $1.\$1. What was their profit, in dollars?

100100

200200

300300

400400

500500

知识点:钱币比与比例
难度评级:880
小提示:

分别求总成本和总收入。

Find the total cost and the total revenue separately

大提示:

糖果棒可分成 200200 组五根,或 500500 组两根。

The bars come in 200200 groups of five and 500500 pairs

解答:

小队购买 1000÷5=2001000 \div 5 = 200 组五根糖果棒,花费 2002=400200 \cdot 2 = 400 美元。

他们卖出 1000÷2=5001000 \div 2 = 500 组两根糖果棒,收入 5001=500500 \cdot 1 = 500 美元。

利润为 $500$400=$100\$500 - \$400 = \$100

所以正确答案是 A

The troop buys 1000÷5=2001000 \div 5 = 200 groups of five bars, costing 2002=400200 \cdot 2 = 400 dollars.

They sell 1000÷2=5001000 \div 2 = 500 pairs of bars, earning 5001=500500 \cdot 1 = 500 dollars.

The profit is $500$400=$100.\$500 - \$400 = \$100.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

2.

一个正数 xx 满足:xxx%x\% 等于 44xx 是多少?

A positive number xx has the property that x%x\% of xx is 4.4. What is x?x?

22

44

1010

2020

4040

难度评级:880
小提示:

x%x\% 表示 x100\dfrac{x}{100}

x%x\% means x100\dfrac{x}{100}

大提示:

建立方程 x100x=4\dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x=4,再解出 xx

Set up x100x=4\dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x=4 and solve for xx

解答:

题意可写为 x100x=4 \dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4\text{,}所以 x2=400x^2 = 400

因为 xx 为正数,所以 x=20x = 20

所以正确答案是 D

The statement translates to x100x=4, \dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4, so x2=400.x^2 = 400.

Since xx is positive, x=20.x = 20.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

3.

一加仑油漆用来粉刷一个房间。第一天用了全部油漆的三分之一。第二天用了剩余油漆的三分之一。原来油漆的几分之几可以在第三天使用?

A gallon of paint is used to paint a room. One third of the paint is used on the first day. On the second day, one third of the remaining paint is used. What fraction of the original amount of paint is available to use on the third day?

110\dfrac{1}{10}

19\dfrac{1}{9}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:870
小提示:

第一天之后还剩 23\dfrac23 的油漆。

After day one, 23\dfrac23 of the paint remains

大提示:

第二天用掉的是这 23\dfrac23 中的 13\dfrac13

On day two, 13\dfrac13 of that 23\dfrac23 is used

解答:

第一天之后,剩下 113=231 - \dfrac13 = \dfrac23 的油漆。

第二天用掉原来总量的 1323=29\dfrac13 \cdot \dfrac23 = \dfrac29

第三天可用的部分为 2329=49 \dfrac23 - \dfrac29 = \dfrac49\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

After the first day, 113=231 - \dfrac13 = \dfrac23 of the paint remains.

On the second day, 1323=29\dfrac13 \cdot \dfrac23 = \dfrac29 of the original amount is used.

The fraction available on the third day is 2329=49. \dfrac23 - \dfrac29 = \dfrac49.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

4.

对实数 aabb,定义 ab=a2+b2a \diamond b = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}。下式的值是多少?(512)((12)(5))(5 \diamond 12) \diamond ((-12) \diamond (-5))\text{?}

For real numbers aa and b,b, define ab=a2+b2.a \diamond b = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}. What is the value of (512)((12)(5))?(5 \diamond 12) \diamond ((-12) \diamond (-5))?

00

172\dfrac{17}{2}

1313

13213\sqrt{2}

2626

难度评级:1020
小提示:

先计算两个内层运算。

Evaluate the two inner operations first

大提示:

5125\diamond12(12)(5)(-12)\diamond(-5) 都等于 1313

Both 5125\diamond12 and (12)(5)(-12)\diamond(-5) equal 1313

解答:

第一个内层表达式为 512=52+122=13 5 \diamond 12 = \sqrt{5^2 + 12^2} = 13\text{,}而同理 (12)(5)(-12) \diamond (-5) =144+25=13= \sqrt{144 + 25} = 13

因此 1313=132+132=132 13 \diamond 13 = \sqrt{13^2 + 13^2} = 13\sqrt{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Each inner expression evaluates to 512=52+122=13 5 \diamond 12 = \sqrt{5^2 + 12^2} = 13 and similarly (12)(5)(-12) \diamond (-5) =144+25=13.= \sqrt{144 + 25} = 13.

Then 1313=132+132=132. 13 \diamond 13 = \sqrt{13^2 + 13^2} = 13\sqrt{2}.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

5.

Brianna 用周末打工赚来的一部分钱购买若干张价格相同的 CD。她用自己钱的五分之一买了全部 CD 的三分之一。她买完所有 CD 后,还剩自己钱的几分之几?

Brianna is using part of the money she earned on her weekend job to buy several equally-priced CDs. She used one fifth of her money to buy one third of the CDs. What fraction of her money will she have left after she buys all the CDs?

15\dfrac15

13\dfrac13

25\dfrac25

23\dfrac23

45\dfrac45

难度评级:960
小提示:

买完全部 CD 的花费是买三分之一 CD 的三倍。

Buying all the CDs costs three times as much as buying one third of them

大提示:

全部 CD 花掉她钱的 3153\cdot\dfrac15

All the CDs cost 3153\cdot\dfrac15 of her money

解答:

买完所有 CD 的花费是买三分之一 CD 的三倍,即她的钱的 315=353 \cdot \dfrac15 = \dfrac35

剩下的部分为 135=251 - \dfrac35 = \dfrac25

所以正确答案是 C

Buying all the CDs costs three times as much as buying one third of them, namely 315=353 \cdot \dfrac15 = \dfrac35 of her money.

