2005 AMC 10B 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一个童子军小队以每五根 的价格买了 根糖果棒。他们又以每两根 的价格把所有糖果棒卖出。他们的利润是多少美元?
A scout troop buys candy bars at a price of five for They sell all the candy bars at a price of two for What was their profit, in dollars?
小提示:
分别求总成本和总收入。
Find the total cost and the total revenue separately
大提示:
糖果棒可分成 组五根,或 组两根。
The bars come in groups of five and pairs
解答:
小队购买 组五根糖果棒,花费 美元。
他们卖出 组两根糖果棒,收入 美元。
利润为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
The troop buys groups of five bars, costing dollars.
They sell pairs of bars, earning dollars.
The profit is
Thus, A is the correct answer.
2.
3.
一加仑油漆用来粉刷一个房间。第一天用了全部油漆的三分之一。第二天用了剩余油漆的三分之一。原来油漆的几分之几可以在第三天使用?
A gallon of paint is used to paint a room. One third of the paint is used on the first day. On the second day, one third of the remaining paint is used. What fraction of the original amount of paint is available to use on the third day?
小提示:
第一天之后还剩 的油漆。
After day one, of the paint remains
大提示:
第二天用掉的是这 中的 。
On day two, of that is used
解答:
第一天之后,剩下 的油漆。
第二天用掉原来总量的 。
第三天可用的部分为
所以正确答案是 D。
After the first day, of the paint remains.
On the second day, of the original amount is used.
The fraction available on the third day is
Thus, D is the correct answer.
4.
5.
Brianna 用周末打工赚来的一部分钱购买若干张价格相同的 CD。她用自己钱的五分之一买了全部 CD 的三分之一。她买完所有 CD 后,还剩自己钱的几分之几?
Brianna is using part of the money she earned on her weekend job to buy several equally-priced CDs. She used one fifth of her money to buy one third of the CDs. What fraction of her money will she have left after she buys all the CDs?
小提示:
买完全部 CD 的花费是买三分之一 CD 的三倍。
Buying all the CDs costs three times as much as buying one third of them
大提示:
全部 CD 花掉她钱的 。
All the CDs cost of her money
解答:
买完所有 CD 的花费是买三分之一 CD 的三倍,即她的钱的 。
剩下的部分为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Buying all the CDs costs three times as much as buying one third of them, namely of her money.
The fraction left over is
Thus, C is the correct answer.
6.
学年开始时,Lisa 的目标是在全年 次小测中至少 拿到 A。前 次小测中,她有 次拿到 A。若她要达成目标,剩余小测中最多有多少次可以低于 A?
At the beginning of the school year, Lisa’s goal was to earn an A on at least of her quizzes for the year. She earned an A on of the first quizzes. If she is to achieve her goal, on at most how many of the remaining quizzes can she earn a grade lower than an A?
小提示:
先求她总共需要多少个 A。
Find how many A’s she needs in total
大提示:
她需要 个 A,而还剩 次小测。
She needs A’s, and quizzes remain
解答:
Lisa 至少需要 次小测拿到 A。
她已经有 个 A,所以剩下 次中还需要 个 A。
因此最多有 次小测低于 A。
所以正确答案是 B。
Lisa needs an A on at least quizzes.
She already has so she needs A’s among the remaining quizzes.
That leaves at most quizzes with a grade lower than an A.
Thus, B is the correct answer.
7.
一个圆内切于一个正方形,接着一个正方形内接于这个圆,最后一个圆内切于这个正方形。较小圆的面积与较大正方形的面积之比是多少?
A circle is inscribed in a square, then a square is inscribed in this circle, and finally, a circle is inscribed in this square. What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to the area of the larger square?
小提示:
设较小圆半径为 ,然后向外推。
Let the smaller circle have radius and work outward
大提示:
较大圆的半径是较小正方形对角线的一半,即 。
The larger circle’s radius is half the diagonal of the smaller square,
解答:
设较小圆半径为 ,则它的面积为 。
外切于这个小圆的较小正方形边长为 ,其对角线 是较大圆的直径。所以较大圆半径为 。
外切于较大圆的较大正方形边长为 ,面积为 。
所求比为
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the smaller circle have radius so its area is
The smaller square, which circumscribes this circle, has side and its diagonal is the diameter of the larger circle. So the larger circle has radius
The larger square circumscribes the larger circle, so it has side and area
The desired ratio is
Thus, B is the correct answer.
