2009 AMC 10B 真题

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1.

Jane 在五天工作周的每天早上,都会买一个 5050 美分的松饼或一个 7575 美分的贝果。她这一周的总花费是整数美元。她买了多少个贝果?

Each morning of her five-day workweek, Jane bought either a 5050-cent muffin or a 7575-cent bagel. Her total cost for the week was a whole number of dollars. How many bagels did she buy?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:B
知识点:模运算钱币
难度评级:720
小提示:

如果买了 bb 个贝果,总价为 50(5b)+75b50(5-b)+75b 美分。

With bb bagels the total is 50(5b)+75b50(5-b)+75b cents

大提示:

整数美元表示总价是 100100 的倍数。

A whole number of dollars means that total is a multiple of 100100

解答:

如果 Jane 买了 bb 个贝果,则她买了 5b5-b 个松饼,总价为 50(5b)+75b=250+25b 50(5-b)+75b = 250+25b 美分。当 250+25b250+25b100100 的倍数时,总价为整数美元,也就是 25b50(mod100)25b\equiv50\pmod{100},所以 b2(mod4)b\equiv2\pmod4

0b50\le b\le5 中,唯一可能是 b=2b=2

所以正确答案是 B

If Jane buys bb bagels, she buys 5b5-b muffins, for a total of 50(5b)+75b=250+25b 50(5-b)+75b = 250+25b cents. This is a whole number of dollars when 250+25b250+25b is a multiple of 100,100, that is, when 25b50(mod100),25b\equiv50\pmod{100}, or b2(mod4).b\equiv2\pmod4.

The only value with 0b50\le b\le5 is b=2.b=2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

2.

下列哪一项等于 1314  1213 \dfrac{\frac13-\frac14\ }{\ \frac12-\frac13\ }\text{?}

Which of the following is equal to 1314  1213 ?\dfrac{\frac13-\frac14\ }{\ \frac12-\frac13\ }?

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

12\dfrac12

23\dfrac23

34\dfrac34

答案:C
知识点:分数
难度评级:720
小提示:

将分子和分母同乘 1212

Multiply the numerator and denominator by 1212

大提示:

1314=112\dfrac13-\dfrac14=\dfrac1{12},且 1213=16\dfrac12-\dfrac13=\dfrac16

1314=112\dfrac13-\dfrac14=\dfrac1{12} and 1213=16\dfrac12-\dfrac13=\dfrac16

解答:

小分数的最小公分母是 1212,所以分子和分母同乘 121213141213=4364=12 \dfrac{\frac13-\frac14}{\frac12-\frac13}=\dfrac{4-3}{6-4}=\dfrac12\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The least common denominator of the small fractions is 12,12, so multiply top and bottom by 12:12: 13141213=4364=12. \dfrac{\frac13-\frac14}{\frac12-\frac13}=\dfrac{4-3}{6-4}=\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

油漆工 Paula 原本刚好有足够油漆粉刷 3030 间同样大小的房间。不幸的是,在去上班的路上,有三桶油漆从她的卡车上掉了下来,所以她剩下的油漆只够粉刷 2525 间房。她粉刷这 2525 间房用了多少桶油漆?

Paula the painter had just enough paint for 3030 identically sized rooms. Unfortunately, on the way to work, three cans of paint fell off her truck, so she had only enough paint for 2525 rooms. How many cans of paint did she use for the 2525 rooms?

1010

1212

1515

1818

2525

答案:C
知识点:比与比例速率
难度评级:870
小提示:

少了 33 桶油漆,正好少粉刷 55 间房。

Losing 33 cans cost her exactly 55 rooms

大提示:

每间房需要 35\dfrac{3}{5} 桶油漆。

The paint-per-room rate is 35\dfrac{3}{5} of a can

解答:

丢失的 33 桶油漆本来可以粉刷 3025=530-25=5 间房,所以每间房需要 35\dfrac35 桶。

2525 间房需要 3525=15\dfrac35\cdot25=15 桶油漆。

所以正确答案是 C

The lost 33 cans would have painted 3025=530-25=5 rooms, so each room takes 35\dfrac35 of a can.

For 2525 rooms she used 3525=15\dfrac35\cdot25=15 cans.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

一个长方形院子里有两块花坛,形状为全等的等腰直角三角形。院子的其余部分如图所示为梯形。梯形的平行边长为 1515 米和 2525 米。花坛占整个院子的几分之几?

A rectangular yard contains two flower beds in the shape of congruent isosceles right triangles. The remainder of the yard has a trapezoidal shape, as shown. The parallel sides of the trapezoid have lengths 1515 and 2525 meters. What fraction of the yard is occupied by the flower beds?

18\dfrac18

16\dfrac16

15\dfrac15

14\dfrac14

13\dfrac13

答案:C
难度评级:960
小提示:

每个三角形的直角边长是 251525-15 的一半。

Each triangle’s legs are half of 251525-15

大提示:

将两个三角形的总面积与 25×525\times5 的整个长方形面积比较。

Compare the total triangle area to the full rectangle of dimensions 25×525\times5

解答:

两条平行边相差 2515=1025-15=10,平均分到两个三角形上,所以每个等腰直角三角形的直角边为 55,面积为 1252=252\dfrac12\cdot5^2=\dfrac{25}{2}

两块花坛总面积为 2525 平方米。长方形长 2525、宽 55,面积为 125125。所占比例为 25125=15\dfrac{25}{125}=\dfrac15

所以正确答案是 C

The two parallel sides differ by 2515=10,25-15=10, split evenly between the two triangles, so each isosceles right triangle has legs of length 55 and area 1252=252.\dfrac12\cdot5^2=\dfrac{25}{2}.

Together the beds cover 2525 square meters. The rectangle has length 2525 and width 5,5, so area 125.125. The fraction is 25125=15.\dfrac{25}{125}=\dfrac15.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

6060 少百分之二十的数,比哪个数多三分之一?

