2006 AMC 12A 真题

向下滚动并点击“开始”即可作答!或前往可打印 PDF答案,或由 LIVE by Po-Shen Loh 精心整理的专业解答

所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

或直接跳转到某一道题及其解答: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 · 10 · 11 · 12 · 13 · 14 · 15 · 16 · 17 · 18 · 19 · 20 · 21 · 22 · 23 · 24 · 25

想通过互动视频课程系统学习吗?

了解 LIVE课程

计时

1:15:00

1.

Joe 的快餐店里,三明治每个 $3\$3,汽水每杯 $2\$2。买 55 个三明治和 88 杯汽水一共要多少美元?

Sandwiches at Joe’s Fast Food cost $3\$3 each and sodas cost $2\$2 each. How many dollars will it cost to purchase 55 sandwiches and 88 sodas?

3131

3232

3333

3434

3535

答案:A
知识点:钱币
难度评级:770
小提示:

将每种单价乘以对应数量。

Multiply each price by its quantity

大提示:

总价是 53+825\cdot 3 + 8\cdot 2

The total is 53+825\cdot 3 + 8\cdot 2

解答:

五个三明治花费 53=155\cdot 3 = 15 美元,八杯汽水花费 82=168\cdot 2 = 16 美元。一共花费 15+16=3115 + 16 = 31 美元。

因此,正确答案是 A

Five sandwiches cost 53=155\cdot 3 = 15 dollars and eight sodas cost 82=168\cdot 2 = 16 dollars. Together they cost 15+16=3115 + 16 = 31 dollars.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

定义 xy=x3yx \otimes y = x^3 - y。求 h(hh)h \otimes (h \otimes h)

Define xy=x3y.x \otimes y = x^3 - y. What is h(hh)?h \otimes (h \otimes h)?

h-h

00

hh

2h2h

h3h^3

答案:C
难度评级:920
小提示:

先计算里面的 hhh \otimes h

Evaluate the inner hhh \otimes h first

大提示:

hh=h3hh \otimes h = h^3 - h,然后再应用一次 \otimes

hh=h3h,h \otimes h = h^3 - h, then apply \otimes once more

解答:

根据定义,hh=h3hh \otimes h = h^3 - h。因此 h(h3h)=h3(h3h)=h \begin{gathered} h \otimes (h^3 - h) \\ = h^3 - (h^3 - h) \\ = h \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

By the definition, hh=h3h.h \otimes h = h^3 - h. Then h(h3h)=h3(h3h)=h. \begin{gathered} h \otimes (h^3 - h) \\ = h^3 - (h^3 - h) \\ = h. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

Mary 的年龄与 Alice 的年龄之比是 3:53 : 5。Alice 3030 岁。Mary 多少岁?

The ratio of Mary’s age to Alice’s age is 3:5.3 : 5. Alice is 3030 years old. How old is Mary?

1515

1818

2020

2424

5050

答案:B
难度评级:800
小提示:

Mary 的年龄是 Alice 年龄的 35\tfrac{3}{5}

Mary’s age is 35\tfrac{3}{5} of Alice’s age

大提示:

计算 3530\tfrac{3}{5}\cdot 30

Compute 3530\tfrac{3}{5}\cdot 30

解答:

Mary 的年龄是 Alice 年龄的 35\tfrac{3}{5},所以 Mary 是 3530=18\tfrac{3}{5}\cdot 30 = 18 岁。

因此,正确答案是 B

Mary’s age is 35\tfrac{3}{5} of Alice’s, so Mary is 3530=18\tfrac{3}{5}\cdot 30 = 18 years old.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

一块电子表用 AM 和 PM 显示小时与分钟。显示中各数字之和最大可能是多少?

A digital watch displays hours and minutes with AM and PM. What is the largest possible sum of the digits in the display?

1717

1919

2121

2222

2323

答案:E
知识点:数字时钟
难度评级:1050
小提示:

分别让分钟数字和小时数字尽可能大。

Maximize the minutes digits and the hour digits separately

大提示:

分钟的两个数字和最多为 5+95+9;最好的小时是单个数字 99

The two minutes digits sum to at most 5+9;5+9; the best hour is the single digit 99

解答:

分钟的两个数字和最多为 5+9=145 + 9 = 14,出现在 5959 分。小时方面,单个数字 99 的数字和为 99,比任何两位数小时都大;(10,11,12(10, 11, 12 的数字和最多只有 1+2=3)1 + 2 = 3)

最大总和为 14+9=2314 + 9 = 23,出现在 9 ⁣: ⁣599\!:\!59

因此,正确答案是 E

The two minutes digits sum to at most 5+9=14,5 + 9 = 14, at 5959 minutes past the hour. For the hour, a single digit 99 gives digit sum 9,9, which beats any two-digit hour (10,11,12(10, 11, 12 give at most 1+2=3).1 + 2 = 3).

The largest total is 14+9=23,14 + 9 = 23, occurring at 9 ⁣: ⁣59.9\!:\!59.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

Doug 和 Dave 分一张有 88 片等大披萨。Doug 想要原味披萨,但 Dave 想要半张披萨加凤尾鱼。原味披萨价格为 $8\$8,半张加凤尾鱼需要额外 $2\$2。Dave 吃了所有凤尾鱼披萨片和一片原味披萨。Doug 吃了剩下的部分。两人各自支付自己吃掉的部分。Dave 比 Doug 多付多少美元?