The fraction left over is 135=25.1 - \dfrac35 = \dfrac25.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

6.

学年开始时,Lisa 的目标是在全年 5050 次小测中至少 80%80\% 拿到 A。前 3030 次小测中,她有 2222 次拿到 A。若她要达成目标,剩余小测中最多有多少次可以低于 A?

At the beginning of the school year, Lisa’s goal was to earn an A on at least 80%80\% of her 5050 quizzes for the year. She earned an A on 2222 of the first 3030 quizzes. If she is to achieve her goal, on at most how many of the remaining quizzes can she earn a grade lower than an A?

11

22

33

44

55

知识点:百分数不等式
难度评级:960
小提示:

先求她总共需要多少个 A。

Find how many A’s she needs in total

大提示:

她需要 0.8500.8\cdot50 个 A,而还剩 2020 次小测。

She needs 0.8500.8\cdot50 A’s, and 2020 quizzes remain

解答:

Lisa 至少需要 0.850=400.8 \cdot 50 = 40 次小测拿到 A。

她已经有 2222 个 A,所以剩下 2020 次中还需要 4022=1840 - 22 = 18 个 A。

因此最多有 2018=220 - 18 = 2 次小测低于 A。

所以正确答案是 B

Lisa needs an A on at least 0.850=400.8 \cdot 50 = 40 quizzes.

She already has 22,22, so she needs 4022=1840 - 22 = 18 A’s among the remaining 2020 quizzes.

That leaves at most 2018=220 - 18 = 2 quizzes with a grade lower than an A.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

7.

一个圆内切于一个正方形,接着一个正方形内接于这个圆,最后一个圆内切于这个正方形。较小圆的面积与较大正方形的面积之比是多少?

A circle is inscribed in a square, then a square is inscribed in this circle, and finally, a circle is inscribed in this square. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to the area of the larger square?

π16\dfrac{\pi}{16}

π8\dfrac{\pi}{8}

3π16\dfrac{3\pi}{16}

π4\dfrac{\pi}{4}

π2\dfrac{\pi}{2}

难度评级:1240
小提示:

设较小圆半径为 rr,然后向外推。

Let the smaller circle have radius rr and work outward

大提示:

较大圆的半径是较小正方形对角线的一半,即 2r\sqrt2\,r

The larger circle’s radius is half the diagonal of the smaller square, 2r\sqrt2\,r

解答:

设较小圆半径为 rr,则它的面积为 πr2\pi r^2

外切于这个小圆的较小正方形边长为 2r2r,其对角线 22r2\sqrt2\,r 是较大圆的直径。所以较大圆半径为 2r\sqrt2\,r

外切于较大圆的较大正方形边长为 22r2\sqrt2\,r,面积为 8r28r^2

所求比为 πr28r2=π8 \dfrac{\pi r^2}{8r^2} = \dfrac{\pi}{8}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Let the smaller circle have radius r,r, so its area is πr2.\pi r^2.

The smaller square, which circumscribes this circle, has side 2r,2r, and its diagonal 22r2\sqrt2\,r is the diameter of the larger circle. So the larger circle has radius 2r.\sqrt2\,r.

The larger square circumscribes the larger circle, so it has side 22r2\sqrt2\,r and area 8r2.8r^2.

The desired ratio is πr28r2=π8. \dfrac{\pi r^2}{8r^2} = \dfrac{\pi}{8}.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

8.

一个 88 英尺乘 1010 英尺的地板铺满了 11 英尺乘 11 英尺的正方形瓷砖。每块瓷砖的图案由四个白色四分之一圆组成,每个四分之一圆半径为 12\dfrac12 英尺,圆心在瓷砖的四个角上。瓷砖其余部分为阴影。地板上阴影部分共有多少平方英尺?

An 88-foot by 1010-foot floor is tiled with square tiles of size 11 foot by 11 foot. Each tile has a pattern consisting of four white quarter circles of radius 12\dfrac12 foot centered at each corner of the tile. The remaining portion of the tile is shaded. How many square feet of the floor are shaded?

8020π80 - 20\pi

6010π60 - 10\pi

8010π80 - 10\pi

60+10π60 + 10\pi

80+10π80 + 10\pi

难度评级:1170
小提示:

一块瓷砖上的四个四分之一圆合成一个整圆。

The four quarter circles on one tile combine into one full circle

大提示:

每块瓷砖的阴影面积是 1π(12)21-\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2,一共有 8080 块瓷砖。

Each tile has shaded area 1π(12)2,1-\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2, and there are 8080 tiles

解答:

一块瓷砖上的四个四分之一圆合起来是一个半径为 12\dfrac12 的整圆,面积为 π(12)2=π4\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = \dfrac{\pi}{4}

所以每块瓷砖的阴影面积为 1π41 - \dfrac{\pi}{4} 平方英尺。

地板共有 810=808 \cdot 10 = 80 块瓷砖,因此总阴影面积为 80(1π4)=8020π 80\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = 80 - 20\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The four quarter circles on a tile together make one full circle of radius 12,\dfrac12, with area π(12)2=π4.\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = \dfrac{\pi}{4}.

So each tile has shaded area 1π41 - \dfrac{\pi}{4} square feet.

There are 810=808 \cdot 10 = 80 tiles, so the total shaded area is 80(1π4)=8020π. 80\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = 80 - 20\pi.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

9.

