2000 AMC 10 真题

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1.

20012001 年,美国将主办国际数学奥林匹克。设 IIMMOO 是互不相同的正整数,且 IMO=2001I \cdot M \cdot O = 2001。那么 I+M+OI + M + O 的最大可能值是多少?

In the year 2001,2001, the United States will host the International Mathematical Olympiad. Let I,I, M,M, and OO be distinct positive integers such that the product IMO=2001.I \cdot M \cdot O = 2001. What is the largest possible value of the sum I+M+O?I + M + O?

2323

5555

9999

111111

671671

答案:E
知识点:质因数分解最优化
难度评级:960
小提示:

20012001 分解成质因数。

Factor 20012001 into primes

大提示:

要让和尽可能大,可以让一个因数尽可能小,从而让另一个因数尽可能大。

To make the sum large, keep one factor as small as possible so another can be as large as possible

解答:

分解质因数得 2001=323292001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29

若一个因数是 11,另两个因数可能为 (3,667)(3,667)(23,87)(23,87),或 (29,69)(29,69)。它们与 11 的和分别为 671671111111,和 9999。(数对 (1,2001)(1,2001) 会重复因数 11。)

若没有因数是 11,三个质因数必须分别分给三个整数,只能得到 3,23,293,23,29,其和小得多。因此最大可能的和是 1+3+667=6711 + 3 + 667 = 671

所以正确答案是 E

Factoring gives 2001=32329.2001 = 3 \cdot 23 \cdot 29.

If one factor is 1,1, the possible pairs for the other two factors are (3,667),(3,667), (23,87),(23,87), and (29,69).(29,69). Their corresponding sums with 11 are 671,671, 111,111, and 99.99. (The pair (1,2001)(1,2001) would repeat the factor 1.1.)

If no factor is 1,1, all three prime factors must be split among the three integers, giving only 3,23,293,23,29 and a much smaller sum. Therefore, the largest possible sum is 1+3+667=671.1 + 3 + 667 = 671.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

下列哪一项等于 2000200020002000 \cdot 2000^{2000}

Which of the following is equal to 200020002000?2000 \cdot 2000^{2000}?

200020012000^{2001}

400020004000^{2000}

200040002000^{4000}

4,000,00020004{,}000{,}000^{2000}

20004,000,0002000^{4{,}000{,}000}

答案:A
知识点:指数
难度评级:870
小提示:

把前面的 20002000 写成 200012000^1

Write the leading 20002000 as 200012000^1

大提示:

同底数幂相乘时,指数相加。

Multiplying powers with the same base adds the exponents

解答:

将因数 20002000 写成 200012000^1。则 2000120002000=20001+2000=20002001 \begin{aligned} 2000^1 \cdot 2000^{2000} &= 2000^{1 + 2000} \\ &= 2000^{2001} \end{aligned}\text{。}

其他每个选项都大于 200020012000^{2001}

所以正确答案是 A

Write the factor 20002000 as 20001.2000^1. Then 2000120002000=20001+2000=20002001. \begin{aligned} 2000^1 \cdot 2000^{2000} &= 2000^{1 + 2000} \\ &= 2000^{2001}. \end{aligned}

Each of the other options is larger than 20002001.2000^{2001}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

3.

Jenny 每天吃掉当天开始时罐子里软糖的 20%20\%。第二天结束时还剩 3232 颗。罐子里原来有多少颗软糖?

Each day, Jenny ate 20%20\% of the jellybeans that were in her jar at the beginning of that day. At the end of the second day, 3232 remained. How many jellybeans were in the jar originally?

4040

5050

5555

6060

7575

答案:B
知识点:百分数逆推法
难度评级:960
小提示:

每天吃掉 20%20\%,也就是每天结束时剩下 80%80\%

Eating 20%20\% leaves 80%80\% of the jellybeans at the end of each day

大提示:

若原来有 xx 颗,则 (0.8)2x=32(0.8)^2 x = 32

If xx is the original amount, then (0.8)2x=32(0.8)^2 x = 32

解答:

Jenny 每天吃掉 20%20\%,所以每天结束时剩下 80%80\%

设原来有 xx 颗,则 (0.8)2x=0.64x=32(0.8)^2 x = 0.64x = 32\text{,}因此 x=50x = 50

所以正确答案是 B

Since Jenny eats 20%20\% each day, 80%80\% remain at the end of each day.

If xx is the original number, then (0.8)2x=0.64x=32,(0.8)^2 x = 0.64x = 32, so x=50.x = 50.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

Chandra 向一家网络服务提供商支付固定月费,另按连接时长支付费用。她十二月的账单是 $12.48\$12.48;一月因为连接时间是十二月的两倍,账单为 $17.54\$17.54。固定月费是多少?

Chandra pays an on-line service provider a fixed monthly fee plus an hourly charge for connect time. Her December bill was $12.48,\$12.48, but in January her bill was $17.54\$17.54 because she used twice as much connect time as in December. What is the fixed monthly fee?

$2.53\$2.53

$5.06\$5.06

$6.24\$6.24

$7.42\$7.42

$8.77\$8.77

答案:D
难度评级:1030
小提示:

一月多出来的费用完全来自多用了一份十二月的连接时间。

The extra charge in January comes entirely from one additional December’s worth of connect time

大提示:

差额 $17.54$12.48\$17.54 - \$12.48 就是十二月的连接时长费用。

The difference $17.54$12.48\$17.54 - \$12.48 equals December’s connect-time cost

解答:

一月只有连接时间翻倍,所以账单增加的 $17.54$12.48=$5.06\$17.54 - \$12.48 = \$5.06 就是十二月的连接时长费用。

因此固定月费是 $12.48$5.06=$7.42\$12.48 - \$5.06 = \$7.42

所以正确答案是 D

January doubled only the connect time, so the increase $17.54$12.48=$5.06\$17.54 - \$12.48 = \$5.06 equals December’s connect-time cost.