Doug and Dave shared a pizza with 88 equally-sized slices. Doug wanted a plain pizza, but Dave wanted anchovies on half of the pizza. The cost of a plain pizza was $8,\$8, and there was an additional cost of $2\$2 for putting anchovies on one half. Dave ate all the slices of anchovy pizza and one plain slice. Doug ate the remainder. Each then paid for what he had eaten. How many more dollars did Dave pay than Doug?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:D
知识点:分数钱币
难度评级:1190
小提示:

原味披萨 $8\$888 片,所以每片原味披萨 $1\$1

The plain pizza is $8\$8 for 88 slices, so each plain slice costs $1\$1

大提示:

$2\$2 的凤尾鱼附加费分摊到 44 片凤尾鱼披萨上,再计算每个人的费用。

Spread the $2\$2 anchovy surcharge over the 44 anchovy slices, then total each person’s cost

解答:

每片原味披萨花费 $1\$1$2\$2 的凤尾鱼费用分摊到 44 片凤尾鱼披萨上,每片多 $0.50\$0.50,所以每片凤尾鱼披萨花费 $1.50\$1.50

Dave 吃了 44 片凤尾鱼披萨和 11 片原味披萨:41.5+1=$74\cdot 1.5 + 1 = \$7。Doug 吃了剩下的 33 片原味披萨:$3\$3。Dave 多付 73=$47 - 3 = \$4

因此,正确答案是 D

Each plain slice costs $1.\$1. The $2\$2 anchovy charge is spread over the 44 anchovy slices, adding $0.50\$0.50 each, so an anchovy slice costs $1.50.\$1.50.

Dave ate 44 anchovy slices and 11 plain slice: 41.5+1=$7.4\cdot 1.5 + 1 = \$7. Doug ate the 33 remaining plain slices: $3.\$3. Dave paid 73=$47 - 3 = \$4 more.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

如图,8×188 \times 18 的矩形 ABCDABCD 被切成两个全等的六边形,使这两个六边形可以无重叠地重新拼成一个正方形。yy 是多少?

The 8×188 \times 18 rectangle ABCDABCD is cut into two congruent hexagons, as shown, in such a way that the two hexagons can be repositioned without overlap to form a square. What is y?y?

66

77

88

99

1010

答案:A
难度评级:1310
小提示:

两个六边形重新拼成面积为 8188\cdot 18 的正方形。

The two hexagons reassemble into a square of area 8188\cdot 18

大提示:

阶梯形切线把宽分成三个相等的水平部分,它们的和为 1818

The staircase splits the width into three equal horizontal pieces that sum to 1818

解答:

两个六边形组成一个面积为 818=1448 \cdot 18 = 144 的正方形,所以正方形边长为 1212

阶梯形切线把宽分成三个长度为 yy 的相等水平部分,它们合起来跨过整个宽度:y+y+y=18y + y + y = 18,所以 y=6y = 6。(两个竖直台阶各上升 128=412 - 8 = 4,形成正方形多出的高度。)

因此,正确答案是 A

The two hexagons form a square of area 818=144,8 \cdot 18 = 144, so the square has side 12.12.

The staircase cut splits the width into three equal horizontal pieces of length y,y, which together span the full width: y+y+y=18,y + y + y = 18, so y=6.y = 6. (The two vertical steps each rise 128=4,12 - 8 = 4, building the extra height of the square.)

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

Mary 比 Sally 大 20%20\%,Sally 比 Danielle 小 40%40\%。她们年龄之和是 23.223.2 岁。Mary 下一个生日时多少岁?

Mary is 20%20\% older than Sally, and Sally is 40%40\% younger than Danielle. The sum of their ages is 23.223.2 years. How old will Mary be on her next birthday?

77

88

99

1010

1111

答案:B
难度评级:1240
小提示:

设 Danielle 的年龄为 xx,再用 xx 表示 Sally 和 Mary 的年龄。

Let Danielle’s age be x,x, then express Sally’s and Mary’s ages in terms of xx

大提示:

Sally =0.6x= 0.6x,Mary =1.2(0.6x)=0.72x= 1.2(0.6x) = 0.72x;三人年龄和为 23.223.2

Sally =0.6x= 0.6x and Mary =1.2(0.6x)=0.72x;= 1.2(0.6x) = 0.72x; the ages sum to 23.223.2

解答:

设 Danielle 为 xx 岁。那么 Sally 为 0.6x0.6x,Mary 为 1.2(0.6x)=0.72x1.2(0.6x) = 0.72x

x+0.6x+0.72x=2.32x=23.2x + 0.6x + 0.72x = 2.32x = 23.2,得 x=10x = 10。所以 Mary 现在 0.72(10)=7.20.72(10) = 7.2 岁,下一个生日时她将满 88 岁。

因此,正确答案是 B

Let Danielle be xx years old. Then Sally is 0.6x0.6x and Mary is 1.2(0.6x)=0.72x.1.2(0.6x) = 0.72x.

The sum x+0.6x+0.72x=2.32x=23.2x + 0.6x + 0.72x = 2.32x = 23.2 gives x=10.x = 10. So Mary is 0.72(10)=7.20.72(10) = 7.2 years old, and on her next birthday she will be 8.8.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

有多少组两个或更多连续正整数的和为 1515

How many sets of two or more consecutive positive integers have a sum of 15?15?

11

22

33

44

55

答案:C
难度评级:1330
小提示:

一串 nn 个连续整数的和等于 nn 乘以它们的中间值。

A run of nn consecutive integers sums to nn times its middle value

大提示:

测试 n=2,3,4,5n = 2, 3, 4, 5;超过 55 项时,最小可能和已经超过 1515

Test n=2,3,4,5;n = 2, 3, 4, 5; beyond 55 the smallest possible sum already exceeds 1515

解答:

nn 个连续整数的和等于 nn 乘以它们的中位数。和为 1515n=2n = 2 给出 7+87 + 8n=3n = 3 给出 4+5+64 + 5 + 6n=5n = 5 给出 1+2+3+4+51 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5

四个连续整数的和为偶数,而超过五项时已经超过 1+2+3+4+5=151 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15。所以共有 33 组。

因此,正确答案是 C

The sum of nn consecutive integers equals nn times their median. For a sum of 15:15: n=2n = 2 gives 7+8,7 + 8, n=3n = 3 gives 4+5+6,4 + 5 + 6, and n=5n = 5 gives 1+2+3+4+5.1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5.