一个公平骰子的面为 111122223333,另一个公平骰子的面为 444455556666。掷这两个骰子并把朝上的数相加。和为奇数的概率是多少?

One fair die has faces 1,1, 1,1, 2,2, 2,2, 3,3, 33 and another has faces 4,4, 4,4, 5,5, 5,5, 6,6, 6.6. The dice are rolled and the numbers on the top faces are added. What is the probability that the sum will be odd?

13\dfrac13

49\dfrac49

12\dfrac12

59\dfrac59

23\dfrac23

难度评级:1240
小提示:

和为奇数当且仅当一个骰子为偶数,另一个为奇数。

A sum is odd exactly when one die is even and the other is odd

大提示:

第一个骰子掷出奇数的概率为 23\dfrac23;第二个骰子掷出奇数的概率为 13\dfrac13

The first die is odd with probability 23;\dfrac23; the second is odd with probability 13\dfrac13

解答:

第一个骰子为奇数(1133)的概率为 23\dfrac23,为偶数的概率为 13\dfrac13。第二个骰子为奇数(55)的概率为 13\dfrac13,为偶数的概率为 23\dfrac23

两个数奇偶性不同时和为奇数,所以概率为 1313+2323=19+49=59 \dfrac13 \cdot \dfrac13 + \dfrac23 \cdot \dfrac23 = \dfrac19 + \dfrac49 = \dfrac59\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The first die is odd (a 11 or 33) with probability 23\dfrac23 and even with probability 13.\dfrac13. The second die is odd (a 55) with probability 13\dfrac13 and even with probability 23.\dfrac23.

The sum is odd when the two parities differ: 1313+2323=19+49=59. \dfrac13 \cdot \dfrac13 + \dfrac23 \cdot \dfrac23 = \dfrac19 + \dfrac49 = \dfrac59.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

10.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AC=BC=7AC = BC = 7,且 AB=2AB = 2。设 DD 是直线 ABAB 上一点,BBAADD 之间,且 CD=8CD = 8BDBD 是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, we have AC=BC=7AC = BC = 7 and AB=2.AB = 2. Suppose that DD is a point on line ABAB such that BB lies between AA and DD and CD=8.CD = 8. What is BD?BD?

33

232\sqrt{3}

44

55

424\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1370
小提示:

CC 向直线 ABAB 作高;垂足是 ABAB 的中点。

Drop the altitude from CC to line AB;AB; its foot is the midpoint of ABAB

大提示:

这条高的长度为 7212\sqrt{7^2-1^2},并被直角三角形 CHBCHBCHDCHD 共用。

The altitude has length 7212,\sqrt{7^2-1^2}, shared by right triangles CHBCHB and CHDCHD

解答:

HH 为从 CC 到直线 ABAB 的垂足。因为 AC=BCAC = BCHHABAB 的中点,所以 BH=1BH = 1,且 CH2=7212=48CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2 = 48

CHD\triangle CHD 中应用勾股定理,其中 HD=BH+BD=1+BDHD = BH + BD = 1 + BD,得到 82=48+(1+BD)2 8^2 = 48 + (1 + BD)^2\text{,}所以 (1+BD)2=16(1 + BD)^2 = 16

因此 1+BD=41 + BD = 4,所以 BD=3BD = 3

所以正确答案是 A

Let HH be the foot of the altitude from CC to line AB.AB. Since AC=BC,AC = BC, HH is the midpoint of AB,AB, so BH=1BH = 1 and CH2=7212=48.CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2 = 48.

Applying the Pythagorean theorem in CHD,\triangle CHD, where HD=BH+BD=1+BD,HD = BH + BD = 1 + BD, gives 82=48+(1+BD)2, 8^2 = 48 + (1 + BD)^2, so (1+BD)2=16.(1 + BD)^2 = 16.

Then 1+BD=4,1 + BD = 4, so BD=3.BD = 3.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

11.

一个数列的第一项为 20052005。之后每一项都等于前一项各位数字的立方和。这个数列的第 20052005 项是多少?

The first term of a sequence is 2005.2005. Each succeeding term is the sum of the cubes of the digits of the previous term. What is the 20052005th term of the sequence?

2929

5555

8585

133133

250250

难度评级:1370
小提示:

先计算前几项,直到数值开始重复。

Compute the first several terms until the values start repeating

大提示:

找出循环后,将第一项之后的步数除以循环长度并取余。

Once you find the repeating cycle, reduce the number of steps after the first term modulo its length

解答:

数列开头是 2005,133,55,250,133,2005, 133, 55, 250, 133, \ldots,所以从第一项以后,它重复循环 133,55,250133, 55, 250,其长度为 33

223344 项分别是这个循环的第一、第二和第三项。因为 20052=20032005 - 2 = 2003 除以 33 的余数是 22,所以第 20052005 项对应循环的第三项,即 250250

所以正确答案是 E

The sequence begins 2005,133,55,250,133,,2005, 133, 55, 250, 133, \ldots, so after the first term it repeats the cycle 133,55,250133, 55, 250 of length 3.3.

Terms 2,2, 3,3, and 44 are the first, second, and third entries of this cycle. Because 20052=20032005 - 2 = 2003 leaves remainder 22 upon division by 3,3, the 20052005th term matches the third entry, 250.250.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

12.

掷十二个公平骰子。朝上数字的乘积为质数的概率是多少?

Twelve fair dice are rolled. What is the probability that the product of the numbers on the top faces is prime?