Twenty percent less than 6060 is one-third more than what number?

1616

3030

3232

3636

4848

答案:D
难度评级:870
小提示:

6060 少百分之二十是 4560\dfrac45\cdot60

Twenty percent less than 6060 is 4560\dfrac45\cdot60

大提示:

nn 多三分之一是 43n\dfrac43 n

One-third more than nn is 43n\dfrac43 n

解答:

6060 少百分之二十是 4560=48\dfrac45\cdot60=48

若未知数为 nn,则比 nn 多三分之一为 43n\dfrac43 n,所以 43n=48 \dfrac43 n=48 n=36 n=36\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Twenty percent less than 6060 is 4560=48.\dfrac45\cdot60=48.

If nn is the unknown number, one-third more than nn is 43n,\dfrac43 n, so 43n=48 \dfrac43 n=48 n=36. n=36.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

Kiana 有两个年纪比她大的双胞胎哥哥。他们三人的年龄乘积为 128128。三人的年龄和是多少?

Kiana has two older twin brothers. The product of their three ages is 128.128. What is the sum of their three ages?

1010

1212

1616

1818

2424

答案:D
难度评级:960
小提示:

每个年龄都整除 128=27128=2^7,而双胞胎年龄相同。

Every age divides 128=27,128=2^7, and the twins share one age

大提示:

如果双胞胎年龄为 tt,Kiana 年龄为 kk,则 t2k=128t^2 k=128,且 k<tk\lt t

If the twins are tt and Kiana is k,k, then t2k=128t^2 k=128 with k<tk\lt t

解答:

因为 128=27128=2^7,每个年龄都是 22 的幂。设双胞胎的共同年龄为 tt,Kiana 的年龄为 kk,则需要 t2k=128t^2k=128,且 k<tk\lt t

写成 t=2jt=2^j。于是 k=272jk=2^{7-2j}。为了使 kk 为正整数年龄,需要 72j07-2j\ge0,所以 j3j\le3。因为 Kiana 比双胞胎小,72j<j7-2j\lt j,所以 j3j\ge3。因此 j=3j=3,得到 t=8t=8k=2k=2。年龄和为 8+8+2=188+8+2=18

所以正确答案是 D

Since 128=27,128=2^7, every age is a power of 2.2. Writing the twins’ common age as tt and Kiana’s as k,k, we need t2k=128t^2k=128 with k<t.k\lt t.

Write t=2j.t=2^j. Then k=272j.k=2^{7-2j}. For kk to be a positive integer age we need 72j0,7-2j\ge0, so j3.j\le3. Because Kiana is younger than the twins, 72j<j,7-2j\lt j, so j3.j\ge3. Therefore j=3,j=3, giving t=8t=8 and k=2.k=2. The sum is 8+8+2=18.8+8+2=18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

通过插入括号,表达式 2×3+4×52\times3+4\times5 可以得到若干个值。能得到多少个不同的值?

By inserting parentheses, it is possible to give the expression 2×3+4×52\times3+4\times5 several values. How many different values can be obtained?

22

33

44

55

66

答案:C
难度评级:1050
小提示:

判断哪一个运算最后进行。

Decide which operation is performed last

大提示:

尝试诸如 (2×3)+(4×5)(2\times3)+(4\times5)(2×3+4)×5(2\times3+4)\times5 的分组。

Try groupings such as (2×3)+(4×5)(2\times3)+(4\times5) and (2×3+4)×5(2\times3+4)\times5

解答:

四个数和三个运算共有五种完整的加括号方式。逐一计算可得

((2×3)+4)×5=50((2\times3)+4)\times5=50,而 (2×(3+4))×5=70(2\times(3+4))\times5=70

(2×3)+(4×5)=26(2\times3)+(4\times5)=26

2×((3+4)×5)=702\times((3+4)\times5)=70,而 2×(3+(4×5))=462\times(3+(4\times5))=46

因此不同的结果是 26,46,5026, 46, 507070,共 44 个。

所以正确答案是 C

There are five full parenthesizations of four numbers joined by three operations. Evaluating all five gives

((2×3)+4)×5=50((2\times3)+4)\times5=50 and (2×(3+4))×5=70.(2\times(3+4))\times5=70.

(2×3)+(4×5)=26.(2\times3)+(4\times5)=26.

2×((3+4)×5)=702\times((3+4)\times5)=70 and 2×(3+(4×5))=46.2\times(3+(4\times5))=46.

Thus the distinct values are 26,46,50,26, 46, 50, and 70,70, for a total of 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

8.

某一年,汽油价格在一月上涨 20%20\%,二月下降 20%20\%,三月上涨 25%25\%,四月下降 x%x\%。四月底的汽油价格与一月初相同。四舍五入到最接近的整数,xx 是多少?

In a certain year the price of gasoline rose by 20%20\% during January, fell by 20%20\% during February, rose by 25%25\% during March, and fell by x%x\% during April. The price of gasoline at the end of April was the same as it had been at the beginning of January. To the nearest integer, what is x?x?

1212

1717

2020

2525

3535

答案:B
难度评级:1170
小提示:

三月底价格是起始价格的 (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)(1.2)(0.8)(1.25) 倍。

After March the price is (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)(1.2)(0.8)(1.25) times the starting price

大提示:

四月必须消去一个 1.21.2 的因子。

April must divide out a factor of 1.21.2

解答:

设起始价格为 pp。三月底的价格为 (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)p=1.2p (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)p=1.2p\text{。}四月降价后要回到 pp,所以要减少 0.2p0.2p,占当时价格的百分比为 x=1000.2p1.2p=100616.7 x=100\cdot\dfrac{0.2p}{1.2p}=\dfrac{100}{6}\approx16.7\text{。}

四舍五入后,x=17x=17

所以正确答案是 B

Let pp be the starting price. After March the price is (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)p=1.2p. (1.2)(0.8)(1.25)p=1.2p. The April drop must return it to p,p, so it removes 0.2p,0.2p, a fraction x=1000.2p1.2p=100616.7. x=100\cdot\dfrac{0.2p}{1.2p}=\dfrac{100}{6}\approx16.7.