A run of four consecutive integers sums to an even number, and more than five terms already exceed 1+2+3+4+5=15.1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15. So there are 33 sets.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

Oscar 用 $1.00\$1.00 买了 1313 支铅笔和 33 块橡皮。一支铅笔比一块橡皮贵,且每件物品的价格都是整数美分。一支铅笔和一块橡皮的总价是多少美分?

Oscar buys 1313 pencils and 33 erasers for $1.00.\$1.00. A pencil costs more than an eraser, and both items cost a whole number of cents. What is the total cost, in cents, of one pencil and one eraser?

1010

1212

1515

1818

2020

答案:A
难度评级:1430
小提示:

分组为 33 组“一支铅笔加一块橡皮”,再加 1010 支额外铅笔。

Group as 33 sets of one pencil and one eraser, plus 1010 extra pencils

大提示:

ss 是一支铅笔和一块橡皮的总价,则 3s+10p=1003s + 10p = 100,所以 3s3s1010 的倍数。

If ss is the cost of one pencil plus one eraser, then 3s+10p=100,3s + 10p = 100, so 3s3s is a multiple of 1010

解答:

pp 为一支铅笔的价格,ss 为一支铅笔加一块橡皮的总价,单位为美分。那么 13p+3e=3s+10p=100 13p + 3e = 3s + 10p = 100\text{,} 所以 3s3s1010 的倍数且小于 100100。因此 s{10,20,30}s \in \{10, 20, 30\},对应的 p=7,4,1p = 7, 4, 1

因为铅笔比橡皮贵,p>s2p \gt \tfrac{s}{2},只有 s=10s = 10 满足(铅笔 77 美分,橡皮 33 美分)。所以一支铅笔和一块橡皮共 1010 美分。

因此,正确答案是 A

Let pp be a pencil’s cost and ss the cost of one pencil plus one eraser, in cents. Then 13p+3e=3s+10p=100, 13p + 3e = 3s + 10p = 100, so 3s3s is a multiple of 1010 less than 100.100. Hence s{10,20,30},s \in \{10, 20, 30\}, with p=7,4,1p = 7, 4, 1 respectively.

Since a pencil costs more than an eraser, p>s2,p \gt \tfrac{s}{2}, which holds only for s=10s = 10 (pencil 7,7, eraser 33). So one pencil and one eraser cost 1010 cents.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

有多少个实数 xx 使得 120x\sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} 是整数?

For how many real values of xx is 120x\sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} an integer?

33

66

99

1010

1111

答案:E
难度评级:1490
小提示:

120x=k\sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} = k,其中 kk 为非负整数。

Set 120x=k\sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} = k for a nonnegative integer kk

大提示:

需要 k2120k^2 \le 120,且每个有效的 kk 给出不同的 x=(120k2)2x = (120 - k^2)^2

Need k2120,k^2 \le 120, and each valid kk gives a distinct x=(120k2)2x = (120 - k^2)^2

解答:

k=120xk = \sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} 为整数。那么 k0k \ge 0,且 k2=120x120k^2 = 120 - \sqrt{x} \le 120,所以 0k100 \le k \le 10

每个这样的 kk 都给出 x=120k20\sqrt{x} = 120 - k^2 \ge 0,因而给出不同的 x=(120k2)2x = (120 - k^2)^2。共有 1111 个值。

因此,正确答案是 E

Let k=120xk = \sqrt{120 - \sqrt{x}} be an integer. Then k0k \ge 0 and k2=120x120,k^2 = 120 - \sqrt{x} \le 120, so 0k10.0 \le k \le 10.

Each such kk gives x=120k20,\sqrt{x} = 120 - k^2 \ge 0, hence a distinct value x=(120k2)2.x = (120 - k^2)^2. That is 1111 values.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

下列哪一项描述方程 (x+y)2=x2+y2(x + y)^2 = x^2 + y^2 的图形?

Which of the following describes the graph of the equation (x+y)2=x2+y2?(x + y)^2 = x^2 + y^2?

空集

the empty set

一个点

one point

两条直线

two lines

一个圆

a circle

整个平面

the entire plane

答案:C
难度评级:1390
小提示:

展开 (x+y)2(x + y)^2 并化简。

Expand (x+y)2(x + y)^2 and simplify

大提示:

方程化为 2xy=02xy = 0

The equation reduces to 2xy=02xy = 0

解答:

展开得 x2+2xy+y2=x2+y2x^2 + 2xy + y^2 = x^2 + y^2,所以 2xy=02xy = 0,即 xy=0xy = 0

这是两条坐标轴的并集,也就是一对直线。

因此,正确答案是 C

Expanding, x2+2xy+y2=x2+y2,x^2 + 2xy + y^2 = x^2 + y^2, so 2xy=0,2xy = 0, i.e. xy=0.xy = 0.

This is the union of the two coordinate axes, a pair of lines.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

若干个相扣的环,每个厚 11 cm,挂在一个钉子上。最上面的环外径为 2020 cm。其余每个环的外径都比上方的环小 11 cm。最下面的环外径为 33 cm。从最上面环的顶部到最下面环的底部的距离是多少 cm?

A number of linked rings, each 11 cm thick, are hanging on a peg. The top ring has an outside diameter of 2020 cm. The outside diameter of each of the other rings is 11 cm less than that of the ring above it. The bottom ring has an outside diameter of 33 cm. What is the distance, in cm, from the top of the top ring to the bottom of the bottom ring?