(112)12\left(\dfrac{1}{12}\right)^{12}

(16)12\left(\dfrac{1}{6}\right)^{12}

2(16)112\left(\dfrac{1}{6}\right)^{11}

52(16)11\dfrac52\left(\dfrac{1}{6}\right)^{11}

(16)10\left(\dfrac{1}{6}\right)^{10}

难度评级:1480
小提示:

正整数乘积为质数,只可能是一个因数为质数,其余因数都为 11

A product of positive integers is prime only when one factor is a prime and the rest are 11

大提示:

选择哪一个骰子显示质数,再选择是哪一个质数;其余 1111 个骰子都必须显示 11

Choose which die shows the prime, and which prime; the other 1111 dice must show 11

解答:

乘积为质数当且仅当一个骰子显示质数(223355),其余十一个骰子都显示 11

指定某一个骰子为质数骰时,它显示质数的概率为 36=12\dfrac36 = \dfrac12,其余每个骰子显示 11 的概率为 16\dfrac16。考虑十二个骰子中哪一个显示质数,所求概率为 1212(16)11=6(16)11=(16)10 \begin{aligned} 12 \cdot \dfrac12 \cdot \left(\dfrac16\right)^{11} &= 6 \cdot \left(\dfrac16\right)^{11} \\ &= \left(\dfrac16\right)^{10} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

The product is prime exactly when one die shows a prime (2,2, 3,3, or 55) and the other eleven all show 1.1.

The probability that any single die is the prime one is 36=12,\dfrac36 = \dfrac12, and each of the other eleven shows 11 with probability 16.\dfrac16. Accounting for which of the twelve dice is prime, the probability is 1212(16)11=6(16)11=(16)10. \begin{aligned} 12 \cdot \dfrac12 \cdot \left(\dfrac16\right)^{11} &= 6 \cdot \left(\dfrac16\right)^{11} \\ &= \left(\dfrac16\right)^{10}. \end{aligned}

Thus, E is the correct answer.

13.

1120052005 之间,有多少个数是 3344 的整数倍,但不是 1212 的整数倍?

How many numbers between 11 and 20052005 are integer multiples of 33 or 44 but not 12?12?

501501

668668

835835

10021002

11691169

难度评级:1370
小提示:

分别数 33 的倍数和 44 的倍数,注意 1212 的倍数是重叠部分。

Count multiples of 33 and of 44 separately, noting that multiples of 1212 are the overlap

大提示:

33 的倍数和 44 的倍数中各自去掉 1212 的倍数。

From each of the 33-multiples and 44-multiples, remove the 1212-multiples

解答:

1120052005 之间,33 的倍数有 668668 个,44 的倍数有 501501 个,1212 的倍数有 167167 个。

每个 1212 的倍数同时是 3344 的倍数,所以分别从两个集合中去掉这些数,得到 (668167)+(501167)=835 \begin{aligned} &(668 - 167) \\ &\quad {}+ (501 - 167) = 835 \end{aligned} 个是 3344 的倍数但不是 1212 的倍数的数。

所以正确答案是 C

Between 11 and 20052005 there are 668668 multiples of 3,3, 501501 multiples of 4,4, and 167167 multiples of 12.12.

Every multiple of 1212 is both a multiple of 33 and of 4,4, so removing them from each group gives (668167)+(501167)=835 \begin{aligned} &(668 - 167) \\ &\quad {}+ (501 - 167) = 835 \end{aligned} numbers that are multiples of 33 or 44 but not 12.12.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

14.

等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 的边长为 22MMAC\overline{AC} 的中点,且 CCBD\overline{BD} 的中点。CDM\triangle CDM 的面积是多少?

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC has side length 2,2, MM is the midpoint of AC,\overline{AC}, and CC is the midpoint of BD.\overline{BD}. What is the area of CDM?\triangle CDM?

22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

32\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

11

2\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1370
小提示:

CD\overline{CD} 为底;它的长度为 22

Take CD\overline{CD} as the base; it has length 22

大提示:

MM 到直线 BDBD 的高是 ABC\triangle ABC 高的一半。

The height from MM to line BDBD is half the height of ABC\triangle ABC

解答:

CD\overline{CD} 为底。因为 CCBD\overline{BD} 的中点且 BC=2BC = 2,所以 CD=2CD = 2

CDM\triangle CDM 的高是从 MM 到直线 BDBD 的距离。由于 MMAC\overline{AC} 的中点,这个距离是 ABC\triangle ABC 高的一半,即 123=32\dfrac12 \cdot \sqrt3 = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

面积为 12232=32 \dfrac12 \cdot 2 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2} = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Take CD\overline{CD} as the base. Since CC is the midpoint of BD\overline{BD} and BC=2,BC = 2, we have CD=2.CD = 2.

The height of CDM\triangle CDM is the distance from MM to line BD.BD. Because MM is the midpoint of AC,\overline{AC}, this distance is half the height of ABC,\triangle ABC, which is 123=32.\dfrac12 \cdot \sqrt3 = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}.

The area is 12232=32. \dfrac12 \cdot 2 \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2} = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

15.

一个信封中有八张纸币:22 张一美元、22 张五美元、22 张十美元和 22 张二十美元。从中不放回地随机抽出两张纸币。它们金额之和至少为 $20\$20 的概率是多少?

An envelope contains eight bills: 22 ones, 22 fives, 22 tens, and 22 twenties. Two bills are drawn at random without replacement. What is the probability that their sum is $20\$20 or more?

