2012 AMC 10B 第 21 题

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21.

平面上有四个不同的点,它们两两相连得到的六条线段长度分别为 aaaaaaaa2a2abb。求 bbaa 的比值。

Four distinct points are arranged in a plane so that the segments connecting them have lengths a,a, a,a, a,a, a,a, 2a,2a, and b.b. What is the ratio of bb to a?a?

3\sqrt{3}

22

5\sqrt{5}

33

π\pi

答案:A
知识点:等边三角形圆周角勾股定理
难度评级:1930
解答:

把四条长度为 aa 的线段看成以这四个点为顶点的图的边。若其中没有三角形,它们就会构成一个 44 环,而长度为 2a2a 的线段会是它的一条对角线。另外两个点各自给出一条总长为 2a2a 的两边路径,连接该对角线的两个端点。三角不等式取等号会迫使两个中间点都成为这条对角线的中点,与四点互异矛盾。因此有三个点构成边长为 a;a; 的等边三角形,记为 A,B,C.A,B,C.

第四个点 DD 到其中一点(设为 A,A,)的距离为 aa,到另一点(设为 B.B.)的距离为 2a2a。由于 BA+AD=BD,BA+AD=BD,B,A,DB,A,D 共线,且 AABD.\overline{BD}. 的中点。因此 BDBD 是过 B,C,DB,C,D、圆心为 A,A, 的圆的直径,所以 BCD\triangle BCD 是直角三角形。

于是 b2=(2a)2a2=3a2b^2=(2a)^2-a^2=3a^2,所以 b/a=3b/a=\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 A

Regard the four length-aa segments as edges of a graph on the four points. If they contained no triangle, they would form a 44-cycle. The length-2a2a segment would then be one of its diagonals. Each of the other two points gives a two-edge path of total length 2a2a between the diagonal's endpoints. Equality in the triangle inequality would force both intermediate points to be the midpoint of that diagonal, contradicting that the four points are distinct. Therefore three points do form an equilateral triangle of side a;a; call them A,B,C.A,B,C.

The fourth point DD is distance aa from one of these points, say A,A, and distance 2a2a from another, say B.B. Because BA+AD=BD,BA+AD=BD, the points B,A,DB,A,D are collinear and AA is the midpoint of BD.\overline{BD}. Thus BDBD is a diameter of the circle through B,C,DB,C,D centered at A,A, so BCD\triangle BCD is right.

Thus b2=(2a)2a2=3a2b^2=(2a)^2-a^2=3a^2, so b/a=3b/a=\sqrt3.

Thus, A is the correct answer.

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