To the nearest integer, x=17.x=17.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

9.

如图,线段 BDBDAEAE 交于 CC,且 AB=BC=CD=CEAB=BC=CD=CE,并且 A=52B\angle A=\dfrac52\angle BD\angle D 的度数是多少?

Segment BDBD and AEAE intersect at C,C, as shown, AB=BC=CD=CE,AB=BC=CD=CE, and A=52B.\angle A=\dfrac52\angle B. What is the degree measure of D?\angle D?

52.552.5

5555

57.557.5

6060

62.562.5

答案:A
难度评级:1240
小提示:

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=BCAB=BC,所以 A=C\angle A=\angle C

In ABC,\triangle ABC, AB=BCAB=BC so A=C\angle A=\angle C

大提示:

由对顶角,DCE\angle DCE 等于 ACB\angle ACB,且 CDE\triangle CDE 是等腰三角形。

DCE\angle DCE equals ACB\angle ACB by vertical angles, and CDE\triangle CDE is isosceles

解答:

因为 ABC\triangle ABCAB=BCAB=BC,所以 A=C\angle A=\angle C。又 A=52B\angle A=\dfrac52\angle B,由内角和得 52B+52B+B=180 \dfrac52\angle B+\dfrac52\angle B+\angle B=180^\circ\text{,}所以 B=30\angle B=30^\circ,且 ACB=75\angle ACB=75^\circ

由对顶角,DCE=75\angle DCE=75^\circ。又 CD=CECD=CE,所以三角形 CDECDE 为等腰三角形,满足 2D+75=180 2\angle D+75^\circ=180^\circ\text{,}从而 D=52.5\angle D=52.5^\circ

所以正确答案是 A

Since ABC\triangle ABC is isosceles with AB=BC,AB=BC, we have A=C.\angle A=\angle C. With A=52B,\angle A=\dfrac52\angle B, the angle sum gives 52B+52B+B=180, \dfrac52\angle B+\dfrac52\angle B+\angle B=180^\circ, so B=30\angle B=30^\circ and ACB=75.\angle ACB=75^\circ.

By vertical angles DCE=75.\angle DCE=75^\circ. Since CD=CE,CD=CE, triangle CDECDE is isosceles, so 2D+75=180, 2\angle D+75^\circ=180^\circ, giving D=52.5.\angle D=52.5^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

一根旗杆原本高 55 米。飓风使旗杆在离地 xx 米处折断,折断的上半部分仍连在残桩上,并触地于离底座 11 米处。求 xx 的值。

A flagpole is originally 55 meters tall. A hurricane snaps the flagpole at a point xx meters above the ground so that the upper part, still attached to the stump, touches the ground 11 meter away from the base. What is x?x?

2.02.0

2.12.1

2.22.2

2.32.3

2.42.4

答案:E
难度评级:1140
小提示:

折断部分长度为 5x5-x,并构成斜边。

The broken piece has length 5x5-x and forms the hypotenuse

大提示:

x2+12=(5x)2x^2+1^2=(5-x)^2

x2+12=(5x)2x^2+1^2=(5-x)^2

解答:

竖直残桩高为 xx,长度为 5x5-x 的折断部分是直角三角形的斜边,两条直角边为 xx11。由勾股定理,x2+12=(5x)2=x210x+25 \begin{aligned} x^2+1^2 &= (5-x)^2 \\ &= x^2-10x+25 \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 10x=2410x=24,从而 x=2.4x=2.4

所以正确答案是 E

The standing stump has height x,x, and the snapped piece of length 5x5-x is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs xx and 1.1. By the Pythagorean Theorem, x2+12=(5x)2=x210x+25, \begin{aligned} x^2+1^2 &= (5-x)^2 \\ &= x^2-10x+25, \end{aligned} so 10x=2410x=24 and x=2.4.x=2.4.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

可以用以下数字组成多少个 77 位回文数(即从前往后读和从后往前读相同的数):22223333555555

How many 77-digit palindromes (numbers that read the same backward as forward) can be formed using the digits 2,2, 2,2, 3,3, 3,3, 5,5, 5,5, 5?5?

66

1212

2424

3636

4848

答案:A
难度评级:1170
小提示:

77 位回文数中,中间数字出现奇数次。

In a 77-digit palindrome the middle digit appears an odd number of times

大提示:

前三位决定后三位;数一数前三位的排列。

The first three digits determine the last three; count their orderings

解答:

77 位回文数的中间数字单独使用一次,其余外侧三对数字各出现两次。只有 55 出现奇数次,所以 55 必须在中间。

剩余数字 2,3,52,3,5 填入前三个位置,再镜像到后三个位置。共有 3!=63!=6 种排列。

所以正确答案是 A

A 77-digit palindrome has the form with the middle digit used once and the outer three digits each used twice. Only 55 appears an odd number of times, so 55 must be the middle digit.

The remaining digits 2,3,52,3,5 fill the first three positions in some order and mirror to the last three. There are 3!=63!=6 such orderings.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

12.

不同点 AABBCCDD 在一条直线上,且 AB=BC=CD=1AB=BC=CD=1。点 EEFF 在第二条直线上,该直线与第一条平行,且 EF=1EF=1。用这六个点中的三个点作为顶点,可以形成面积为正的三角形。这样的三角形面积有多少种可能值?

Distinct points A,A, B,B, C,C, and DD lie on a line, with AB=BC=CD=1.AB=BC=CD=1. Points EE and FF lie on a second line, parallel to the first, with EF=1.EF=1. A triangle with positive area has three of the six points as its vertices. How many possible values are there for the area of the triangle?