8.
一个 英尺乘 英尺的地板铺满了 英尺乘 英尺的正方形瓷砖。每块瓷砖的图案由四个白色四分之一圆组成,每个四分之一圆半径为 英尺,圆心在瓷砖的四个角上。瓷砖其余部分为阴影。地板上阴影部分共有多少平方英尺?
An -foot by -foot floor is tiled with square tiles of size foot by foot. Each tile has a pattern consisting of four white quarter circles of radius foot centered at each corner of the tile. The remaining portion of the tile is shaded. How many square feet of the floor are shaded?
小提示:
一块瓷砖上的四个四分之一圆合成一个整圆。
The four quarter circles on one tile combine into one full circle
大提示:
每块瓷砖的阴影面积是 ,一共有 块瓷砖。
Each tile has shaded area and there are tiles
解答:
一块瓷砖上的四个四分之一圆合起来是一个半径为 的整圆,面积为 。
所以每块瓷砖的阴影面积为 平方英尺。
地板共有 块瓷砖,因此总阴影面积为
所以正确答案是 A。
The four quarter circles on a tile together make one full circle of radius with area
So each tile has shaded area square feet.
There are tiles, so the total shaded area is
Thus, A is the correct answer.
9.
一个公平骰子的面为 ,,,,,,另一个公平骰子的面为 ,,,,,。掷这两个骰子并把朝上的数相加。和为奇数的概率是多少?
One fair die has faces and another has faces The dice are rolled and the numbers on the top faces are added. What is the probability that the sum will be odd?
小提示:
和为奇数当且仅当一个骰子为偶数,另一个为奇数。
A sum is odd exactly when one die is even and the other is odd
大提示:
第一个骰子掷出奇数的概率为 ;第二个骰子掷出奇数的概率为 。
The first die is odd with probability the second is odd with probability
解答:
第一个骰子为奇数( 或 )的概率为 ,为偶数的概率为 。第二个骰子为奇数()的概率为 ,为偶数的概率为 。
两个数奇偶性不同时和为奇数,所以概率为
所以正确答案是 D。
The first die is odd (a or ) with probability and even with probability The second die is odd (a ) with probability and even with probability
The sum is odd when the two parities differ:
Thus, D is the correct answer.
10.
在 中,,且 。设 是直线 上一点, 在 与 之间,且 。 是多少?
In we have and Suppose that is a point on line such that lies between and and What is
小提示:
从 向直线 作高;垂足是 的中点。
Drop the altitude from to line its foot is the midpoint of
大提示:
这条高的长度为 ,并被直角三角形 和 共用。
The altitude has length shared by right triangles and
解答:
设 为从 到直线 的垂足。因为 , 是 的中点,所以 ,且 。
在 中应用勾股定理,其中 ,得到 所以 。
因此 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let be the foot of the altitude from to line Since is the midpoint of so and
Applying the Pythagorean theorem in where gives so
Then so
Thus, A is the correct answer.
11.
一个数列的第一项为 。之后每一项都等于前一项各位数字的立方和。这个数列的第 项是多少?
The first term of a sequence is Each succeeding term is the sum of the cubes of the digits of the previous term. What is the th term of the sequence?
小提示:
先计算前几项,直到数值开始重复。
Compute the first several terms until the values start repeating
大提示:
找出循环后,将第一项之后的步数除以循环长度并取余。
Once you find the repeating cycle, reduce the number of steps after the first term modulo its length
解答:
数列开头是 ,所以从第一项以后,它重复循环 ,其长度为 。
第 、 和 项分别是这个循环的第一、第二和第三项。因为 除以 的余数是 ,所以第 项对应循环的第三项,即 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The sequence begins so after the first term it repeats the cycle of length
Terms and are the first, second, and third entries of this cycle. Because leaves remainder upon division by the th term matches the third entry,
Thus, E is the correct answer.