The fixed monthly fee is therefore $12.48$5.06=$7.42.\$12.48 - \$5.06 = \$7.42.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

MMNN 分别是边 PAPAPBPB 的中点,这两条边属于 PAB\triangle PAB。当 PP 沿着一条与边 ABAB 平行的直线移动时,下面四个量中有多少个会改变?

(a)线段 MNMN 的长度;(b)PAB\triangle PAB 的周长;(c)PAB\triangle PAB 的面积;(d)梯形 ABNMABNM 的面积。

Points MM and NN are the midpoints of sides PAPA and PBPB of PAB.\triangle PAB. As PP moves along a line that is parallel to side AB,AB, how many of the four quantities listed below change?

(a) the length of the segment MN;MN; (b) the perimeter of PAB;\triangle PAB; (c) the area of PAB;\triangle PAB; (d) the area of trapezoid ABNM.ABNM.

00

11

22

33

44

答案:B
难度评级:1240
小提示:

MNMN 是三角形的中位线,所以 MN=12ABMN = \tfrac12 AB

MNMN is a midsegment of the triangle, so MN=12ABMN = \tfrac12 AB

大提示:

因为 PP 始终在与 ABAB 平行的直线上,所以从 PPABAB 的高不变。

Since PP stays on a line parallel to AB,AB, the height from PP to ABAB never changes

解答:

由于 MNMN 是中位线,MN=12ABMN = \tfrac12 AB,所以它的长度不变。

底边 ABAB 固定,从 PPABAB 的高也固定;当 PP 沿平行线移动时,PAB\triangle PAB 的面积不变。梯形 ABNMABNM 是大三角形减去 PMN\triangle PMN,面积也不变。

只有周长会改变,因为 PAPAPBPB 会随着 PP 的移动而变化。因此恰好有一个量会改变。

所以正确答案是 B

Since MNMN is a midsegment, MN=12AB,MN = \tfrac12 AB, which is fixed.

The base ABAB and the height from PP to ABAB are both constant as PP slides along the parallel line, so the area of PAB\triangle PAB does not change. The trapezoid ABNMABNM is the triangle minus PMN,\triangle PMN, both of whose areas are constant, so its area does not change either.

Only the perimeter changes, since PAPA and PBPB vary as PP moves. So exactly one quantity changes.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

6.

Fibonacci 数列 11112233558813132121\ldots 以两个 11 开始,之后每一项都是前两项之和。十个数字中,哪一个最晚出现在 Fibonacci 数列某一项的个位上?

The Fibonacci sequence 1,1, 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 5,5, 8,8, 13,13, 21,21, \ldots starts with two 11s, and each term afterwards is the sum of its two predecessors. Which one of the ten digits is the last to appear in the units position of a number in the Fibonacci sequence?

00

44

66

77

99

答案:C
难度评级:1240
小提示:

只记录每一项的个位数,并把前两个个位数相加后对 1010 取余。

Track only the units digit of each term, adding the two previous units digits modulo 1010

大提示:

列出个位数序列,观察哪个数字第一次出现得最晚。

List the units digits and note which digit is slowest to first appear

解答:

只记录个位数,得到 1,1,2,3,5,8,3,1,4,5,9,4,3,7,0,7,7,4,1,5,6, \begin{gathered} 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, \\ 4, 3, 7, 0, 7, 7, 4, 1, 5, 6, \ldots \end{gathered}

依次查看每个数字第一次出现的位置,数字 66 是十个数字中最后出现的。

所以正确答案是 C

Recording only the units digits gives the sequence 1,1,2,3,5,8,3,1,4,5,9,4,3,7,0,7,7,4,1,5,6, \begin{gathered} 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 3, 1, 4, 5, 9, \\ 4, 3, 7, 0, 7, 7, 4, 1, 5, 6, \ldots \end{gathered}

Scanning for the first appearance of each digit, the digit 66 is the last of the ten digits to show up.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

在长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AD=1AD = 1,点 PPAB\overline{AB} 上,且 DB\overline{DB}DP\overline{DP} 三等分 ADC\angle ADC。求 BDP\triangle BDP 的周长。

In rectangle ABCD,ABCD, AD=1,AD = 1, PP is on AB,\overline{AB}, and DB\overline{DB} and DP\overline{DP} trisect ADC.\angle ADC. What is the perimeter of BDP?\triangle BDP?

3+333 + \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}

2+4332 + \dfrac{4\sqrt3}{3}

2+222 + 2\sqrt2

3+352\dfrac{3 + 3\sqrt5}{2}

2+5332 + \dfrac{5\sqrt3}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1390
小提示:

ADC=90ADC = 90^\circ 被分成三个 3030^\circ 的角。

Angle ADC=90ADC = 90^\circ is split into three 3030^\circ angles

大提示:

三角形 ADPADPADBADB 都是 3030-6060-9090 直角三角形,且都含有边 AD=1AD = 1

Triangles ADPADP and ADBADB are both 3030-6060-9090 right triangles with leg AD=1AD = 1

解答:

直角 ADC=90\angle ADC = 90^\circ 被三等分成三个 3030^\circ 角,所以 ADP=30\angle ADP = 30^\circADB=60\angle ADB = 60^\circ

在直角三角形 ADPADP 中,由 AD=1AD = 1DP=1cos30=233DP = \dfrac{1}{\cos 30^\circ} = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}AP=tan30=33AP = \tan 30^\circ = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}

在直角三角形 ADBADB 中,由 AD=1AD = 1DB=1cos60=2DB = \dfrac{1}{\cos 60^\circ} = 2AB=tan60=3AB = \tan 60^\circ = \sqrt3

于是 PB=ABAP=333=233 \begin{aligned} PB = AB - AP &= \sqrt3 - \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3} \\ &= \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

BDP\triangle BDP 的周长为 DP+PB+DB=233+233+2=2+433 \begin{gathered} DP + PB + DB \\ = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} + \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} + 2 \\ = 2 + \dfrac{4\sqrt3}{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

The right angle ADC=90\angle ADC = 90^\circ is trisected into three 3030^\circ angles, so ADP=30\angle ADP = 30^\circ and ADB=60.\angle ADB = 60^\circ.