171171

173173

182182

188188

210210

答案:B
知识点:等差数列求和
难度评级:1370
小提示:

最上面的环跨越 2020 cm;每个下面的环增加其外径减 22 的长度,因为有重叠。

The top ring spans 2020 cm; each lower ring adds its outside diameter minus 22 for the overlap

大提示:

总长 =20+(17+16++1)= 20 + (17 + 16 + \cdots + 1)

Total =20+(17+16++1)= 20 + (17 + 16 + \cdots + 1)

解答:

最上面的环跨越 2020 cm。下面每个环与上方的环重叠 22 cm(两倍的 11-cm 厚度),所以它增加的长度为外径减 22

下面各环外径为 19,18,,319, 18, \ldots, 3,贡献 17,16,,117, 16, \ldots, 1。因此总距离为 20+(17+16++1)=20+17182=20+153=173 cm \begin{gathered} 20 + (17 + 16 + \cdots + 1) \\ = 20 + \frac{17 \cdot 18}{2} \\ = 20 + 153 \\ = 173 \text{ cm} \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

The top ring spans 2020 cm. Each ring below overlaps the ring above by 22 cm (twice the 11-cm thickness), so it adds its outside diameter minus 2.2.

The lower rings have outside diameters 19,18,,3,19, 18, \ldots, 3, contributing 17,16,,1.17, 16, \ldots, 1. Thus the total distance is 20+(17+16++1)=20+17182=20+153=173 cm. \begin{gathered} 20 + (17 + 16 + \cdots + 1) \\ = 20 + \frac{17 \cdot 18}{2} \\ = 20 + 153 \\ = 173 \text{ cm}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

13.

如图,一个边长为 334455 的直角三角形,其三个顶点是三个两两外切圆的圆心。这些圆的面积之和是多少?

The vertices of a 334455 right triangle are the centers of three mutually externally tangent circles, as shown. What is the sum of the areas of these circles?

12π12\pi

25π2\dfrac{25\pi}{2}

13π13\pi

27π2\dfrac{27\pi}{2}

14π14\pi

答案:E
难度评级:1330
小提示:

相邻两个顶点处圆的半径之和等于它们之间的边长。

The radii at two adjacent vertices sum to the side length between them

大提示:

r+s=3, r+t=4, s+t=5r + s = 3,\ r + t = 4,\ s + t = 5

Solve r+s=3, r+t=4, s+t=5r + s = 3,\ r + t = 4,\ s + t = 5

解答:

r,s,tr, s, t 是三个顶点处圆的半径,则 r+s=3, r+t=4, s+t=5r + s = 3,\ r + t = 4,\ s + t = 5。三式相加得 r+s+t=6r + s + t = 6,所以 r=1, s=2, t=3r = 1,\ s = 2,\ t = 3

面积之和为 π(12+22+32)=14π\pi(1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2) = 14\pi

因此,正确答案是 E

If r,s,tr, s, t are the radii at the vertices, then r+s=3, r+t=4, s+t=5.r + s = 3,\ r + t = 4,\ s + t = 5. Adding all three gives r+s+t=6,r + s + t = 6, so r=1, s=2, t=3.r = 1,\ s = 2,\ t = 3.

The sum of the areas is π(12+22+32)=14π.\pi(1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2) = 14\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

两位农民约定猪价值 $300\$300,山羊价值 $210\$210。当一位农民欠另一位钱时,他用猪或山羊偿债,并可根据需要以山羊或猪的形式找零。(例如,一笔 $390\$390 的债可以用两头猪支付,并收到一只山羊作找零。)能用这种方式结清的最小正债务金额是多少?

Two farmers agree that pigs are worth $300\$300 and that goats are worth $210.\$210. When one farmer owes the other money, he pays the debt in pigs or goats, with “change” received in the form of goats or pigs as necessary. (For example, a $390\$390 debt could be paid with two pigs, with one goat received in change.) What is the amount of the smallest positive debt that can be resolved in this way?

$5\$5

$10\$10

$30\$30

$90\$90

$210\$210

答案:C
难度评级:1580
小提示:

可结清的债务形如 300p+210g300p + 210g,其中 p,gp, g 为整数。

A resolvable debt has the form 300p+210g300p + 210g for integers p,gp, g

大提示:

每个这样的值都是 gcd(300,210)\gcd(300, 210) 的倍数。

Every such value is a multiple of gcd(300,210)\gcd(300, 210)

解答:

债务 DD 能结清当且仅当 D=300p+210gD = 300p + 210g =30(10p+7g)= 30(10p + 7g),其中 p,gp, g 为整数。因此 DDgcd(300,210)=30\gcd(300, 210) = 30 的倍数,所以没有更小的正债务可行。

$30\$30 的债务可以做到,因为 30=300(2)+210(3)30 = 300(-2) + 210(3),即给出 33 只山羊并收到 22 头猪作为找零。

因此,正确答案是 C

A debt DD is resolvable if and only if D=300p+210gD = 300p + 210g =30(10p+7g)= 30(10p + 7g) for integers p,g.p, g. Thus DD is a multiple of gcd(300,210)=30,\gcd(300, 210) = 30, so no smaller positive debt works.

A debt of $30\$30 is achievable since 30=300(2)+210(3),30 = 300(-2) + 210(3), i.e. give 33 goats and receive 22 pigs in change.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

已知 cosx=0\cos x = 0cos(x+z)=12\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2}zz 的最小正值是多少?

Suppose cosx=0\cos x = 0 and cos(x+z)=12.\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2}. What is the smallest possible positive value of z?z?