14\dfrac14

25\dfrac25

37\dfrac37

12\dfrac12

23\dfrac23

难度评级:1370
小提示:

共有 (82)\binom82 对等可能的纸币组合。

There are (82)\binom82 equally likely pairs of bills

大提示:

金额至少达到 $20\$20,需要两张十美元、两张二十美元,或一张二十美元配任意另一张。

A sum of $20\$20 or more needs both tens, both twenties, or a twenty with any other bill

解答:

共有 (82)=28\binom82 = 28 对等可能的纸币组合。

金额至少为 $20\$20 的情况包括两张二十美元(11 种)、一张二十美元配六张较小纸币中的任意一张(26=122 \cdot 6 = 12 种),或两张十美元(11 种)。

概率为 1+12+128=1428=12 \dfrac{1 + 12 + 1}{28} = \dfrac{14}{28} = \dfrac12\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

There are (82)=28\binom82 = 28 equally likely pairs.

A sum of at least $20\$20 comes from both twenties (11 way), a twenty paired with any of the six smaller bills (26=122 \cdot 6 = 12 ways), or both tens (11 way).

The probability is 1+12+128=1428=12. \dfrac{1 + 12 + 1}{28} = \dfrac{14}{28} = \dfrac12.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

16.

二次方程 x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 的根是 x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0 的根的两倍,且 mmnnpp 都不为零。求 np\dfrac{n}{p} 的值。

The quadratic equation x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 has roots that are twice those of x2+px+m=0,x^2 + px + m = 0, and none of m,m, n,n, and pp is zero. What is the value of np?\dfrac{n}{p}?

11

22

44

88

1616

难度评级:1480
小提示:

x2+px+m=0x^2+px+m=0 的根为 r1r_1r2r_2,再对两个方程使用韦达定理。

Let the roots of x2+px+m=0x^2+px+m=0 be r1r_1 and r2,r_2, then use Vieta’s formulas on both equations

大提示:

r1+r2r_1+r_2r1r2r_1r_2 表示 mmnnpp

Express m,m, n,n, and pp in terms of r1+r2r_1+r_2 and r1r2r_1r_2

解答:

r1r_1r2r_2x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0 的根,则 m=r1r2m = r_1 r_2,且 p=(r1+r2)p = -(r_1 + r_2)

x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 的根为 2r12r_12r22r_2,所以 n=4r1r2n = 4r_1 r_2,且 m=2(r1+r2)-m = 2(r_1 + r_2)

因此 n=4mn = 4m,并且 m=2(r1+r2)=2pm = -2(r_1 + r_2) = 2p,所以 p=m2p = \dfrac{m}{2}。于是 np=4mm2=8 \dfrac{n}{p} = \dfrac{4m}{\frac{m}{2}} = 8\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let r1r_1 and r2r_2 be the roots of x2+px+m=0,x^2 + px + m = 0, so m=r1r2m = r_1 r_2 and p=(r1+r2).p = -(r_1 + r_2).

The roots of x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 are 2r12r_1 and 2r2,2r_2, so n=4r1r2n = 4r_1 r_2 and m=2(r1+r2).-m = 2(r_1 + r_2).

Then n=4mn = 4m and m=2(r1+r2)=2p,m = -2(r_1 + r_2) = 2p, so p=m2.p = \dfrac{m}{2}. Therefore np=4mm2=8. \dfrac{n}{p} = \dfrac{4m}{\frac{m}{2}} = 8.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

17.

4a=54^a = 55b=65^b = 66c=76^c = 7,且 7d=87^d = 8。求 abcda \cdot b \cdot c \cdot d

Suppose that 4a=5,4^a = 5, 5b=6,5^b = 6, 6c=7,6^c = 7, and 7d=8.7^d = 8. What is abcd?a \cdot b \cdot c \cdot d?

11

32\dfrac32

22

52\dfrac52

33

知识点:指数裂项相消
难度评级:1480
小提示:

连续把方程升幂,使指数相乘。

Raise successive equations to powers so the exponents multiply

大提示:

4abcd4^{abcd} 会逐步变成 88;把 88 写成 44 的幂。

4abcd4^{abcd} telescopes down to 8;8; write 88 as a power of 44

解答:

将方程串联起来:4abcd=(((4a)b)c)d=((5b)c)d=(6c)d=7d=8 \begin{aligned} 4^{abcd} &= \left(\left(\left(4^a\right)^b\right)^c\right)^d \\ &= \left(\left(5^b\right)^c\right)^d \\ &= \left(6^c\right)^d = 7^d = 8 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 8=4328 = 4^{\frac{3}{2}},所以 abcd=32a \cdot b \cdot c \cdot d = \dfrac32

所以正确答案是 B

Chaining the equations, 4abcd=(((4a)b)c)d=((5b)c)d=(6c)d=7d=8. \begin{aligned} 4^{abcd} &= \left(\left(\left(4^a\right)^b\right)^c\right)^d \\ &= \left(\left(5^b\right)^c\right)^d \\ &= \left(6^c\right)^d = 7^d = 8. \end{aligned}

Since 8=432,8 = 4^{\frac{3}{2}}, we conclude abcd=32.a \cdot b \cdot c \cdot d = \dfrac32.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

18.

大卫的所有电话号码形如 555abcdefg555\text{–}abc\text{–}defg,其中 aabbccddeeffgg 是互不相同且按递增顺序排列的数字,并且都不是 0011。大卫可能有多少个不同的电话号码?

All of David’s telephone numbers have the form 555abcdefg,555\text{–}abc\text{–}defg, where a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, e,e, f,f, and gg are distinct digits and in increasing order, and none is either 00 or 1.1. How many different telephone numbers can David have?