In right triangle ADP,ADP, with AD=1,AD = 1, we get DP=1cos30=233DP = \dfrac{1}{\cos 30^\circ} = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} and AP=tan30=33.AP = \tan 30^\circ = \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}.

In right triangle ADB,ADB, with AD=1,AD = 1, we get DB=1cos60=2DB = \dfrac{1}{\cos 60^\circ} = 2 and AB=tan60=3.AB = \tan 60^\circ = \sqrt3.

Then PB=ABAP=333=233. \begin{aligned} PB = AB - AP &= \sqrt3 - \dfrac{\sqrt3}{3} \\ &= \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}. \end{aligned}

The perimeter of BDP\triangle BDP is DP+PB+DB=233+233+2=2+433. \begin{gathered} DP + PB + DB \\ = \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} + \dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3} + 2 \\ = 2 + \dfrac{4\sqrt3}{3}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

在奥林匹克高中,25\tfrac25 的高一学生和 45\tfrac45 的高二学生参加了 AMC 1010。已知参加考试的高一学生人数和高二学生人数相同。下列哪一项一定成立?

At Olympic High School, 25\tfrac25 of the freshmen and 45\tfrac45 of the sophomores took the AMC 10.10. Given that the number of freshmen and sophomore contestants was the same, which of the following must be true?

高二学生人数是高一学生人数的五倍。

There are five times as many sophomores as freshmen.

高二学生人数是高一学生人数的两倍。

There are twice as many sophomores as freshmen.

高一学生人数和高二学生人数相同。

There are as many freshmen as sophomores.

高一学生人数是高二学生人数的两倍。

There are twice as many freshmen as sophomores.

高一学生人数是高二学生人数的五倍。

There are five times as many freshmen as sophomores.

答案:D
难度评级:1020
小提示:

设高一和高二学生总人数分别为 ffss,并令参加考试的人数相等。

Let ff and ss be the numbers of freshmen and sophomores, and set the two contestant counts equal

大提示:

解方程 25f=45s\tfrac25 f = \tfrac45 s,把 ffss 表示。

Solve 25f=45s\tfrac25 f = \tfrac45 s for ff in terms of ss

解答:

设高一和高二学生总人数分别为 ffss。参加考试的人数相同,所以 25f=45s\tfrac25 f = \tfrac45 s\text{。}

两边乘以 55,得 2f=4s2f = 4s,所以 f=2sf = 2s。高一学生人数是高二学生人数的两倍。

所以正确答案是 D

Let ff and ss be the numbers of freshmen and sophomores. The contestant counts are equal, so 25f=45s.\tfrac25 f = \tfrac45 s.

Multiplying by 55 gives 2f=4s,2f = 4s, so f=2s.f = 2s. There are twice as many freshmen as sophomores.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

x2=p|x - 2| = p,其中 x<2x \lt 2,则 xp=x - p =

If x2=p,|x - 2| = p, where x<2,x \lt 2, then xp=x - p =

2-2

22

22p2 - 2p

2p22p - 2

2p2|2p - 2|

答案:C
难度评级:1170
小提示:

因为 x<2x \lt 2,所以 x2x - 2 为负,x2=2x|x - 2| = 2 - x

Since x<2,x \lt 2, the quantity x2x - 2 is negative, so x2=2x|x - 2| = 2 - x

大提示:

先由 2x=p2 - x = p 解出 xx,再代入 xpx - p

Solve 2x=p2 - x = p for x,x, then substitute into xpx - p

解答:

因为 x<2x \lt 2,所以 x2=2x=p|x - 2| = 2 - x = p,于是 x=2px = 2 - p

因此 xp=(2p)p=22px - p = (2 - p) - p = 2 - 2p\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Because x<2,x \lt 2, we have x2=2x=p,|x - 2| = 2 - x = p, so x=2p.x = 2 - p.

Then xp=(2p)p=22p.x - p = (2 - p) - p = 2 - 2p.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

一个面积为正的三角形边长为 4466xx。另一个面积为正的三角形边长为 4466yy。不能作为 xy|x - y| 取值的最小正数是多少?

The sides of a triangle with positive area have lengths 4,4, 6,6, and x.x. The sides of a second triangle with positive area have lengths 4,4, 6,6, and y.y. What is the smallest positive number that is not a possible value of xy?|x - y|?

22

44

66

88

1010

答案:D
难度评级:1370
小提示:

三角形不等式要求 xxyy 都严格位于 221010 之间。

The triangle inequality forces each of xx and yy to lie strictly between 22 and 1010

大提示:

xy|x - y| 的取值范围,其中 xxyy 都在这个开区间内变化。

Find the range of xy|x - y| when xx and yy each range over that open interval

解答:

由三角形不等式,xxyy 都可以取严格介于 64=26 - 4 = 26+4=106 + 4 = 10 之间的任意数。

因此 xy|x - y| 可以取所有满足 0xy<80 \le |x - y| \lt 8 的值。

最小不能取到的正数是 102=810 - 2 = 8

所以正确答案是 D

By the triangle inequality, each of xx and yy can be any number strictly between 64=26 - 4 = 2 and 6+4=10.6 + 4 = 10.

Then xy|x - y| can take any value with 0xy<8.0 \le |x - y| \lt 8.

The smallest positive number not attainable is 102=8.10 - 2 = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

441818 之间选出两个不同的质数。用它们的乘积减去它们的和,可能得到下列哪个数?

Two different prime numbers between 44 and 1818 are chosen. When their sum is subtracted from their product, which of the following numbers could be obtained?