12.
掷十二个公平骰子。朝上数字的乘积为质数的概率是多少?
Twelve fair dice are rolled. What is the probability that the product of the numbers on the top faces is prime?
小提示:
正整数乘积为质数,只可能是一个因数为质数,其余因数都为 。
A product of positive integers is prime only when one factor is a prime and the rest are
大提示:
选择哪一个骰子显示质数,再选择是哪一个质数;其余 个骰子都必须显示 。
Choose which die shows the prime, and which prime; the other dice must show
解答:
乘积为质数当且仅当一个骰子显示质数(、 或 ),其余十一个骰子都显示 。
指定某一个骰子为质数骰时,它显示质数的概率为 ,其余每个骰子显示 的概率为 。考虑十二个骰子中哪一个显示质数,所求概率为
所以正确答案是 E。
The product is prime exactly when one die shows a prime ( or ) and the other eleven all show
The probability that any single die is the prime one is and each of the other eleven shows with probability Accounting for which of the twelve dice is prime, the probability is
Thus, E is the correct answer.
13.
在 到 之间,有多少个数是 或 的整数倍,但不是 的整数倍?
How many numbers between and are integer multiples of or but not
小提示:
分别数 的倍数和 的倍数,注意 的倍数是重叠部分。
Count multiples of and of separately, noting that multiples of are the overlap
大提示:
从 的倍数和 的倍数中各自去掉 的倍数。
From each of the -multiples and -multiples, remove the -multiples
解答:
在 到 之间, 的倍数有 个, 的倍数有 个, 的倍数有 个。
每个 的倍数同时是 和 的倍数,所以分别从两个集合中去掉这些数,得到 个是 或 的倍数但不是 的倍数的数。
所以正确答案是 C。
Between and there are multiples of multiples of and multiples of
Every multiple of is both a multiple of and of so removing them from each group gives numbers that are multiples of or but not
Thus, C is the correct answer.
14.
等边三角形 的边长为 , 是 的中点,且 是 的中点。 的面积是多少?
Equilateral has side length is the midpoint of and is the midpoint of What is the area of
小提示:
以 为底;它的长度为 。
Take as the base; it has length
大提示:
从 到直线 的高是 高的一半。
The height from to line is half the height of
解答:
以 为底。因为 是 的中点且 ,所以 。
的高是从 到直线 的距离。由于 是 的中点,这个距离是 高的一半,即 。
面积为
所以正确答案是 C。
Take as the base. Since is the midpoint of and we have
The height of is the distance from to line Because is the midpoint of this distance is half the height of which is
The area is
Thus, C is the correct answer.
15.
一个信封中有八张纸币: 张一美元、 张五美元、 张十美元和 张二十美元。从中不放回地随机抽出两张纸币。它们金额之和至少为 的概率是多少?
An envelope contains eight bills: ones, fives, tens, and twenties. Two bills are drawn at random without replacement. What is the probability that their sum is or more?
小提示:
共有 对等可能的纸币组合。
There are equally likely pairs of bills
大提示:
金额至少达到 ,需要两张十美元、两张二十美元,或一张二十美元配任意另一张。
A sum of or more needs both tens, both twenties, or a twenty with any other bill
解答:
共有 对等可能的纸币组合。
金额至少为 的情况包括两张二十美元( 种)、一张二十美元配六张较小纸币中的任意一张( 种),或两张十美元( 种)。
概率为
所以正确答案是 D。
There are equally likely pairs.
A sum of at least comes from both twenties ( way), a twenty paired with any of the six smaller bills ( ways), or both tens ( way).
The probability is
Thus, D is the correct answer.
16.
二次方程 的根是 的根的两倍,且 , 和 都不为零。求 的值。
The quadratic equation has roots that are twice those of and none of and is zero. What is the value of
小提示:
设 的根为 和 ,再对两个方程使用韦达定理。
Let the roots of be and then use Vieta’s formulas on both equations
大提示:
用 和 表示 、 和 。
Express and in terms of and
解答:
设 和 为 的根,则 ,且 。
的根为 和 ,所以 ,且 。
因此 ,并且 ,所以 。于是
所以正确答案是 D。
Let and be the roots of so and
The roots of are and so and
Then and so Therefore
Thus, D is the correct answer.