11

22

77

88

99

知识点:组合双射
难度评级:1510
小提示:

这七个数字来自 {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\},而顺序已经被固定。

The seven digits come from {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},\{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9\}, and their order is forced

大提示:

选择这七个数字等价于选择唯一一个不使用的数字。

Once the omitted digit is chosen, every digit’s position in the phone number is determined

解答:

这七个数字从集合 {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\} 中选择,且一旦选定就必须按递增顺序写出,所以只需要考虑选哪些数字。

从这八个数字中选择七个,等价于选择留下不用的那一个数字,共有 88 种。

所以正确答案是 D

The seven digits are chosen from {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},\{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9\}, and once chosen they must be written in increasing order, so only the choice of digits matters.

Choosing seven of these eight digits is the same as choosing the one digit to leave out, which can be done in 88 ways.

Thus, D is the correct answer.

19.

在一次数学考试中,10%10\% 的学生得 7070 分,25%25\%8080 分,20%20\%8585 分,15%15\%9090 分,其余学生得 9595 分。这次考试的平均分与中位数之差是多少?

On a certain math exam, 10%10\% of the students got 7070 points, 25%25\% got 8080 points, 20%20\% got 8585 points, 15%15\% got 9090 points, and the rest got 9595 points. What is the difference between the mean and the median score on this exam?

00

11

22

44

55

难度评级:1420
小提示:

先求得 9595 分的学生所占的剩余百分比。

The remaining percentage scored 95;95; find it first

大提示:

对于中位数,用累计百分比判断中间的学生得了多少分。

For the median, find which score the middle student earned using the cumulative percentages

解答:

9595 分的百分比为 10010252015=30100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15 = 30

平均分为 0.10(70)+0.25(80)+0.20(85)+0.15(90)+0.30(95)=86 \begin{aligned} &0.10(70) + 0.25(80) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.20(85) + 0.15(90) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.30(95) = 86 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 35%35\% 的学生低于 8585 分,且 35%35\% 的学生高于 8585 分,中间的学生得 8585 分,所以中位数为 8585

差为 8685=186 - 85 = 1

所以正确答案是 B

The percentage scoring 9595 is 10010252015=30.100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15 = 30.

The mean is 0.10(70)+0.25(80)+0.20(85)+0.15(90)+0.30(95)=86. \begin{aligned} &0.10(70) + 0.25(80) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.20(85) + 0.15(90) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.30(95) = 86. \end{aligned}

Since 35%35\% scored below 8585 and 35%35\% scored above 85,85, the middle student scored 85,85, so the median is 85.85.

The difference is 8685=1.86 - 85 = 1.

Thus, B is the correct answer.

20.

使用数字 1133557788 各一次能组成的所有 55 位数的平均数是多少?

What is the average (mean) of all 55-digit numbers that can be formed by using each of the digits 1,1, 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, and 88 exactly once?

4800048000

49999.549999.5

53332.853332.8

5555555555

56432.856432.8

难度评级:1540
小提示:

由对称性,每个数字在每个数位上出现的次数相同。

By symmetry, each digit appears equally often in each place

大提示:

每个数位上的平均数字为 1+3+5+7+85\dfrac{1+3+5+7+8}{5},再乘以 1111111111

The average digit in each place is 1+3+5+7+85,\dfrac{1+3+5+7+8}{5}, then multiply by 1111111111

解答:

由对称性,五个数字在每个数位上出现的次数相同,所以每个数位上的平均数字为 1+3+5+7+85=4.8 \dfrac{1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 8}{5} = 4.8\text{。}

因此平均数为 4.8(1+10+100+1000+10000)=4.811111=53332.8 \begin{gathered} \small 4.8(1 + 10 + 100 + 1000 + 10000) \\ = 4.8 \cdot 11111 = 53332.8 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

By symmetry, each of the five digits appears equally often in each place, so the average digit in every place is 1+3+5+7+85=4.8. \dfrac{1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 8}{5} = 4.8.

The average number is therefore 4.8(1+10+100+1000+10000)=4.811111=53332.8. \begin{gathered} \small 4.8(1 + 10 + 100 + 1000 + 10000) \\ = 4.8 \cdot 11111 = 53332.8. \end{gathered}

Thus, C is the correct answer.

21.

四十张纸条放入一顶帽子中,每张纸条上写有 1122334455667788991010,且每个数字写在四张纸条上。不放回地随机抽出四张纸条。设 pp 为四张纸条都写有同一个数字的概率。设 qq 为其中两张写有数字 aa,另外两张写有数字 bab \ne a 的概率。求 qp\dfrac{q}{p} 的值。

Forty slips are placed into a hat, each bearing a number 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, 9,9, or 10,10, with each number entered on four slips. Four slips are drawn from the hat at random and without replacement. Let pp be the probability that all four slips bear the same number. Let qq be the probability that two of the slips bear a number aa and the other two bear a number ba.b \ne a. What is the value of qp?\dfrac{q}{p}?

162162

180180

324324

360360

720720

难度评级:1660
小提示:

两个概率的分母都是 (404)\binom{40}{4},所以只需要比较有利情况的数量。

Both probabilities share the denominator (404),\binom{40}{4}, so only the counts matter

大提示:

先数四张同号的抽法,再数形如两个 aa 和两个 bb 的抽法。

Count four-of-a-kind draws, then draws of the form two aa’s and two bb’s

解答:

两个事件都从 (404)\binom{40}{4} 个等可能选择中抽取,所以 qp\dfrac{q}{p} 等于它们有利情况数量之比。

四张纸条都写同一个数字的抽法有 1010 种,每个数字一种。

若是两个 aa 和两个 bb,先选两个数字,有 (102)\binom{10}{2} 种,再从四张 aa 纸条中选两张、从四张 bb 纸条中选两张:(102)(42)(42)=4566=1620 \begin{aligned} \binom{10}{2}\binom{4}{2}\binom{4}{2} &= 45 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \\ &= 1620 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此 qp=162010=162\dfrac{q}{p} = \dfrac{1620}{10} = 162

所以正确答案是 A

Both events draw from (404)\binom{40}{4} equally likely selections, so qp\dfrac{q}{p} is the ratio of their favorable counts.