2121

6060

119119

180180

231231

答案:C
难度评级:1370
小提示:

441818 之间的质数是 5577111113131717,它们都是奇数。

The primes between 44 and 1818 are 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, 17,17, all odd

大提示:

注意 xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1,它是奇数,并且随着 xxyy 变大而增大。

Note that xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1,= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1, which is odd and increases with xx and yy

解答:

441818 之间的质数是 5577111113131717。两个奇数的乘积是奇数、和是偶数,所以 xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) 是奇数。

又因为 xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1 会随着任一质数增大而增大,结果从 5712=235 \cdot 7 - 12 = 23131730=19113 \cdot 17 - 30 = 191

选项中唯一在 [23,191][23, 191] 内的奇数是 119=1113(11+13)119 = 11 \cdot 13 - (11 + 13)

所以正确答案是 C

The primes between 44 and 1818 are 5,5, 7,7, 11,11, 13,13, and 17.17. The product of two of them is odd and the sum is even, so xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) is odd.

Since xy(x+y)xy - (x + y) =(x1)(y1)1= (x - 1)(y - 1) - 1 increases as either prime increases, the result ranges from 5712=235 \cdot 7 - 12 = 23 up to 131730=191.13 \cdot 17 - 30 = 191.

The only odd option in [23,191][23, 191] is 119=1113(11+13).119 = 11 \cdot 13 - (11 + 13).

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

图形 00112233 分别由 115513132525 个互不重叠的单位正方形组成。如果继续这个规律,图形 100100 中会有多少个互不重叠的单位正方形?

Figures 0,0, 1,1, 2,2, and 33 consist of 1,1, 5,5, 13,13, and 2525 nonoverlapping unit squares, respectively. If the pattern were continued, how many nonoverlapping unit squares would there be in figure 100?100?

1040110401

1980119801

2020120201

3980139801

4080140801

答案:C
难度评级:1240
小提示:

数列 1,5,13,25,1, 5, 13, 25, \ldots 的相邻差为 4,8,12,4, 8, 12, \ldots

The differences 1,5,13,25,1, 5, 13, 25, \ldots grow by 4,8,12,4, 8, 12, \ldots

大提示:

图形 nnn2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n+1)^2 个单位正方形。

Figure nn has n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n+1)^2 unit squares

解答:

图形 nn 可以看作前 nn 个奇数之和加上前 n+1n+1 个奇数之和,所以单位正方形个数为 n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n+1)^2

对图形 1001001002+1012=10000+10201=20201 \begin{aligned} 100^2 + 101^2 &= 10000 + 10201 \\ &= 20201 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Figure nn can be split into the sum of the first nn odd numbers and the first n+1n+1 odd numbers, giving n2+(n+1)2n^2 + (n+1)^2 unit squares.

For figure 100,100, this is 1002+1012=10000+10201=20201. \begin{aligned} 100^2 + 101^2 &= 10000 + 10201 \\ &= 20201. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

13.

55 个黄色钉、44 个红色钉、33 个绿色钉、22 个蓝色钉和 11 个橙色钉,要放在一个三角形钉板上。要求任意水平行或竖直列中不能有两个同色钉。共有多少种放法?

There are 55 yellow pegs, 44 red pegs, 33 green pegs, 22 blue pegs, and 11 orange peg to be placed on a triangular peg board. In how many ways can the pegs be placed so that no (horizontal) row or (vertical) column contains two pegs of the same color?

00

11

5!4!3!2!1!5! \cdot 4! \cdot 3! \cdot 2! \cdot 1!

15!5!4!3!2!1!\frac{15!}{5! \cdot 4! \cdot 3! \cdot 2! \cdot 1!}

15!15!

答案:B
难度评级:1370
小提示:

钉板正好有五行和五列,而黄色钉有五个。

There are exactly five rows and five columns, and five yellow pegs

大提示:

某种颜色的钉数等于可用线条数时,它们必须在每条对应线中各占一个位置,这会强制它们的位置。

Each color that has as many pegs as available lines must occupy exactly one peg in each such line, forcing its positions

解答:

钉板有五行和五列。为了避免同一行或同一列中出现两个黄色钉,每行和每列都必须恰有一个黄色钉,因此五个黄色钉的位置被确定在长对角线上。

接着,四个红色钉必须分别放在第 22 行至第 55 行中,剩余的位置也迫使它们排在一条对角线上。继续放置绿色、蓝色和橙色钉时,每种颜色的位置也都被唯一确定。

因此恰好有一种符合条件的放法。

所以正确答案是 B

The board has five rows and five columns. To avoid two yellow pegs in a row or column, there must be exactly one yellow peg in each row, forcing the yellow pegs onto the long diagonal.

The four red pegs must then each go in rows 22 through 5,5, and the only positions left force them into a single diagonal as well. Continuing with green, blue, and orange, every color is forced into a unique position.

Hence there is exactly one valid arrangement.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

沃尔特老师给一个只有五名学生的数学班举行考试。她把成绩按随机顺序输入电子表格,表格在每输入一个成绩后重新计算班级平均分。她注意到每次输入后,平均分总是整数。五个成绩按升序为 71717676808082829191。沃尔特老师最后输入的成绩是多少?

Mrs. Walter gave an exam in a mathematics class of five students. She entered the scores in random order into a spreadsheet, which recalculated the class average after each score was entered. Mrs. Walter noticed that after each score was entered, the average was always an integer. The scores (listed in ascending order) were 71,71, 76,76, 80,80, 82,82, and 91.91. What was the last score Mrs. Walter entered?