33

44

55

66

77

答案:A
难度评级:1310
小提示:

高是两条平行线之间的固定距离。

The height is the fixed distance between the two parallel lines

大提示:

统计任一条直线上可作为底边的不同长度。

Count the distinct base lengths available on either line

解答:

面积为正的三角形必须在一条直线上取两个点作底边,并在另一条直线上取一个点作顶点。

高始终是两条平行线之间的固定距离,所以面积只取决于底边长度。第一条直线上的底边长度可以是 1,21, 233,第二条直线上的底边长度是 11。所以不同底边长度为 1,2,31, 2, 3,共有三种可能的面积。

所以正确答案是 A

A positive-area triangle uses two points on one line as its base and one point on the other line as its apex. The height is always the fixed distance between the lines, so the area depends only on the base length.

Bases on the first line can be 1,2,1, 2, or 3;3; a base on the second line is 1.1. So the distinct base lengths are 1,2,3,1, 2, 3, giving three possible areas.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

如下图,凸五边形 ABCDEABCDE 的边长为 AB=3AB=3BC=4BC=4CD=6CD=6DE=3DE=3EA=7EA=7。五边形最初放在平面上,顶点 AA 在原点,顶点 BBxx 轴正半轴上。随后五边形沿 xx 轴向右顺时针滚动。哪一条边会接触到 xx 轴上 x=2009x=2009 的点?

As shown below, convex pentagon ABCDEABCDE has sides AB=3,AB=3, BC=4,BC=4, CD=6,CD=6, DE=3,DE=3, and EA=7.EA=7. The pentagon is originally positioned in the plane with vertex AA at the origin and vertex BB on the positive xx-axis. The pentagon is then rolled clockwise to the right along the xx-axis. Which side will touch the point x=2009x=2009 on the xx-axis?

AB\overline{AB}

BC\overline{BC}

CD\overline{CD}

DE\overline{DE}

EA\overline{EA}

答案:C
难度评级:1480
小提示:

周长为 2323,且 2009=2387+82009=23\cdot87+8

The perimeter is 23,23, and 2009=2387+82009=23\cdot87+8

大提示:

完整滚动 8787 圈后,追踪顶点 A,B,C,DA, B, C, D 落在哪里。

After 8787 full turns, track where vertices A,B,C,DA, B, C, D land

解答:

五边形周长为 3+4+6+3+7=233+4+6+3+7=23。完整滚动一圈使接触点前进 2323,且 2009=2387+82009=23\cdot87+8

8787 圈后,顶点 AA 位于 x=2387=2001x=23\cdot87=2001,顶点 BB 位于 20042004。继续滚动,CC2004+4=20082004+4=2008 处接触,DD2008+6=20142008+6=2014 处接触。

因为 20092009 位于 2008200820142014 之间,所以边 CD\overline{CD} 接触该点。

所以正确答案是 C

The pentagon has perimeter 3+4+6+3+7=23.3+4+6+3+7=23. One full roll advances the contact point by 23,23, and 2009=2387+8.2009=23\cdot87+8.

After 8787 rolls, vertex AA sits at x=2387=2001x=23\cdot87=2001 and BB at 2004.2004. Rolling further, CC touches at 2004+4=20082004+4=2008 and DD at 2008+6=2014.2008+6=2014.

Since 20092009 lies between 20082008 and 2014,2014, side CD\overline{CD} touches that point.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

14.

星期一,Millie 往喂鸟器中放入一夸脱种子,其中 25%25\% 是小米。之后每天她都会再加入一夸脱同样配比的种子,不取出剩下的种子。每天鸟只吃掉喂鸟器中小米的 25%25\%,但会吃掉所有其他种子。在哪一天,Millie 刚放入种子后,鸟会发现喂鸟器中超过一半的种子是小米?

On Monday, Millie puts a quart of seeds, 25%25\% of which are millet, into a bird feeder. On each successive day she adds another quart of the same mix of seeds without removing any seeds that are left. Each day the birds eat only 25%25\% of the millet in the feeder, but they eat all of the other seeds. On which day, just after Millie has placed the seeds, will the birds find that more than half the seeds in the feeder are millet?

星期二

Tuesday

星期三

Wednesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

答案:D
难度评级:1660
小提示:

每天留下的小米乘以 34\dfrac34,再加入 14\dfrac14 夸脱。

Each day the standing millet is multiplied by 34,\dfrac34, then 14\dfrac14 quart is added

大提示:

其他种子总是 34\dfrac34 夸脱;求小米何时首次超过它。

Other seeds always total 34\dfrac34 quart; find when millet first exceeds that

解答:

每夸脱新种子加入 14\dfrac14 夸脱小米,鸟会留下已有小米的 34\dfrac34。第 nn 天加入后的小米量为 14(1+34++(34)n1)=1(34)n \begin{gathered} \dfrac14\left(1+\dfrac34+\cdots+\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^{n-1}\right) \\ = 1-\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^{n} \end{gathered}\text{。}

其他种子总量始终为 34\dfrac34 夸脱。小米超过种子总量的一半时,满足 1(34)n>341-\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^n\gt\dfrac34,即 (34)n<14\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^n\lt\dfrac14

由于 (34)4=81256>14\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^4=\dfrac{81}{256}\gt\dfrac14,而 (34)5=2431024<14\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^5=\dfrac{243}{1024}\lt\dfrac14,所以第一次发生在第 55 天,即星期五。

所以正确答案是 D

Each quart adds 14\dfrac14 quart of millet, and the birds leave 34\dfrac34 of the standing millet. On day nn the millet present is 14(1+34++(34)n1)=1(34)n. \begin{gathered} \dfrac14\left(1+\dfrac34+\cdots+\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^{n-1}\right) \\ = 1-\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^{n}. \end{gathered}

The other seeds always total 34\dfrac34 quart. Millet exceeds half when 1(34)n>34,1-\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^n\gt\dfrac34, i.e. (34)n<14.\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^n\lt\dfrac14.