Exactly 1010 draws give four slips of the same number, one for each value.

For two aa’s and two bb’s, choose the two values in (102)\binom{10}{2} ways, then two of the four aa-slips and two of the four bb-slips: (102)(42)(42)=4566=1620. \begin{aligned} \binom{10}{2}\binom{4}{2}\binom{4}{2} &= 45 \cdot 6 \cdot 6 \\ &= 1620. \end{aligned}

Therefore qp=162010=162.\dfrac{q}{p} = \dfrac{1620}{10} = 162.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

22.

对于多少个不超过 2424 的正整数 nnn!n! 能被 1+2++n1 + 2 + \cdots + n 整除?

For how many positive integers nn less than or equal to 2424 is n!n! evenly divisible by 1+2++n?1 + 2 + \cdots + n?

88

1212

1616

1717

2121

难度评级:1990
小提示:

使用 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2},并化简 n!n(n+1)2\dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}

Use 1+2++n=n(n+1)21+2+\cdots+n=\dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} and simplify n!n(n+1)2\dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}

大提示:

化简后的分式 2(n1)!n+1\dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} 不能为整数,恰好发生在 n+1n+1 为奇质数时。

The reduced fraction 2(n1)!n+1\dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} fails to be an integer exactly when n+1n+1 is an odd prime

解答:

1+2++n=n(n+1)21 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2} 可知,整除条件等价于 n!n(n+1)2=2(n1)!n+1 \dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} 是整数。

N=n+1N=n+1。若 NN 是合数但不是完全平方数,它有两个不同的真因数,其乘积为 NN;而这两个因数都出现在 (N2)!=(n1)!(N-2)!=(n-1)! 中。若 N=k2N=k^2k3k\ge3,因数 kk2k2k 都出现在该阶乘中,所以阶乘含有 2N2N 的倍数。剩下的合数情形 N=4N=4 也能整除 2(N2)!=42(N-2)!=4。因此当 NN 是合数时,分式为整数。若 N=n+1N=n+1 是奇质数,它既不整除 (n1)!(n-1)!,也不整除 22,所以分式不是整数。偶质数 N=2N=2 给出 n=1n=1,符合条件。

不超过 2525 的奇质数是 33557711111313171719192323,对应 88 个不符合条件的 nn。所以有 248=1624 - 8 = 16 个值符合条件。

所以正确答案是 C

Since 1+2++n=n(n+1)2,1 + 2 + \cdots + n = \dfrac{n(n+1)}{2}, divisibility is equivalent to n!n(n+1)2=2(n1)!n+1 \dfrac{n!}{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}} = \dfrac{2(n-1)!}{n+1} being an integer.

Put N=n+1.N=n+1. If NN is composite and not a square, it has two distinct proper factors whose product is N;N; both occur in (N2)!=(n1)!.(N-2)!=(n-1)!. If N=k2N=k^2 with k3,k\ge3, the factors kk and 2k2k occur in that factorial, so it contains a multiple of 2N.2N. The remaining composite case, N=4,N=4, also divides 2(N2)!=4.2(N-2)!=4. Thus the fraction is an integer whenever NN is composite. If N=n+1N=n+1 is an odd prime, it divides neither (n1)!(n-1)! nor 2,2, so the fraction is not an integer. The even prime N=2N=2 gives n=1,n=1, which works.

The odd primes at most 2525 are 3,3, 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, 17,17, 19,19, 23,23, giving 88 failing values of n.n. Hence 248=1624 - 8 = 16 values work.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

23.

在梯形 ABCDABCD 中,AB\overline{AB} 平行于 DC\overline{DC}EEBC\overline{BC} 的中点,FFDA\overline{DA} 的中点。ABEFABEF 的面积是 FECDFECD 面积的两倍。求 ABDC\dfrac{AB}{DC}

In trapezoid ABCDABCD we have AB\overline{AB} parallel to DC,\overline{DC}, EE as the midpoint of BC,\overline{BC}, and FF as the midpoint of DA.\overline{DA}. The area of ABEFABEF is twice the area of FECD.FECD. What is ABDC?\dfrac{AB}{DC}?

22

33

55

66

88

难度评级:1630
小提示:

中位线 FE\overline{FE} 的长度为 AB+DC2\dfrac{AB+DC}{2}

The midsegment FE\overline{FE} has length AB+DC2\dfrac{AB+DC}{2}

大提示:

两个较小梯形高度相同,所以面积之比等于它们平行边平均值之比。

The two smaller trapezoids share a height, so their areas compare like the averages of their parallel sides

解答:

AB=aAB = aDC=cDC = c。中位线 FE\overline{FE} 的长度为 a+c2\dfrac{a + c}{2},且 ABEFABEFFECDFECD 高度相同。

两个小梯形的面积与其平行边平均长度成正比,所以 a+a+c2a+c2+c=3a+ca+3c=2 \dfrac{a + \frac{a+c}{2}}{\frac{a+c}{2} + c} = \dfrac{3a + c}{a + 3c} = 2\text{。}

由此 3a+c=2a+6c3a + c = 2a + 6c,所以 a=5ca = 5c,从而 ABDC=5\dfrac{AB}{DC} = 5

所以正确答案是 C

Let AB=aAB = a and DC=c.DC = c. The midsegment FE\overline{FE} has length a+c2,\dfrac{a + c}{2}, and ABEFABEF and FECDFECD have the same height.