7171

7676

8080

8282

9191

答案:C
难度评级:1560
小提示:

nn 个输入成绩的和必须能被 nn 整除。

The sum of the first nn entered scores must be divisible by nn

大提示:

用这些成绩模 33 的余数来确定前三个可能的成绩。

Use the residues of the scores modulo 33 to pin down which three could be entered first

解答:

71,76,80,82,9171, 76, 80, 82, 91 除以 33 的余数分别是 2,1,2,1,12, 1, 2, 1, 1。前三个成绩的和必须能被 33 整除,唯一可行的三元组是 76+82+91=24976 + 82 + 91 = 249。因此第三个输入的成绩是 9191,前两个是 76768282

因为 24924944 的倍数多一,第四个成绩必须比 44 的倍数多三,只有 7171 符合;剩下 8080 作为第五个成绩。

确实,部分和 76,158,249,320,40076, 158, 249, 320, 400 分别能被 1,2,3,4,51, 2, 3, 4, 5 整除。

所以正确答案是 C

The residues of 71,76,80,82,9171, 76, 80, 82, 91 modulo 33 are 2,1,2,1,1.2, 1, 2, 1, 1. The sum of the first three scores must be divisible by 3,3, and the only such triple is 76+82+91=249,76 + 82 + 91 = 249, so the third score entered is 9191 and the first two are 7676 and 82.82.

Since 249249 is one more than a multiple of 4,4, the fourth score must be three more than a multiple of 4,4, which only 7171 satisfies. That leaves 8080 as the fifth and last score.

Indeed 76,158,249,320,40076, 158, 249, 320, 400 are divisible by 1,2,3,4,5.1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

两个非零实数 aabb 满足 ab=abab = a - b。求下面表达式的一个可能值:ab+baab\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab\text{。}

Two non-zero real numbers, aa and b,b, satisfy ab=ab.ab = a - b. Find a possible value of ab+baab.\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab.

2-2

12-\dfrac12

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

22

答案:E
难度评级:1420
小提示:

ab+ba\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} 通分到分母 abab

Combine ab+ba\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} over the common denominator abab

大提示:

abab 替换为 aba - b,替换位置在 (ab)2(ab)^2 中。

Replace abab with aba - b inside (ab)2(ab)^2

解答:

通分到分母 ababab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab = \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}\text{。}

代入 ab=abab = a - b,得到 a2+b2(ab)2ab=2abab=2\dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (a - b)^2}{ab} = \dfrac{2ab}{ab} = 2\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Over the common denominator ab,ab, ab+baab=a2+b2(ab)2ab.\dfrac{a}{b} + \dfrac{b}{a} - ab = \dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (ab)^2}{ab}.

Substituting ab=abab = a - b gives a2+b2(ab)2ab=2abab=2.\dfrac{a^2 + b^2 - (a - b)^2}{ab} = \dfrac{2ab}{ab} = 2.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

图中有 2828 个格点,每个格点与最近的相邻格点相距一个单位。线段 ABAB 与线段 CDCD 交于 EE。求线段 AEAE 的长度。

The diagram shows 2828 lattice points, each one unit from its nearest neighbors. Segment ABAB meets segment CDCD at E.E. Find the length of segment AE.AE.

453\dfrac{4\sqrt5}{3}

553\dfrac{5\sqrt5}{3}

1257\dfrac{12\sqrt5}{7}

252\sqrt5

5659\dfrac{5\sqrt{65}}{9}

答案:B
难度评级:1690
小提示:

取坐标 A=(0,3)A = (0, 3)B=(6,0)B = (6, 0)C=(4,2)C = (4, 2)D=(2,0)D = (2, 0)

Assign coordinates A=(0,3),A = (0, 3), B=(6,0),B = (6, 0), C=(4,2),C = (4, 2), D=(2,0)D = (2, 0)

大提示:

写出直线 ABABCDCD 的方程,并求交点 EE

Find the equations of lines ABAB and CDCD and solve for their intersection EE

解答:

取坐标 A=(0,3)A = (0, 3)B=(6,0)B = (6, 0)C=(4,2)C = (4, 2)D=(2,0)D = (2, 0)

直线 ABABx+2y=6x + 2y = 6,直线 CDCDxy=2x - y = 2。联立解得 E=(103,43)E = \left(\dfrac{10}{3}, \dfrac{4}{3}\right)

因此 AE=(103)2+(433)2=1009+259=553 \begin{aligned} AE &= \sqrt{\left(\dfrac{10}{3}\right)^2 + \left(\dfrac{4}{3} - 3\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\dfrac{100}{9} + \dfrac{25}{9}} \\ &= \dfrac{5\sqrt5}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Place the points at A=(0,3),A = (0, 3), B=(6,0),B = (6, 0), C=(4,2),C = (4, 2), D=(2,0).D = (2, 0).

Line ABAB is x+2y=6x + 2y = 6 and line CDCD is xy=2.x - y = 2. Solving simultaneously gives E=(103,43).E = \left(\dfrac{10}{3}, \dfrac{4}{3}\right).

Then AE=(103)2+(433)2=1009+259=553. \begin{aligned} AE &= \sqrt{\left(\dfrac{10}{3}\right)^2 + \left(\dfrac{4}{3} - 3\right)^2} \\ &= \sqrt{\dfrac{100}{9} + \dfrac{25}{9}} \\ &= \dfrac{5\sqrt5}{3}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

Boris 有一台神奇的换硬币机器。他放入一枚二十五分硬币,机器会吐出五枚五分硬币;放入一枚五分硬币,会吐出五枚一分硬币;放入一枚一分硬币,会吐出五枚二十五分硬币。Boris 一开始只有一枚一分硬币。反复使用这台机器后,他可能拥有下列哪一个金额?

Boris has an incredible coin changing machine. When he puts in a quarter, it returns five nickels; when he puts in a nickel, it returns five pennies; and when he puts in a penny, it returns five quarters. Boris starts with just one penny. Which of the following amounts could Boris have after using the machine repeatedly?