π6\dfrac{\pi}{6}

π3\dfrac{\pi}{3}

π2\dfrac{\pi}{2}

5π6\dfrac{5\pi}{6}

7π6\dfrac{7\pi}{6}

答案:A
知识点:三角学
难度评级:1590
小提示:

cosx=0\cos x = 0 表示 xxπ2\tfrac{\pi}{2} 的奇数倍。

cosx=0\cos x = 0 means xx is an odd multiple of π2\tfrac{\pi}{2}

大提示:

cos(x+z)=12\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2} 表示 x+z=2nπ±π3x + z = 2n\pi \pm \tfrac{\pi}{3};最小化 z=(x+z)xz = (x+z) - x

cos(x+z)=12\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2} means x+z=2nπ±π3;x + z = 2n\pi \pm \tfrac{\pi}{3}; minimize z=(x+z)xz = (x+z) - x

解答:

因为 cosx=0\cos x = 0,所以 x=π2+kπx = \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi。又因为 cos(x+z)=12\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2},所以 x+z=2nπ±π3x + z = 2n\pi \pm \tfrac{\pi}{3}

在单位圆上,π2\tfrac{\pi}{2} 的奇数倍与同余于 ±π3\pm\tfrac{\pi}{3} 的角之间,最小正角距离为 π6\tfrac{\pi}{6}。取 x=π2x = -\tfrac{\pi}{2}x+z=π3x + z = -\tfrac{\pi}{3},可达到此值,此时 z=π3+π2=π6z = -\tfrac{\pi}{3} + \tfrac{\pi}{2} = \tfrac{\pi}{6}

所以正确答案是 A

Since cosx=0,\cos x = 0, we have x=π2+kπ.x = \tfrac{\pi}{2} + k\pi. Since cos(x+z)=12,\cos(x + z) = \tfrac{1}{2}, we have x+z=2nπ±π3.x + z = 2n\pi \pm \tfrac{\pi}{3}.

On the unit circle, the smallest positive angular separation between an odd multiple of π2\tfrac{\pi}{2} and an angle congruent to ±π3\pm\tfrac{\pi}{3} is π6.\tfrac{\pi}{6}. It is attained by taking x=π2x = -\tfrac{\pi}{2} and x+z=π3,x + z = -\tfrac{\pi}{3}, which gives z=π3+π2=π6.z = -\tfrac{\pi}{3} + \tfrac{\pi}{2} = \tfrac{\pi}{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

16.

圆心为 AABB 的两个圆半径分别为 3388,一条公共内切线分别与两个圆交于 CCDD,直线 ABABCDCD 交于 EE,且 AE=5AE = 5CDCD 是多少?

Circles with centers AA and BB have radii 33 and 8,8, respectively. A common internal tangent intersects the circles at CC and D,D, respectively. Lines ABAB and CDCD intersect at E,E, and AE=5.AE = 5. What is CD?CD?

1313

443\dfrac{44}{3}

221\sqrt{221}

255\sqrt{255}

553\dfrac{55}{3}

答案:B
难度评级:1760
小提示:

半径 ACACBDBD 都垂直于切线,所以 ACEBDE\triangle ACE \sim \triangle BDE

Radii ACAC and BDBD are perpendicular to the tangent, so ACEBDE\triangle ACE \sim \triangle BDE

大提示:

CE=AE2AC2=4CE = \sqrt{AE^2 - AC^2} = 4,且 DECE=BDAC\tfrac{DE}{CE} = \tfrac{BD}{AC}

CE=AE2AC2=4,CE = \sqrt{AE^2 - AC^2} = 4, and DECE=BDAC\tfrac{DE}{CE} = \tfrac{BD}{AC}

解答:

半径满足 ACCDAC \perp CDBDCDBD \perp CD。由勾股定理,CE=5232=4CE = \sqrt{5^2 - 3^2} = 4

因为 ACEBDE\triangle ACE \sim \triangle BDE,得 DECE=BDAC=83\tfrac{DE}{CE} = \tfrac{BD}{AC} = \tfrac{8}{3},所以 DE=483=323DE = 4 \cdot \tfrac{8}{3} = \tfrac{32}{3}。因此 CD=CE+DE=4+323=443 \begin{gathered} CD = CE + DE \\ = 4 + \frac{32}{3} \\ = \frac{44}{3} \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

The radii satisfy ACCDAC \perp CD and BDCD.BD \perp CD. By the Pythagorean theorem, CE=5232=4.CE = \sqrt{5^2 - 3^2} = 4.

Since ACEBDE,\triangle ACE \sim \triangle BDE, we get DECE=BDAC=83,\tfrac{DE}{CE} = \tfrac{BD}{AC} = \tfrac{8}{3}, so DE=483=323.DE = 4 \cdot \tfrac{8}{3} = \tfrac{32}{3}. Then CD=CE+DE=4+323=443. \begin{gathered} CD = CE + DE \\ = 4 + \frac{32}{3} \\ = \frac{44}{3}. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 ss,以 EE 为圆心的圆半径为 rr,且 rrss 都是有理数。该圆经过 DD,且 DDBE\overline{BE} 上。点 FF 在圆上,并且与 AABE\overline{BE} 的同侧。线段 AFAF 与圆相切,且 AF=9+52AF = \sqrt{9 + 5\sqrt{2}}rs\frac{r}{s} 是多少?