Their areas are proportional to the averages of their parallel sides, so a+a+c2a+c2+c=3a+ca+3c=2. \dfrac{a + \frac{a+c}{2}}{\frac{a+c}{2} + c} = \dfrac{3a + c}{a + 3c} = 2.

Then 3a+c=2a+6c,3a + c = 2a + 6c, so a=5ca = 5c and ABDC=5.\dfrac{AB}{DC} = 5.

Thus, C is the correct answer.

24.

xxyy 是两位整数,且 yyxx 的数字倒序得到。整数 xxyy 满足 x2y2=m2x^2 - y^2 = m^2,其中 mm 是正整数。求 x+y+mx + y + m

Let xx and yy be two-digit integers such that yy is obtained by reversing the digits of x.x. The integers xx and yy satisfy x2y2=m2x^2 - y^2 = m^2 for some positive integer m.m. What is x+y+m?x + y + m?

8888

112112

116116

144144

154154

难度评级:1880
小提示:

x=10a+bx=10a+by=10b+ay=10b+a,再分解 x2y2x^2-y^2

Write x=10a+bx=10a+b and y=10b+a,y=10b+a, then factor x2y2x^2-y^2

大提示:

x2y2=99(a+b)(ab)x^2-y^2=99(a+b)(a-b) 必须是完全平方数,这会迫使 a+b=11a+b=11

x2y2=99(a+b)(ab)x^2-y^2=99(a+b)(a-b) must be a perfect square, which forces a+b=11a+b=11

解答:

写成 x=10a+bx = 10a + by=10b+ay = 10b + a,其中 a>ba \gt b。于是 m2=x2y2=99(a2b2)=99(a+b)(ab) \begin{aligned} m^2 &= x^2 - y^2 \\ &= 99(a^2 - b^2) \\ &= 99(a+b)(a-b) \end{aligned}\text{。}

由于 99=91199 = 9 \cdot 11,要使 m2m^2 为完全平方数,需要 (a+b)(ab)(a+b)(a-b) 能被 1111 整除。又因 a+b17a + b \le 17,这迫使 a+b=11a + b = 11,然后 aba - b 本身必须是完全平方数。

由于 ab8a - b \le 8,唯一可行的是 ab=1a - b = 1,得到 (a,b)=(6,5)(a, b) = (6, 5)。于是 x=65x = 65y=56y = 56,且 m2=9911=332m^2 = 99 \cdot 11 = 33^2,所以 m=33m = 33

因此 x+y+mx + y + m =65+56+33= 65 + 56 + 33 =154= 154

所以正确答案是 E

Write x=10a+bx = 10a + b and y=10b+ay = 10b + a with a>b.a \gt b. Then m2=x2y2=99(a2b2)=99(a+b)(ab). \begin{aligned} m^2 &= x^2 - y^2 \\ &= 99(a^2 - b^2) \\ &= 99(a+b)(a-b). \end{aligned}

Since 99=911,99 = 9 \cdot 11, for m2m^2 to be a perfect square we need (a+b)(ab)(a+b)(a-b) to be divisible by 11.11. As a+b17,a + b \le 17, this forces a+b=11,a + b = 11, and then aba - b must itself be a perfect square.

With ab8,a - b \le 8, the only workable case is ab=1,a - b = 1, giving (a,b)=(6,5).(a, b) = (6, 5). Then x=65,x = 65, y=56,y = 56, and m2=9911=332,m^2 = 99 \cdot 11 = 33^2, so m=33.m = 33.

Therefore x+y+mx + y + m =65+56+33= 65 + 56 + 33 =154.= 154.

Thus, E is the correct answer.

25.

集合 BB 是从 11100100 的所有整数的一个子集,并且 BB 中任意两个元素之和都不等于 125125BB 最多可能有多少个元素?

A subset BB of the set of integers from 11 to 100,100, inclusive, has the property that no two elements of BB sum to 125.125. What is the maximum possible number of elements in B?B?

5050

5151

6262

6565

6868

难度评级:1720
小提示:

哪些整数能与另一个范围内的整数配成和 125125

Which integers can pair with another to sum to 125?125?

大提示:

把没有范围内配对对象的整数,与能配成 125125 的各对整数分开考虑。

Separate the integers with no possible partner from the disjoint pairs whose members sum to 125125

解答:

和为 125125 的配对为 (25,100),(26,99),,(62,63)(25, 100), (26, 99), \ldots, (62, 63),共有 6225+1=3862 - 25 + 1 = 38 对。每一对中,BB 至多包含一个元素。

数字 112424 无法与范围内任何数字配成 125125,所以这 2424 个数字都可以加入。

因此 BB 至多有 38+24=6238 + 24 = 62 个元素,而集合 {1,2,,62}\{1, 2, \ldots, 62\} 可以达到这个数量。

所以正确答案是 C

The pairs summing to 125125 are (25,100),(26,99),,(62,63),(25, 100), (26, 99), \ldots, (62, 63), which is 6225+1=3862 - 25 + 1 = 38 pairs. From each pair, BB may contain at most one element.

The numbers 11 through 2424 cannot pair with anything in range to sum to 125,125, so all 2424 of them may be included.

Thus BB has at most 38+24=6238 + 24 = 62 elements, and the set {1,2,,62}\{1, 2, \ldots, 62\} achieves this.

Thus, C is the correct answer.