$3.63\$3.63

$5.13\$5.13

$6.30\$6.30

$7.45\$7.45

$9.07\$9.07

答案:D
难度评级:1750
小提示:

一枚二十五分硬币换五枚五分硬币,以及一枚五分硬币换五枚一分硬币,都不会改变总金额。

A quarter for five nickels and a nickel for five pennies each leave the total value unchanged

大提示:

只有一枚一分硬币换五枚二十五分硬币会改变总金额,并且每次都增加 $1.24\$1.24

Only the penny-for-five-quarters trade changes the total, always adding $1.24\$1.24

解答:

二十五分硬币换五分硬币,或五分硬币换一分硬币,都保持总金额不变。只有一分硬币换五枚二十五分硬币时,金额增加 5251=1245 \cdot 25 - 1 = 124 美分。

11 美分开始,Boris 的总金额总是 1+124n1 + 124n 美分,其中 nn 是非负整数。

只有 $7.45\$7.45 符合,因为 745=1+1246745 = 1 + 124 \cdot 6

所以正确答案是 D

Trading a quarter for five nickels or a nickel for five pennies does not change the total value. Only trading a penny for five quarters changes it, adding 5251=1245 \cdot 25 - 1 = 124 cents.

Starting from 11 cent, Boris always has 1+124n1 + 124n cents for some nonnegative integer n.n.

Only $7.45\$7.45 has this form, since 745=1+1246.745 = 1 + 124 \cdot 6.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

Charlyn 沿着边长均为 55 千米的正方形边界完整走一圈。在路径上的任意一点,她都能水平地看到所有方向 11 千米内的点。她行走过程中能看到的所有点组成的区域面积是多少平方千米?将答案四舍五入到最接近的整数。

Charlyn walks completely around the boundary of a square whose sides are each 55 km long. From any point on her path she can see exactly 11 km horizontally in all directions. What is the area of the region consisting of all points Charlyn can see during her walk, expressed in square kilometers and rounded to the nearest whole number?

2424

2727

3939

4040

4242

答案:C
难度评级:1820
小提示:

把可见区域分成正方形内部的部分和外部的部分。

Split the visible region into the part inside the square and the part outside it

大提示:

外部区域由四个 5×15 \times 1 的长方形和四个半径为 11 的四分之一圆组成。

Outside, the region is four 5×15 \times 1 rectangles plus four quarter circles of radius 11

解答:

在正方形内部,她能看到除去中央边长为 52=35 - 2 = 3 的正方形以外的所有区域,面积为 259=1625 - 9 = 16 平方千米。

在正方形外部,可见区域是四个 5×15 \times 1 的长方形加四个半径为 11 的四分之一圆,面积为 45+π=20+π4 \cdot 5 + \pi = 20 + \pi 平方千米。

总面积为 36+π3936 + \pi \approx 39 平方千米。

所以正确答案是 C

Inside the square, Charlyn sees everything except a central square of side 52=3,5 - 2 = 3, an area of 259=1625 - 9 = 16 square kilometers.

Outside the square, the region is four rectangles each 5×15 \times 1 plus four quarter circles of radius 1,1, an area of 45+π=20+π4 \cdot 5 + \pi = 20 + \pi square kilometers.

The total area is 36+π3936 + \pi \approx 39 square kilometers.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

过直角三角形斜边上的一点,作两条分别平行于两条直角边的直线,把三角形分成一个正方形和两个较小的直角三角形。若其中一个小直角三角形的面积是正方形面积的 mm 倍,则另一个小直角三角形面积与正方形面积的比是

Through a point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle, lines are drawn parallel to the legs of the triangle so that the triangle is divided into a square and two smaller right triangles. The area of one of the two small right triangles is mm times the area of the square. The ratio of the area of the other small right triangle to the area of the square is

12m+1\dfrac{1}{2m + 1}

mm

1m1 - m

14m\dfrac{1}{4m}

18m2\dfrac{1}{8m^2}

答案:D
难度评级:1750
小提示:

设正方形边长为 11,并让两个小三角形的直角边分别与正方形边相接。

Let the square have side 1,1, and let the two small triangles have legs matching the square’s sides

大提示:

两个小直角三角形相似,所以对应的另一条直角边长度互为倒数。

The two small triangles are similar, so their leg lengths are reciprocals

解答:

设正方形边长为 11。一个小三角形的直角边为 11rr,面积为 12r=m\tfrac12 r = m,所以 r=2mr = 2m

两个小三角形相似,因此另一个小三角形的直角边为 111r\tfrac1r,面积为 121r=14m\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac1r = \tfrac{1}{4m}

由于正方形面积为 11,所求比值是 14m\dfrac{1}{4m}

所以正确答案是 D

Let the square have side 1.1. One small triangle has legs 11 and r,r, with area 12r=m,\tfrac12 r = m, so r=2m.r = 2m.

The two small triangles are similar, so the other has legs 11 and 1r,\tfrac1r, with area 121r=14m.\tfrac12 \cdot \tfrac1r = \tfrac{1}{4m}.

Since the square has area 1,1, the desired ratio is 14m.\dfrac{1}{4m}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

AAMMCC 是非负整数,且 A+M+C=10A + M + C = 10。求下面表达式的最大值:AMC+AM+MC+CA \begin{aligned} &A \cdot M \cdot C + A \cdot M \\ &\quad {}+ M \cdot C + C \cdot A \end{aligned}\text{?}

Let A,A, M,M, and CC be nonnegative integers such that A+M+C=10.A + M + C = 10. What is the maximum value of AMC+AM+MC+CA? \begin{aligned} &A \cdot M \cdot C + A \cdot M \\ &\quad {}+ M \cdot C + C \cdot A? \end{aligned}

4949

5959

6969

7979

8989

答案:C
难度评级:1820
小提示:

给每个变量加 11,并展开 (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)

Add 11 to each variable and expand (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)

大提示:

原式等于 (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)11(A+1)(M+1)(C+1) - 11,所以要最大化三个和为 1313 的正整数的乘积。

The expression equals (A+1)(M+1)(C+1)11,(A+1)(M+1)(C+1) - 11, so maximize a product of three positive integers summing to 1313

解答:

注意 AMC+AM+MC+CA=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+M+C)1=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)11 \begin{gathered} A \cdot M \cdot C + AM + MC + CA \\ = (A+1)(M+1)(C+1) \\ {}- (A + M + C) - 1 \\ = (A+1)(M+1)(C+1) - 11 \end{gathered}\text{。}

现在要最大化三个正整数的乘积,它们的和为 1313。最平均的分配是 4,4,54, 4, 5,乘积为 445=804 \cdot 4 \cdot 5 = 80

因此原式的最大值为 8011=6980 - 11 = 69

所以正确答案是 C

Notice that AMC+AM+MC+CA=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)(A+M+C)1=(A+1)(M+1)(C+1)11. \begin{gathered} A \cdot M \cdot C + AM + MC + CA \\ = (A+1)(M+1)(C+1) \\ {}- (A + M + C) - 1 \\ = (A+1)(M+1)(C+1) - 11. \end{gathered}

We maximize a product of three positive integers summing to 13.13. The most balanced split is 4,4,5,4, 4, 5, giving 445=80.4 \cdot 4 \cdot 5 = 80.

