2023 AMC 10A 第 21 题

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21.

存在一个首项系数为 11、次数最小且唯一的多项式 P(x)P(x),满足以下所有条件:

11P(x)1P(x) - 1 的一个根,22P(x2)P(x - 2) 的一个根,33P(3x)P(3x) 的一个根,且 444P(x)4P(x) 的一个根。

除一个根外,P(x)P(x) 的所有根都是整数。若唯一的非整数根可写成 mn\frac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数,求 m+nm + n

There is a unique polynomial P(x)P(x) of least degree with leading coefficient 11 satisfying all of the following:

11 is a root of P(x)1,P(x) - 1, 22 is a root of P(x2),P(x - 2), 33 is a root of P(3x),P(3x), and 44 is a root of 4P(x).4P(x).

All the roots of P(x)P(x) except one are integers. If the one non-integer root can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers, what is m+n?m + n?

4141

4343

4545

4747

4949

答案:D
知识点:多项式换元法
难度评级:2120
解答:

把每个条件翻译成函数值:P(1)=1P(1) = 1P(0)=0P(0) = 0P(9)=0P(9) = 0P(4)=0P(4) = 0。所以 0,4,90, 4, 9 是根。三次多项式可以吗?带这些根的首一三次多项式有 P(1)=(1)(3)(8)=241P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8) = 24 \ne 1,所以不行。次数最小的首一多项式是 44 次:P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc)P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c)。现在 P(1)=(1)(3)(8)(1c)P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8)(1 - c) =24(1c)= 24(1 - c) =1= 1,所以 1c=1241 - c = \frac{1}{24},且 c=2324c = \frac{23}{24}。这就是唯一的非整数根,因此 m+n=23+24=47m + n = 23 + 24 = 47。因此,正确答案是 D

Translate each condition into a value: P(1)=1,P(1) = 1, P(0)=0,P(0) = 0, P(9)=0,P(9) = 0, and P(4)=0.P(4) = 0. So 0,4,90, 4, 9 are roots. Could a cubic do it? A monic cubic with those roots has P(1)=(1)(3)(8)=241,P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8) = 24 \ne 1, so no. The least-degree monic polynomial is degree 4:4: P(x)=x(x4)(x9)(xc).P(x) = x(x - 4)(x - 9)(x - c). Now P(1)=(1)(3)(8)(1c)P(1) = (1)(-3)(-8)(1 - c) =24(1c)= 24(1 - c) =1,= 1, so 1c=1241 - c = \frac{1}{24} and c=2324.c = \frac{23}{24}. That's the lone non-integer root, so m+n=23+24=47.m + n = 23 + 24 = 47. Thus, D is the correct answer.

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