Since (34)4=81256>14\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^4=\dfrac{81}{256}\gt\dfrac14 but (34)5=2431024<14,\Big(\dfrac34\Big)^5=\dfrac{243}{1024}\lt\dfrac14, this first happens on day 5,5, which is Friday.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

当一个桶装满三分之二的水时,桶和水共重 aa 千克。当这个桶装满二分之一的水时,总重量为 bb 千克。用 aabb 表示,桶装满水时总重多少千克?

When a bucket is two-thirds full of water, the bucket and water weigh aa kilograms. When the bucket is one-half full of water the total weight is bb kilograms. In terms of aa and b,b, what is the total weight in kilograms when the bucket is full of water?

23a+13b\dfrac23 a+\dfrac13 b

32a12b\dfrac32 a-\dfrac12 b

32a+b\dfrac32 a+b

32a+2b\dfrac32 a+2b

3a2b3a-2b

答案:E
难度评级:1310
小提示:

设空桶重量为 xx,满桶水的重量为 yy

Let xx be the empty bucket’s weight and yy a full load of water

大提示:

x+12y=bx+\dfrac12 y=bx+23y=ax+\dfrac23 y=a 中减去,求出 yy

Subtract x+12y=bx+\dfrac12 y=b from x+23y=ax+\dfrac23 y=a to find yy

解答:

设空桶重 xx,满桶水重 yy。则 x+23y=ax+\dfrac23 y=a 并且 x+12y=bx+\dfrac12 y=b\text{。}

两式相减得 16y=ab\dfrac16 y=a-b,所以 y=6a6by=6a-6b,且 x=b12y=4b3ax=b-\dfrac12 y=4b-3a。装满水时的总重量为 x+y=(4b3a)+(6a6b)=3a2b \begin{aligned} x+y &= (4b-3a)+(6a-6b) \\ &= 3a-2b \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Let xx be the bucket’s weight and yy the weight of a full load of water. Then x+23y=ax+\dfrac23 y=a and x+12y=b.x+\dfrac12 y=b.

Subtracting gives 16y=ab,\dfrac16 y=a-b, so y=6a6b,y=6a-6b, and x=b12y=4b3a.x=b-\dfrac12 y=4b-3a. The full bucket weighs x+y=(4b3a)+(6a6b)=3a2b. \begin{aligned} x+y &= (4b-3a)+(6a-6b) \\ &= 3a-2b. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is E.

16.

AACC 在以 OO 为圆心的圆上,BA\overline{BA}BC\overline{BC} 都与该圆相切,并且 ABC\triangle ABC 是等边三角形。圆与 BO\overline{BO} 交于 DD。求 BDBO\dfrac{BD}{BO} 的值。

Points AA and CC lie on a circle centered at O,O, each of BA\overline{BA} and BC\overline{BC} are tangent to the circle, and ABC\triangle ABC is equilateral. The circle intersects BO\overline{BO} at D.D. What is BDBO?\dfrac{BD}{BO}?

23\dfrac{\sqrt2}{3}

12\dfrac12

33\dfrac{\sqrt3}{3}

22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

32\dfrac{\sqrt3}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:1420
小提示:

等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 给出 OBC=30\angle OBC=30^\circ,且 OCBCOC\perp BC

Equilateral ABC\triangle ABC gives OBC=30,\angle OBC=30^\circ, and OCBCOC\perp BC

大提示:

3030-6060-9090 三角形中,斜边 BO=2OCBO=2\,OC

In a 3030-6060-9090 triangle the hypotenuse BO=2OCBO=2\,OC

解答:

设半径为 rr。由对称性,BOBO 平分 6060^\circABCABC,所以 OBC=30\angle OBC=30^\circ。又 OCBCOC\perp BC,三角形 BCOBCO3030-6060-9090 三角形,斜边 BO=2OC=2rBO=2\,OC=2r

于是 BD=BOOD=2rr=rBD=BO-OD=2r-r=r,所以 BDBO=r2r=12\dfrac{BD}{BO}=\dfrac{r}{2r}=\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 B

Let the radius be r.r. By symmetry BOBO bisects the 6060^\circ angle ABC,ABC, so OBC=30.\angle OBC=30^\circ. Since OCBC,OC\perp BC, triangle BCOBCO is a 3030-6060-9090 triangle with hypotenuse BO=2OC=2r.BO=2\,OC=2r.

Then BD=BOOD=2rr=r,BD=BO-OD=2r-r=r, so BDBO=r2r=12.\dfrac{BD}{BO}=\dfrac{r}{2r}=\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

如图,五个单位正方形排列在坐标平面上,左下角在原点。斜线从 (a,0)(a,0) 延伸到 (3,3)(3,3),并将整个区域分成面积相等的两部分。求 aa 的值。

Five unit squares are arranged in the coordinate plane as shown, with the lower left corner at the origin. The slanted line, extending from (a,0)(a,0) to (3,3),(3,3), divides the entire region into two regions of equal area. What is a?a?

12\dfrac12

35\dfrac35

23\dfrac23

34\dfrac34

45\dfrac45

答案:C
难度评级:1540
小提示:

整个区域面积为 55,所以每部分面积为 52\dfrac52

The whole region has area 5,5, so each part must be 52\dfrac52

大提示:

右下方区域是一个底为 3a3-a、高为 33 的三角形,再去掉一个单位正方形。

The lower-right part is a triangle of base 3a3-a and height 3,3, with one unit square removed

解答:

五个单位正方形总面积为 55,所以每个区域面积必须为 52\dfrac52

直线右下方的区域是一个直角三角形,直角边为 3a3-a33,再减去它不包含的一个单位正方形。令其面积等于 52\dfrac52,得到 3(3a)21=52 \dfrac{3(3-a)}{2}-1=\dfrac52\text{,}所以 3(3a)=73(3-a)=7,从而 a=23a=\dfrac23

所以正确答案是 C

The five unit squares have total area 5,5, so each region must have area 52.\dfrac52.