The maximum is 8011=69.80 - 11 = 69.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

若所有短吻鳄都是凶猛生物,且有些爬行生物是短吻鳄,下列哪些陈述一定为真?

I. 所有短吻鳄都是爬行生物。

II. 有些凶猛生物是爬行生物。

III. 有些短吻鳄不是爬行生物。

If all alligators are ferocious creatures and some creepy crawlers are alligators, which statement(s) must be true?

I. All alligators are creepy crawlers.

II. Some ferocious creatures are creepy crawlers.

III. Some alligators are not creepy crawlers.

只有 I\mathrm{I}

I\mathrm{I} only

只有 II\mathrm{II}

II\mathrm{II} only

只有 III\mathrm{III}

III\mathrm{III} only

只有 II\mathrm{II}III\mathrm{III}

II\mathrm{II} and III\mathrm{III} only

没有一定为真的陈述

None must be true

答案:B
难度评级:1510
小提示:

有些爬行生物是短吻鳄,而每只短吻鳄都是凶猛生物。

Some creepy crawlers are alligators, and every alligator is ferocious

大提示:

画一个图,让所有短吻鳄都位于爬行生物之内,测试 I 和 III。

Test statements I and III by drawing a diagram where alligators sit entirely inside the creepy crawlers

解答:

有些爬行生物是短吻鳄,而所有短吻鳄都是凶猛生物,所以这些对象既是爬行生物,也是凶猛生物。因此有些凶猛生物是爬行生物,即 II 一定为真。

陈述 I 不一定成立,因为并非每只短吻鳄都必须是爬行生物;陈述 III 也不一定成立,因为所有短吻鳄都有可能都是爬行生物。因此只有 II 一定成立。

所以正确答案是 B

Some creepy crawlers are alligators, and all alligators are ferocious, so those creatures are both creepy crawlers and ferocious. Hence some ferocious creatures are creepy crawlers, making II true.

Statement I fails because not every alligator need be a creepy crawler, and III fails because it is possible that all alligators are creepy crawlers. Only II must hold.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

某天早上,Angela 家的每个人都喝了一杯 88 盎司的咖啡牛奶混合饮品。每杯中咖啡和牛奶的量可能不同,但都不为零。Angela 喝掉了全家牛奶总量的四分之一和咖啡总量的六分之一。Angela 家有多少人?

One morning each member of Angela’s family drank an 88-ounce mixture of coffee with milk. The amounts of coffee and milk varied from cup to cup, but were never zero. Angela drank a quarter of the total amount of milk and a sixth of the total amount of coffee. How many people are in the family?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:C
难度评级:1900
小提示:

Angela 的一杯饮品占全家饮品总量的 1n\tfrac1n

Angela’s cup is a fraction 1n\tfrac1n of everyone’s total drink

大提示:

她的一杯由总牛奶的 14\tfrac14 和总咖啡的 16\tfrac16 混合而成,所以 1n\tfrac1n 严格介于 16\tfrac1614\tfrac14 之间。

Her cup is a mix of 14\tfrac14 of the milk and 16\tfrac16 of the coffee, so 1n\tfrac1n lies strictly between 16\tfrac16 and 14\tfrac14

解答:

设共有 nn 人,总共喝了 8n8n 盎司,其中牛奶总量为 MM,咖啡总量为 CC。Angela 只喝了其中一杯,所以 14M+16C=1n(M+C)\tfrac14 M + \tfrac16 C = \tfrac1n (M + C)\text{。}

Angela 的一杯由总牛奶的 14\tfrac14 与总咖啡的 16\tfrac16 组成,所以 1n\tfrac1n 严格介于 16\tfrac1614\tfrac14 之间。这迫使 4<n<64 \lt n \lt 6,即 n=5n = 5

所以正确答案是 C

Let there be nn people, drinking 8n8n ounces total, split into milk MM and coffee C.C. Angela drank one cup, so 14M+16C=1n(M+C).\tfrac14 M + \tfrac16 C = \tfrac1n (M + C).

The left side is a weighted average of 14\tfrac14 and 16,\tfrac16, so 1n\tfrac1n lies strictly between 16\tfrac16 and 14.\tfrac14. That forces 4<n<6,4 \lt n \lt 6, so n=5.n = 5.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

将列表 10,2,5,2,4,2,x10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2, x 的平均数、中位数和众数按递增顺序排列后,它们形成一个非常数等差数列。所有可能的实数 xx 的和是多少?

When the mean, median, and mode of the list 10,2,5,2,4,2,x10, 2, 5, 2, 4, 2, x are arranged in increasing order, they form a non-constant arithmetic progression. What is the sum of all possible real values of x?x?