Square ABCDABCD has side length s,s, a circle centered at EE has radius r,r, and rr and ss are both rational. The circle passes through D,D, and DD lies on BE.\overline{BE}. Point FF lies on the circle, on the same side of BE\overline{BE} as A.A. Segment AFAF is tangent to the circle, and AF=9+52.AF = \sqrt{9 + 5\sqrt{2}}. What is rs?\frac{r}{s}?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

35\dfrac{3}{5}

53\dfrac{5}{3}

95\dfrac{9}{5}

答案:B
难度评级:1910
小提示:

切线长度满足 AF2=AE2r2AF^2 = AE^2 - r^2

The tangent length satisfies AF2=AE2r2AF^2 = AE^2 - r^2

大提示:

BB 放在原点;则 9+52=s2+rs29 + 5\sqrt{2} = s^2 + rs\sqrt{2},再比较有理部分和无理部分。

Place BB at the origin; then 9+52=s2+rs2,9 + 5\sqrt{2} = s^2 + rs\sqrt{2}, and match rational and irrational parts

解答:

B=(0,0)B = (0, 0)C=(s,0)C = (s, 0)A=(0,s)A = (0, s)D=(s,s)D = (s, s),因此 E=(s+r2, s+r2)E = \left(s + \tfrac{r}{\sqrt{2}},\ s + \tfrac{r}{\sqrt{2}}\right) 在射线 BDBD 上。

因为 AFAF 是圆的切线,AF2=AE2r2AF^2 = AE^2 - r^2。计算 AE2AE^2 并化简,得到 9+52=s2+rs29 + 5\sqrt{2} = s^2 + rs\sqrt{2}

因为 rrss 都是有理数,有理部分和无理部分分别相等:s2=9s^2 = 9rs=5rs = 5。因此 s=3, r=53s = 3,\ r = \tfrac{5}{3},所以 rs=59\frac{r}{s} = \tfrac{5}{9}

因此,正确答案是 B

Set B=(0,0),B = (0, 0), C=(s,0),C = (s, 0), A=(0,s),A = (0, s), D=(s,s),D = (s, s), so that E=(s+r2, s+r2)E = \left(s + \tfrac{r}{\sqrt{2}},\ s + \tfrac{r}{\sqrt{2}}\right) lies on ray BD.BD.

Since AFAF is tangent to the circle, AF2=AE2r2.AF^2 = AE^2 - r^2. Computing AE2AE^2 and simplifying gives 9+52=s2+rs2.9 + 5\sqrt{2} = s^2 + rs\sqrt{2}.

Because rr and ss are rational, the rational and irrational parts match: s2=9s^2 = 9 and rs=5.rs = 5. Thus s=3, r=53,s = 3,\ r = \tfrac{5}{3}, and rs=59.\frac{r}{s} = \tfrac{5}{9}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

函数 ff 具有如下性质:对其定义域中的每个实数 xx1x\frac{1}{x} 也在其定义域中,并且 f(x)+f ⁣(1x)=x f(x) + f\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = x\text{。} 那么 ff 的定义域中可能包含的最大实数集合是什么?

The function ff has the property that for each real number xx in its domain, 1x\frac{1}{x} is also in its domain and f(x)+f ⁣(1x)=x. f(x) + f\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right) = x. What is the largest set of real numbers that can be in the domain of f?f?

{xx0}\{x \mid x \neq 0\}

{xx<0}\{x \mid x \lt 0\}

{xx>0}\{x \mid x \gt 0\}

{xx1, x0, x1}\{x \mid x \neq -1,\ x \neq 0,\ x \neq 1\}

{1,1}\{-1, 1\}

答案:E
难度评级:1890
小提示:

1x\frac{1}{x} 代替 xx 得到第二个方程。

Substitute 1x\frac{1}{x} in place of xx to get a second equation

大提示:

比较两个方程会迫使 x=1xx = \frac{1}{x}

Comparing the two equations forces x=1xx = \frac{1}{x}

解答:

1x\frac{1}{x} 替换 xxf ⁣(1x)+f(x)=1xf\!\left(\tfrac{1}{x}\right) + f(x) = \tfrac{1}{x}。与 f(x)+f ⁣(1x)=xf(x) + f\!\left(\tfrac{1}{x}\right) = x 合在一起,就要求 x=1xx = \tfrac{1}{x},所以 x=±1x = \pm 1

这两个值都一致,其中 f(1)=12f(1) = \tfrac{1}{2}f(1)=12f(-1) = -\tfrac{1}{2}。因此最大可能定义域为 {1,1}\{-1, 1\}

因此,正确答案是 E

Replacing xx by 1x\frac{1}{x} gives f ⁣(1x)+f(x)=1x.f\!\left(\tfrac{1}{x}\right) + f(x) = \tfrac{1}{x}. Together with f(x)+f ⁣(1x)=x,f(x) + f\!\left(\tfrac{1}{x}\right) = x, this requires x=1x,x = \tfrac{1}{x}, so x=±1.x = \pm 1.

Both values are consistent, with f(1)=12f(1) = \tfrac{1}{2} and f(1)=12.f(-1) = -\tfrac{1}{2}. So the largest possible domain is {1,1}.\{-1, 1\}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

19.

圆心为 (2,4)(2, 4)(14,9)(14, 9) 的两个圆半径分别为 4499,两圆的一条公共外切线方程可写为 y=mx+by = mx + b,其中 m>0m \gt 0bb 是多少?

Circles with centers (2,4)(2, 4) and (14,9)(14, 9) have radii 44 and 9,9, respectively. The equation of a common external tangent to the circles can be written in the form y=mx+by = mx + b with m>0.m \gt 0. What is b?b?