The region to the lower right of the line is a right triangle with legs 3a3-a and 3,3, minus the one unit square it does not cover. Setting its area to 52\dfrac52 gives 3(3a)21=52, \dfrac{3(3-a)}{2}-1=\dfrac52, so 3(3a)=73(3-a)=7 and a=23.a=\dfrac23.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

18.

长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=8AB=8BC=6BC=6。点 MM 是对角线 AC\overline{AC} 的中点,点 EEAB\overline{AB} 上,且 MEAC\overline{ME}\perp\overline{AC}AME\triangle AME 的面积是多少?

Rectangle ABCDABCD has AB=8AB=8 and BC=6.BC=6. Point MM is the midpoint of diagonal AC,\overline{AC}, and EE is on AB\overline{AB} with MEAC.\overline{ME}\perp\overline{AC}. What is the area of AME?\triangle AME?

658\dfrac{65}{8}

253\dfrac{25}{3}

99

758\dfrac{75}{8}

858\dfrac{85}{8}

答案:D
难度评级:1370
小提示:

AC=10AC=10,所以 AM=5AM=5

AC=10,AC=10, so AM=5AM=5

大提示:

AMEABC\triangle AME\sim\triangle ABC,给出 MEAM=BCAB\dfrac{ME}{AM}=\dfrac{BC}{AB}

AMEABC,\triangle AME\sim\triangle ABC, giving MEAM=BCAB\dfrac{ME}{AM}=\dfrac{BC}{AB}

解答:

由勾股定理,AC=82+62=10AC=\sqrt{8^2+6^2}=10,所以 AM=5AM=5。直角三角形 AMEAMEABCABC 共用角 AA,因此相似,且 MEAM=BCAB=68 \dfrac{ME}{AM}=\dfrac{BC}{AB}=\dfrac68\text{,}得到 ME=154ME=\dfrac{15}{4}

于是 [AME]=12AMME=125154=758 \begin{gathered} [\triangle AME]=\dfrac12\cdot AM\cdot ME \\ = \dfrac12\cdot5\cdot\dfrac{15}{4}=\dfrac{75}{8} \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

By the Pythagorean Theorem, AC=82+62=10,AC=\sqrt{8^2+6^2}=10, so AM=5.AM=5. Right triangles AMEAME and ABCABC share angle A,A, so they are similar with MEAM=BCAB=68, \dfrac{ME}{AM}=\dfrac{BC}{AB}=\dfrac68, giving ME=154.ME=\dfrac{15}{4}.

Then [AME]=12AMME=125154=758. \begin{gathered} [\triangle AME]=\dfrac12\cdot AM\cdot ME \\ = \dfrac12\cdot5\cdot\dfrac{15}{4}=\dfrac{75}{8}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

19.

一个 1212 小时制电子钟显示一天中的小时和分钟。不幸的是,每当它应该显示数字 11 时,它都会错误地显示 99。例如,下午 1:161{:}16 时,时钟会错误显示为 9:969{:}96。一天中有几分之几的时间,这个钟显示的是正确时间?

A particular 1212-hour digital clock displays the hour and minute of a day. Unfortunately, whenever it is supposed to display a 1,1, it mistakenly displays a 9.9. For example, when it is 1:161{:}16 PM the clock incorrectly shows 9:969{:}96 PM. What fraction of the day will the clock show the correct time?

12\dfrac12

58\dfrac58

34\dfrac34

56\dfrac56

910\dfrac{9}{10}

答案:A
难度评级:1540
小提示:

小时只在 11101011111212 时出错。

The hour is wrong only for 1,1, 10,10, 11,11, 1212

大提示:

当分钟的任一位数字为 11 时,分钟显示出错;在 6060 个分钟中数一数。

A minute is wrong when either of its digits is a 1;1; count those out of 6060

解答:

111212 点中,恰好 11101011111212 含有数字 11,所以小时正确的时间比例为 812=23\dfrac{8}{12}=\dfrac23

分钟显示出错发生在十位为 1110101919 分)或个位为 1101,11,,5101,11,\dots,51 分)时。这样的分钟共有 1515 个,而每小时共有 6060 个分钟读数。所以分钟显示正确的比例为 4560=34\dfrac{45}{60}=\dfrac34

因此整钟显示正确的比例为 2334=12\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac34=\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 A

Among the hours 11 through 12,12, exactly 1,1, 10,10, 11,11, 1212 contain a 1,1, so the hour is correct 812=23\dfrac{8}{12}=\dfrac23 of the time.

A minute is displayed wrong when its tens digit is 11 (minutes 10101919) or its units digit is 11 (01,11,,5101,11,\dots,51), which is 1515 of the 6060 minutes. So the minute is correct 4560=34\dfrac{45}{60}=\dfrac34 of the time.

The clock is correct 2334=12\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac34=\dfrac12 of the day.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

20.

三角形 ABCABCBB 处为直角,AB=1AB=1BC=2BC=2BAC\angle BAC 的角平分线与 BC\overline{BC} 交于 DD。求 BDBD 的值。

Triangle ABCABC has a right angle at B,B, AB=1,AB=1, and BC=2.BC=2. The bisector of BAC\angle BAC meets BC\overline{BC} at D.D. What is BD?BD?