33

66

99

1717

2020

答案:E
难度评级:1950
小提示:

众数是 22,平均数是 25+x7\dfrac{25 + x}{7};中位数取决于 xx 的大小。

The mode is 22 and the mean is 25+x7;\dfrac{25 + x}{7}; the median depends on where xx falls

大提示:

xx 的大小分情况,并要求三个有序值等间隔。

Split into cases by the size of x,x, and require the three ordered values to be equally spaced

解答:

众数总是 22,平均数是 μ=25+x7\mu = \dfrac{25+x}{7}

x2x \leq 2,中位数也是 22。两个相等的数不可能属于一个非常数三项等差数列,所以这种情况没有解。

2<x<42 < x < 4,三个数按 2<x<μ2 < x < \mu 排列。它们恰好在 x2=μxx-2 = \mu-x 时构成等差数列。代入 μ\mux2=25+x7x x-2 = \dfrac{25+x}{7}-x\text{,}解得 x=3x=3

x4x \geq 4,中位数是 44,并且 μ>4\mu>4。因此条件是 42=μ4 4-2 = \mu-4\text{,}所以 μ=6\mu=6,且 x=17x=17

两个可能值是 331717,其和为 2020

所以正确答案是 E

The mode is always 2,2, and the mean is μ=25+x7.\mu = \dfrac{25+x}{7}.

If x2,x \leq 2, the median is also 2.2. Two equal values cannot belong to a non-constant three-term arithmetic progression, so this case gives no solutions.

If 2<x<4,2 < x < 4, the values occur in the order 2<x<μ.2 < x < \mu. They form an arithmetic progression exactly when x2=μx.x-2 = \mu-x. Substituting for μ\mu gives x2=25+x7x, x-2 = \dfrac{25+x}{7}-x, whose solution is x=3.x=3.

If x4,x \geq 4, the median is 44 and μ>4.\mu>4. Thus the condition is 42=μ4, 4-2 = \mu-4, so μ=6\mu=6 and x=17.x=17.

The two possible values are therefore 33 and 17,17, whose sum is 20.20.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

ff 为满足 f(x3)=x2+x+1f\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right) = x^2 + x + 1 的函数。求 zz 的所有可能值之和,其中 f(3z)=7f(3z) = 7

Let ff be a function for which f(x3)=x2+x+1.f\left(\dfrac{x}{3}\right) = x^2 + x + 1. Find the sum of all values of zz for which f(3z)=7.f(3z) = 7.

13-\dfrac13

19-\dfrac19

00

59\dfrac59

53\dfrac53

答案:B
难度评级:1690
小提示:

要计算所求函数值,可令 x3=3z\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z,所以 x=9zx = 9z

To make x3=3z,\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z, set x=9zx = 9z

大提示:

这样会得到关于 zz 的二次方程;用根和公式 ba-\dfrac{b}{a}

This gives a quadratic in z;z; use the sum-of-roots formula ba-\dfrac{b}{a}

解答:

为了计算 f(3z)f(3z),令 x3=3z\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z,所以 x=9zx = 9z。于是 f(3z)=(9z)2+9z+1=81z2+9z+1 \begin{aligned} f(3z) &= (9z)^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 81z^2 + 9z + 1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

令它等于 77,得到 81z2+9z6=081z^2 + 9z - 6 = 0

由根和公式,所有 zz 的和为 981=19-\dfrac{9}{81} = -\dfrac19

所以正确答案是 B

To evaluate f(3z),f(3z), set x3=3z,\dfrac{x}{3} = 3z, so x=9z.x = 9z. Then f(3z)=(9z)2+9z+1=81z2+9z+1. \begin{aligned} f(3z) &= (9z)^2 + 9z + 1 \\ &= 81z^2 + 9z + 1. \end{aligned}

Setting this equal to 77 gives 81z2+9z6=0.81z^2 + 9z - 6 = 0.

By the sum-of-roots formula, the sum of the values of zz is 981=19.-\dfrac{9}{81} = -\dfrac19.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

NN 年,第 300300 天是星期二。在 N+1N + 1 年,第 200200 天也是星期二。那么 N1N - 1 年的第 100100 天是星期几?

In year N,N, the 300300th day of the year is a Tuesday. In year N+1,N + 1, the 200200th day is also a Tuesday. On what day of the week did the 100100th day of year N1N - 1 occur?

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

星期日

Sunday

星期一

Monday

答案:A
难度评级:1860
小提示:

两个日期在同一星期几,当且仅当它们相隔的天数是 77 的倍数。

Two dates fall on the same weekday exactly when the number of days between them is a multiple of 77

大提示:

数一数从第 300300 天(NN 年)到第 200200 天(N+1N+1 年)有多少天,以判断 NN 年是否为闰年。

Count the days from day 300300 of year NN to day 200200 of year N+1N+1 to decide whether NN is a leap year

解答:

从第 300300 天(NN 年)到第 200200 天(N+1N + 1 年)相隔 (L300)+200(L - 300) + 200 天,其中 LLNN 年的天数。若 NN 不是闰年,相隔 2656(mod7)265 \equiv 6 \pmod 7 天,对应星期一而不是星期二。所以 NN 是闰年,相隔 266=738266 = 7 \cdot 38 天,正好仍是星期二。

所以 N1N - 1 年和 N+1N + 1 年都不是闰年。

100100 天(N1N - 1 年)比星期二(第 300300 天,NN 年)早 (365100)+300=565(365 - 100) + 300 = 565 天。由于 565=780+5565 = 7 \cdot 80 + 5,它比星期二早 55 天,也就是星期四。

所以正确答案是 A

From day 300300 of year NN to day 200200 of year N+1N + 1 is (L300)+200(L - 300) + 200 days, where LL is the length of year N.N. If NN were not a leap year, this is 2656(mod7),265 \equiv 6 \pmod 7, giving a Monday, not a Tuesday. So year NN is a leap year, and the count is 266=738,266 = 7 \cdot 38, consistent with Tuesday.

Then years N1N - 1 and N+1N + 1 are not leap years.

The 100100th day of year N1N - 1 precedes the Tuesday (day 300300 of year NN) by (365100)+300=565(365 - 100) + 300 = 565 days. Since 565=780+5,565 = 7 \cdot 80 + 5, that day is 55 days earlier in the week than Tuesday, which is a Thursday.

Thus, the correct answer is A.