17.
18.
大卫的所有电话号码形如 ,其中 、、、、、 和 是互不相同且按递增顺序排列的数字,并且都不是 或 。大卫可能有多少个不同的电话号码?
All of David’s telephone numbers have the form where and are distinct digits and in increasing order, and none is either or How many different telephone numbers can David have?
小提示:
这七个数字来自 ,而顺序已经被固定。
The seven digits come from and their order is forced
大提示:
选择这七个数字等价于选择唯一一个不使用的数字。
Once the omitted digit is chosen, every digit’s position in the phone number is determined
解答:
这七个数字从集合 中选择,且一旦选定就必须按递增顺序写出,所以只需要考虑选哪些数字。
从这八个数字中选择七个,等价于选择留下不用的那一个数字,共有 种。
所以正确答案是 D。
The seven digits are chosen from and once chosen they must be written in increasing order, so only the choice of digits matters.
Choosing seven of these eight digits is the same as choosing the one digit to leave out, which can be done in ways.
Thus, D is the correct answer.
19.
在一次数学考试中, 的学生得 分, 得 分, 得 分, 得 分,其余学生得 分。这次考试的平均分与中位数之差是多少?
On a certain math exam, of the students got points, got points, got points, got points, and the rest got points. What is the difference between the mean and the median score on this exam?
小提示:
先求得 分的学生所占的剩余百分比。
The remaining percentage scored find it first
大提示:
对于中位数,用累计百分比判断中间的学生得了多少分。
For the median, find which score the middle student earned using the cumulative percentages
解答:
得 分的百分比为 。
平均分为
因为 的学生低于 分,且 的学生高于 分,中间的学生得 分,所以中位数为 。
差为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The percentage scoring is
The mean is
Since scored below and scored above the middle student scored so the median is
The difference is
Thus, B is the correct answer.
20.
使用数字 、、、 和 各一次能组成的所有 位数的平均数是多少?
What is the average (mean) of all -digit numbers that can be formed by using each of the digits and exactly once?
小提示:
由对称性,每个数字在每个数位上出现的次数相同。
By symmetry, each digit appears equally often in each place
大提示:
每个数位上的平均数字为 ,再乘以 。
The average digit in each place is then multiply by
解答:
由对称性,五个数字在每个数位上出现的次数相同,所以每个数位上的平均数字为
因此平均数为
所以正确答案是 C。
By symmetry, each of the five digits appears equally often in each place, so the average digit in every place is
The average number is therefore
Thus, C is the correct answer.
21.
四十张纸条放入一顶帽子中,每张纸条上写有 、、、、、、、、 或 ,且每个数字写在四张纸条上。不放回地随机抽出四张纸条。设 为四张纸条都写有同一个数字的概率。设 为其中两张写有数字 ,另外两张写有数字 的概率。求 的值。
Forty slips are placed into a hat, each bearing a number or with each number entered on four slips. Four slips are drawn from the hat at random and without replacement. Let be the probability that all four slips bear the same number. Let be the probability that two of the slips bear a number and the other two bear a number What is the value of
小提示:
两个概率的分母都是 ,所以只需要比较有利情况的数量。
Both probabilities share the denominator so only the counts matter
大提示:
先数四张同号的抽法,再数形如两个 和两个 的抽法。
Count four-of-a-kind draws, then draws of the form two ’s and two ’s
解答:
两个事件都从 个等可能选择中抽取,所以 等于它们有利情况数量之比。
四张纸条都写同一个数字的抽法有 种,每个数字一种。
若是两个 和两个 ,先选两个数字,有 种,再从四张 纸条中选两张、从四张 纸条中选两张:
因此 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Both events draw from equally likely selections, so is the ratio of their favorable counts.
Exactly draws give four slips of the same number, one for each value.