312\dfrac{\sqrt3-1}{2}

512\dfrac{\sqrt5-1}{2}

5+12\dfrac{\sqrt5+1}{2}

6+22\dfrac{\sqrt6+\sqrt2}{2}

2312\sqrt3-1

答案:B
难度评级:1600
小提示:

由角平分线定理,BDDC=ABAC\dfrac{BD}{DC}=\dfrac{AB}{AC}

By the Angle Bisector Theorem, BDDC=ABAC\dfrac{BD}{DC}=\dfrac{AB}{AC}

大提示:

AC=5AC=\sqrt5,且 BD+DC=2BD+DC=2

AC=5AC=\sqrt5 and BD+DC=2BD+DC=2

解答:

由勾股定理,AC=12+22=5AC=\sqrt{1^2+2^2}=\sqrt5。角平分线定理给出 BDDC=ABAC=15 \dfrac{BD}{DC}=\dfrac{AB}{AC}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt5}\text{,}所以 DC=5BDDC=\sqrt5\,BD

于是 BD+DC=2BD+DC=2BD(1+5)=2BD(1+\sqrt5)=2BD=21+5=512 BD=\dfrac{2}{1+\sqrt5}=\dfrac{\sqrt5-1}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

By the Pythagorean Theorem, AC=12+22=5.AC=\sqrt{1^2+2^2}=\sqrt5. The Angle Bisector Theorem gives BDDC=ABAC=15, \dfrac{BD}{DC}=\dfrac{AB}{AC}=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt5}, so DC=5BD.DC=\sqrt5\,BD.

Since BD+DC=2,BD+DC=2, we have BD(1+5)=2,BD(1+\sqrt5)=2, so BD=21+5=512. BD=\dfrac{2}{1+\sqrt5}=\dfrac{\sqrt5-1}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

30+31+32++320093^0+3^1+3^2+\cdots+3^{2009} 除以 88 时,余数是多少?

What is the remainder when 30+31+32++320093^0+3^1+3^2+\cdots+3^{2009} is divided by 8?8?

00

11

22

44

66

答案:D
难度评级:1420
小提示:

30+31+32+33=403^0+3^1+3^2+3^3=4088 的倍数。

30+31+32+33=403^0+3^1+3^2+3^3=40 is a multiple of 88

大提示:

20102010 项分成每四项一组,并处理剩余项。

Group the 20102010 terms into blocks of four and handle the leftover

解答:

任意连续四个 33 的幂之和都是 30+31+32+33=403^0+3^1+3^2+3^3=40 的倍数,而这个数能被 88 整除。

323^2320093^{2009} 的项可以分成这样的四项组,对余数贡献为 00。剩下的是 30+31=43^0+3^1=4

所以正确答案是 D

Any four consecutive powers of 33 sum to a multiple of 30+31+32+33=40,3^0+3^1+3^2+3^3=40, which is divisible by 8.8.

The terms from 323^2 to 320093^{2009} split into such blocks and contribute remainder 0.0. What remains is 30+31=4.3^0+3^1=4.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

一个边长为 22 英寸的立方体蛋糕,其侧面和顶面都涂了糖霜。它按俯视图所示被竖直切成三块,其中 MM 是顶面一条边的中点。顶面为三角形 BB 的那块蛋糕含有 cc 立方英寸蛋糕和 ss 平方英寸糖霜。求 c+sc+s 的值。

A cubical cake with edge length 22 inches is iced on the sides and the top. It is cut vertically into three pieces as shown in this top view, where MM is the midpoint of a top edge. The piece whose top is triangle BB contains cc cubic inches of cake and ss square inches of icing. What is c+s?c+s?

245\dfrac{24}{5}

325\dfrac{32}{5}

8+58+\sqrt5

5+16555+\dfrac{16\sqrt5}{5}

10+5510+5\sqrt5

答案:B
难度评级:1750
小提示:

三角形 BB 与直角边为 1122 的三角形相似。

Triangle BB is similar to the triangle whose legs are 11 and 22

大提示:

BB 上的糖霜覆盖它的顶面以及它贴着的整个立方体侧面。

The icing on BB covers its top face and the entire cube face it borders

解答:

把顶面看作 2×22\times2 正方形。从 MM 向远角的切线形成顶面三角形 AA,其直角边为 1122,面积为 11,斜边为 5\sqrt5

三角形 BBAA 相似,但斜边为 22,所以其面积为 (25)21=45\left(\dfrac{2}{\sqrt5}\right)^2\cdot1=\dfrac45。蛋糕高为 22,所以体积 c=452=85c=\dfrac45\cdot2=\dfrac85

这块蛋糕上的糖霜包括顶面 45\dfrac45 和它相邻的完整立方体侧面 2×2=42\times2=4,所以 s=45+4=245s=\dfrac45+4=\dfrac{24}{5}。因此 c+s=85+245=325c+s=\dfrac85+\dfrac{24}{5}=\dfrac{32}{5}

所以正确答案是 B

Set the top face as a 2×22\times2 square. The cut from MM toward the far corner creates the top triangle AA with legs 11 and 2,2, so area 11 and hypotenuse 5.\sqrt5.

Triangle BB is similar to AA but with hypotenuse 2,2, so its area is (25)21=45.\left(\dfrac{2}{\sqrt5}\right)^2\cdot1=\dfrac45. Since the cake has height 2,2, the volume is c=452=85.c=\dfrac45\cdot2=\dfrac85.

The icing on this piece is its top (45\dfrac45) plus the full cube side face it borders (2×2=42\times2=4), so s=45+4=245.s=\dfrac45+4=\dfrac{24}{5}. Therefore c+s=85+245=325.c+s=\dfrac85+\dfrac{24}{5}=\dfrac{32}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

Rachel 和 Robert 在圆形跑道上跑步。Rachel 逆时针跑,每 9090 秒跑完一圈;Robert 顺时针跑,每 8080 秒跑完一圈。两人同时从起点线出发。在他们开始跑步后 1010 分钟到 1111 分钟之间的某个随机时刻,一名站在跑道内部的摄影师拍下一张照片,照片显示以起点线为中心的四分之一圈跑道。两人都出现在照片中的概率是多少?