908119\dfrac{908}{119}

909119\dfrac{909}{119}

13017\dfrac{130}{17}

911119\dfrac{911}{119}

912119\dfrac{912}{119}

答案:E
难度评级:1960
小提示:

每个圆都与 xx-轴相切,所以 xx-轴是一条公共外切线。

Each circle is tangent to the xx-axis, so the xx-axis is one common external tangent

大提示:

两条外切线交于圆心连线所在直线,其斜率为 512=tanθ\tfrac{5}{12} = \tan\theta;另一条切线斜率为 tan2θ\tan 2\theta

The two external tangents meet on the line through the centers, whose slope is 512=tanθ;\tfrac{5}{12} = \tan\theta; the other tangent has slope tan2θ\tan 2\theta

解答:

每个圆的半径等于其圆心的 yy-坐标,所以两圆都与 xx-轴相切,这条直线就是一条公共外切线。两条外切线交于圆心连线与 xx-轴的交点。

该直线斜率为 94142=512=tanθ\tfrac{9 - 4}{14 - 2} = \tfrac{5}{12} = \tan\theta,且过 (2,4)(2, 4), 与 xx-轴交于 (385,0)\left(-\tfrac{38}{5}, 0\right)

另一条切线与 xx-轴所成的角为 2θ2\theta,所以其斜率为 tan2θ=25121(512)2=120119 \tan 2\theta = \frac{2 \cdot \tfrac{5}{12}}{1 - \left(\tfrac{5}{12}\right)^2} = \frac{120}{119}\text{。} 因此 b=120119385=912119b = \tfrac{120}{119} \cdot \tfrac{38}{5} = \tfrac{912}{119}

因此,正确答案是 E

Each circle’s radius equals its center’s yy-coordinate, so both are tangent to the xx-axis, which is a common external tangent. The two external tangents meet at the xx-intercept of the line through the centers.

That line has slope 94142=512=tanθ\tfrac{9 - 4}{14 - 2} = \tfrac{5}{12} = \tan\theta and passes through (2,4),(2, 4), meeting the xx-axis at (385,0).\left(-\tfrac{38}{5}, 0\right).

The other tangent makes angle 2θ2\theta with the xx-axis, so its slope is tan2θ=25121(512)2=120119. \tan 2\theta = \frac{2 \cdot \tfrac{5}{12}}{1 - \left(\tfrac{5}{12}\right)^2} = \frac{120}{119}. Then b=120119385=912119.b = \tfrac{120}{119} \cdot \tfrac{38}{5} = \tfrac{912}{119}.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

一只虫子从立方体的一个顶点出发,并按如下规则沿立方体的棱移动。在每个顶点,这只虫子会从该顶点发出的三条棱中选择一条前进。每条棱被选中的概率相等,且所有选择相互独立。七次移动后,这只虫子恰好访问每个顶点一次的概率是多少?

A bug starts at one vertex of a cube and moves along the edges of the cube according to the following rule. At each vertex the bug will choose to travel along one of the three edges emanating from that vertex. Each edge has equal probability of being chosen, and all choices are independent. What is the probability that after seven moves the bug will have visited every vertex exactly once?

12187\dfrac{1}{2187}

1729\dfrac{1}{729}

2243\dfrac{2}{243}

181\dfrac{1}{81}

5243\dfrac{5}{243}

答案:C
难度评级:2070
小提示:

共有 373^7 条等可能的 77-步路径;数出访问全部 88 个顶点的路径。

There are 373^7 equally likely 77-move walks; count those visiting all 88 vertices

大提示:

第一步有 33 种选择,第二步有 22 种选择,之后路径几乎被确定。

There are 33 choices for the first move and 22 for the second, after which the path is nearly forced

解答:

从起点出发共有 373^7 条等可能的 77-步路径。考虑一条访问全部 88 个顶点的路径:第一步有 33 种选择,第二步有 22 种选择。

用三位二进制串给立方体的顶点编号。由对称性,固定前两步之后,可设前三个顶点依次为 000,001,011000,001,011。逐个分支检验可知,恰好只有以下三种走完全程的方式:010,110,111,101,100,010,110,100,101,111,111,101,100,110,010 \begin{aligned} &010,110,111,101,100,\\ &010,110,100,101,111,\\ &111,101,100,110,010 \end{aligned}\text{。} 因此这样的路径共有 323=183 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 18 条。

概率为 1837=182187=2243\dfrac{18}{3^7} = \dfrac{18}{2187} = \dfrac{2}{243}

因此,正确答案是 C

From the start there are 373^7 equally likely 77-move walks. For a walk visiting all 88 vertices, there are 33 choices for the first move and 22 for the second, since it cannot return to the starting vertex.

Label cube vertices by three-bit strings. By symmetry, after fixing those first two moves we may take the first three vertices to be 000,001,011.000,001,011. A branch check gives exactly these three completions: 010,110,111,101,100,010,110,100,101,111,111,101,100,110,010. \begin{aligned} &010,110,111,101,100,\\ &010,110,100,101,111,\\ &111,101,100,110,010. \end{aligned} Thus there are 323=183 \cdot 2 \cdot 3 = 18 such walks.

The probability is 1837=182187=2243.\dfrac{18}{3^7} = \dfrac{18}{2187} = \dfrac{2}{243}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

S1={(x,y)log10(1+x2+y2)1+log10(x+y)} \tiny S_1 = \{(x, y) \mid \log_{10}(1 + x^2 + y^2) \le 1 + \log_{10}(x + y)\}

并且

S2={(x,y)log10(2+x2+y2)2+log10(x+y)} \tiny S_2 = \{(x, y) \mid \log_{10}(2 + x^2 + y^2) \le 2 + \log_{10}(x + y)\}\text{。}

S2S_2 的面积与 S1S_1 的面积之比是多少?

Let

S1={(x,y)log10(1+x2+y2)1+log10(x+y)} \tiny S_1 = \{(x, y) \mid \log_{10}(1 + x^2 + y^2) \le 1 + \log_{10}(x + y)\}

and

S2={(x,y)log10(2+x2+y2)2+log10(x+y)}. \tiny S_2 = \{(x, y) \mid \log_{10}(2 + x^2 + y^2) \le 2 + \log_{10}(x + y)\}.

What is the ratio of the area of S2S_2 to the area of S1?S_1?