For two ’s and two ’s, choose the two values in ways, then two of the four -slips and two of the four -slips:
Therefore
Thus, A is the correct answer.
22.
对于多少个不超过 的正整数 , 能被 整除?
For how many positive integers less than or equal to is evenly divisible by
小提示:
使用 ,并化简 。
Use and simplify
大提示:
化简后的分式 不能为整数,恰好发生在 为奇质数时。
The reduced fraction fails to be an integer exactly when is an odd prime
解答:
由 可知,整除条件等价于 是整数。
令 。若 是合数但不是完全平方数,它有两个不同的真因数,其乘积为 ;而这两个因数都出现在 中。若 且 ,因数 和 都出现在该阶乘中,所以阶乘含有 的倍数。剩下的合数情形 也能整除 。因此当 是合数时,分式为整数。若 是奇质数,它既不整除 ,也不整除 ,所以分式不是整数。偶质数 给出 ,符合条件。
不超过 的奇质数是 、、、、、、、,对应 个不符合条件的 。所以有 个值符合条件。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since divisibility is equivalent to being an integer.
Put If is composite and not a square, it has two distinct proper factors whose product is both occur in If with the factors and occur in that factorial, so it contains a multiple of The remaining composite case, also divides Thus the fraction is an integer whenever is composite. If is an odd prime, it divides neither nor so the fraction is not an integer. The even prime gives which works.
The odd primes at most are giving failing values of Hence values work.
Thus, C is the correct answer.
23.
在梯形 中, 平行于 , 是 的中点, 是 的中点。 的面积是 面积的两倍。求 。
In trapezoid we have parallel to as the midpoint of and as the midpoint of The area of is twice the area of What is
小提示:
中位线 的长度为 。
The midsegment has length
大提示:
两个较小梯形高度相同,所以面积之比等于它们平行边平均值之比。
The two smaller trapezoids share a height, so their areas compare like the averages of their parallel sides
解答:
设 ,。中位线 的长度为 ,且 和 高度相同。
两个小梯形的面积与其平行边平均长度成正比,所以
由此 ,所以 ,从而 。
所以正确答案是 C。
Let and The midsegment has length and and have the same height.
Their areas are proportional to the averages of their parallel sides, so
Then so and
Thus, C is the correct answer.
24.
设 和 是两位整数,且 由 的数字倒序得到。整数 和 满足 ,其中 是正整数。求 。
Let and be two-digit integers such that is obtained by reversing the digits of The integers and satisfy for some positive integer What is
小提示:
写 、,再分解 。
Write and then factor
大提示:
必须是完全平方数,这会迫使 。
must be a perfect square, which forces
解答:
写成 、,其中 。于是
由于 ,要使 为完全平方数,需要 能被 整除。又因 ,这迫使 ,然后 本身必须是完全平方数。
由于 ,唯一可行的是 ,得到 。于是 ,,且 ,所以 。
因此 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Write and with Then
Since for to be a perfect square we need to be divisible by As this forces and then must itself be a perfect square.
With the only workable case is giving Then and so
Therefore
Thus, E is the correct answer.
25.
集合 是从 到 的所有整数的一个子集,并且 中任意两个元素之和都不等于 。 最多可能有多少个元素?
A subset of the set of integers from to inclusive, has the property that no two elements of sum to What is the maximum possible number of elements in
小提示:
哪些整数能与另一个范围内的整数配成和 ?
Which integers can pair with another to sum to
大提示:
把没有范围内配对对象的整数,与能配成 的各对整数分开考虑。
Separate the integers with no possible partner from the disjoint pairs whose members sum to
解答:
和为 的配对为 ,共有 对。每一对中, 至多包含一个元素。
数字 到 无法与范围内任何数字配成 ,所以这 个数字都可以加入。
因此 至多有 个元素,而集合 可以达到这个数量。
所以正确答案是 C。
The pairs summing to are which is pairs. From each pair, may contain at most one element.
The numbers through cannot pair with anything in range to sum to so all of them may be included.
Thus has at most elements, and the set achieves this.
Thus, C is the correct answer.