Rachel and Robert run on a circular track. Rachel runs counterclockwise and completes a lap every 9090 seconds, and Robert runs clockwise and completes a lap every 8080 seconds. Both start from the start line at the same time. At some random time between 1010 minutes and 1111 minutes after they begin to run, a photographer standing inside the track takes a picture that shows one-fourth of the track, centered on the starting line. What is the probability that both Rachel and Robert are in the picture?

116\dfrac{1}{16}

18\dfrac18

316\dfrac{3}{16}

14\dfrac14

516\dfrac{5}{16}

答案:C
难度评级:1920
小提示:

照片覆盖起点线两侧各 18\dfrac18 圈。

The picture covers 18\dfrac18 of a lap on each side of the start line

大提示:

在开始后的第 1010 分钟内,分别求每位跑者位于该区域的时间窗口,再取重叠部分。

Find each runner’s window of time inside that region during the 1010th minute, then overlap them

解答:

照片覆盖起点两侧各 18\dfrac18 圈。600600 秒后,Rachel 距离起点线还差 3030 秒;她跑完 14\dfrac14 圈需 22.522.5 秒,所以她在 3011.25=18.7530-11.25=18.75 秒到 30+11.25=41.2530+11.25=41.25 秒之间入镜,这些时刻都在第 1010 分钟内。

600600 秒后,Robert 距离起点线还差 4040 秒;他跑完 14\dfrac14 圈需 2020 秒,所以他在该分钟的 3030 秒到 5050 秒之间入镜。

两人同时入镜的时间为 3030 秒到 41.2541.25 秒,长度为 11.2511.25 秒,占 6060 秒的比例为 11.2560=316\dfrac{11.25}{60}=\dfrac{3}{16}

所以正确答案是 C

The picture spans 18\dfrac18 lap on each side of the start. After 600600 seconds Rachel is 3030 seconds short of the line; running 14\dfrac14 lap in 22.522.5 seconds, she is in view between 3011.25=18.7530-11.25=18.75 and 30+11.25=41.2530+11.25=41.25 seconds of the 1010th minute.

After 600600 seconds Robert is 4040 seconds from the line; running 14\dfrac14 lap in 2020 seconds, he is in view between 3030 and 5050 seconds.

Both appear between 3030 and 41.2541.25 seconds, a window of length 11.2511.25 out of 60,60, so the probability is 11.2560=316.\dfrac{11.25}{60}=\dfrac{3}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

楔石拱是一种古老的建筑结构。它由全等的等腰梯形沿非平行边拼合而成,如图所示。两端梯形的底边是水平的。一个由 99 个梯形组成的拱中,设 xx 为梯形较大内角的度数。求 xx 的值。

The keystone arch is an ancient architectural feature. It is composed of congruent isosceles trapezoids fitted together along the non-parallel sides, as shown. The bottom sides of the two end trapezoids are horizontal. In an arch made with 99 trapezoids, let xx be the angle measure in degrees of the larger interior angle of the trapezoid. What is x?x?

100100

102102

104104

106106

108108

答案:A
难度评级:1600
小提示:

将拱反射补全,形成由 1818 个梯形组成的完整闭环。

Reflect the arch to close it into a full loop of 1818 trapezoids

大提示:

内侧顶点构成一个正 1818 边形;使用它的内角。

The inner vertices form a regular 1818-gon; use its interior angle

解答:

加上镜像后,拱补成由 1818 个梯形组成的对称闭环。它们的内侧边形成正 1818 边形,每个内角为 (182)18018=160 \dfrac{(18-2)\cdot180^\circ}{18}=160^\circ\text{。}

在每个内侧顶点,两个梯形的较大内角 xx160160^\circ 之和为一周角,因此 x+x+160=360x+x+160^\circ=360^\circ,所以 x=100x=100

所以正确答案是 A

Adding a mirror image completes the arch into a symmetric closed loop of 1818 trapezoids. Their inner edges form a regular 1818-gon, each interior angle of which is (182)18018=160. \dfrac{(18-2)\cdot180^\circ}{18}=160^\circ.

At each inner vertex, two of the trapezoids’ larger angles xx meet the 160160^\circ angle around a full turn: x+x+160=360,x+x+160^\circ=360^\circ, so x=100.x=100.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

一个立方体的每个面上都画有一条细窄条纹,从一条边的中点连到其对边的中点。每个面选择哪一对对边是随机且相互独立的。出现一条连续条纹环绕立方体一圈的概率是多少?

Each face of a cube is given a single narrow stripe painted from the center of one edge to the center of its opposite edge. The choice of the edge pairing is made at random and independently for each face. What is the probability that there is a continuous stripe encircling the cube?

18\dfrac18

316\dfrac{3}{16}

14\dfrac14

38\dfrac38

12\dfrac12

答案:B
难度评级:2090
小提示:

每个面有 22 种等可能的条纹方向,所以共有 262^6 种配置。

Each face has 22 equally likely stripe orientations, so 262^6 total configurations

大提示:

可能的环绕带有 33 个方向;每个方向固定 44 个面的条纹方向。

There are 33 possible encircling bands, each fixing the orientation of 44 faces

解答:

每个面的条纹有 22 种方向,所以共有 26=642^6=64 种等可能配置。

一条环绕条纹会沿 33 对相对面中的某一个方向,并经过 44 个面;给定一个方向时,这四个面的条纹方向都被确定,所以概率为 (12)4=116\left(\dfrac12\right)^4=\dfrac{1}{16}

三种方向互斥,所以总概率为 3116=3163\cdot\dfrac{1}{16}=\dfrac{3}{16}

所以正确答案是 B

Each face’s stripe has 22 orientations, giving 26=642^6=64 equally likely configurations.

An encircling stripe runs around one of the 33 pairs of opposite faces. For a given band, the 44 faces it crosses must each be oriented to continue it, a probability of (12)4=116.\left(\dfrac12\right)^4=\dfrac{1}{16}.

The three bands are mutually exclusive, so the probability is 3116=316.3\cdot\dfrac{1}{16}=\dfrac{3}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.