9898

9999

100100

101101

102102

答案:E
难度评级:2180
小提示:

j=1,2j = 1, 2 将条件改写为 j+x2+y210j(x+y)j + x^2 + y^2 \le 10^j(x + y)

For j=1,2,j = 1, 2, rewrite the condition as j+x2+y210j(x+y)j + x^2 + y^2 \le 10^j(x + y)

大提示:

配方得到圆盘,然后比较它们的半径平方。

Complete the square to get disks, then compare their squared radii

解答:

j=1,2j = 1, 2,条件变为 j+x2+y210j(x+y)j + x^2 + y^2 \le 10^j(x + y),即 (x10j2)2+(y10j2)2102j2j \begin{gathered} \left(x - \frac{10^j}{2}\right)^2 \\ {}+ \left(y - \frac{10^j}{2}\right)^2 \\ \le \frac{10^{2j}}{2} - j \end{gathered}\text{。}

这是两个圆盘,S1S_1 的半径平方为 10021=49\tfrac{100}{2} - 1 = 49S2S_2 的半径平方为 1000022=4998\tfrac{10000}{2} - 2 = 4998

对数要求 x+y>0x+y>0。对每个圆盘,其圆心到直线 x+y=0x+y=0 的距离平方为 102j2\tfrac{10^{2j}}{2},比半径平方恰好多 jj。所以两个圆盘都完全位于 x+y>0x+y>0 内,改写不等式时没有加入额外点。面积之比为 499849=102\dfrac{4998}{49} = 102

所以正确答案是 E

For j=1,2,j = 1, 2, the condition becomes j+x2+y210j(x+y),j + x^2 + y^2 \le 10^j(x + y), i.e. (x10j2)2+(y10j2)2102j2j. \begin{gathered} \left(x - \frac{10^j}{2}\right)^2 \\ {}+ \left(y - \frac{10^j}{2}\right)^2 \\ \le \frac{10^{2j}}{2} - j. \end{gathered}

These are disks with squared radii 10021=49\tfrac{100}{2} - 1 = 49 for S1S_1 and 1000022=4998\tfrac{10000}{2} - 2 = 4998 for S2.S_2.

The logarithms require x+y>0.x+y>0. For each disk, the squared distance from its center to the line x+y=0x+y=0 is 102j2,\tfrac{10^{2j}}{2}, which is jj more than the squared radius. Hence both disks lie entirely in x+y>0,x+y>0, so no points were added when the inequalities were rewritten. The area ratio is 499849=102.\dfrac{4998}{49} = 102.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

22.

一个半径为 rr 的圆与边长为 22 的正六边形同心,并且在正六边形外。若从圆上随机选一点,能看到正六边形的三个完整边的概率为 12\frac{1}{2}rr 是多少?

A circle of radius rr is concentric with and outside a regular hexagon of side length 2.2. The probability that three entire sides of the hexagon are visible from a randomly chosen point on the circle is 12.\frac{1}{2}. What is r?r?

22+232\sqrt{2} + 2\sqrt{3}

33+23\sqrt{3} + \sqrt{2}

26+32\sqrt{6} + \sqrt{3}

32+63\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{6}

6236\sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3}

答案:D
难度评级:2340
小提示:

只能看到两条完整边的那些互补圆弧合起来占半个圆;由对称性,每段这样的圆弧都是 3030^\circ

The complementary arcs, from which only two whole sides are visible, total half the circle; by symmetry each measures 3030^\circ

大提示:

中心到一条边的距离(边心距)是 3\sqrt{3},且 3=rsin15\sqrt{3} = r\sin 15^\circ

The distance from the center to a side (the apothem) is 3,\sqrt{3}, and 3=rsin15\sqrt{3} = r\sin 15^\circ

解答:

把正六边形放在圆的中心。每个顶点都对应一段圆弧,从该弧上只能完整看到在此顶点相交的两条边。这六段全等圆弧组成补事件,其概率为 12\tfrac{1}{2},所以每段弧的度数为 3030^\circ

取以圆心 OO 到顶点 AA 的射线为中心的那段弧,并设 PP 为它的上端点。则 POA=15\angle POA = 15^\circ,而在 PP 处第三条边刚好开始可见,所以 PP 位于该边所在的直线上。这条直线到 OO 的距离为边心距 3\sqrt{3}

因此 3=rsin15=r624\sqrt{3} = r\sin 15^\circ = r \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{4},所以 r=4362=32+6 r = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}} = 3\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{6}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Place the hexagon at the center of the circle. Corresponding to each vertex is an arc from which only the two sides meeting there are entirely visible. These six congruent arcs make up the complementary probability 12,\tfrac{1}{2}, so each arc measures 30.30^\circ.

Take the arc centered on the ray from the center OO through a vertex A,A, and let PP be its upper endpoint. Then POA=15,\angle POA = 15^\circ, and at PP a third side is just becoming visible, so PP lies on that side’s supporting line. Its distance from OO is the apothem 3.\sqrt{3}.

Hence 3=rsin15=r624,\sqrt{3} = r\sin 15^\circ = r \cdot \dfrac{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}}{4}, giving r=4362=32+6. r = \frac{4\sqrt{3}}{\sqrt{6} - \sqrt{2}} = 3\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{6}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

给定一个由 nn 个实数组成的有限序列 S=(a1,a2,,an)S = (a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n),令 A(S)A(S) 为由 n1n - 1 个实数组成的序列 (a1+a22,a2+a32,,an1+an2) \small \left(\frac{a_1 + a_2}{2}, \frac{a_2 + a_3}{2}, \ldots, \frac{a_{n-1} + a_n}{2}\right) 定义 A1(S)=A(S)A^1(S) = A(S),并且对每个满足 2mn12 \le m \le n - 1 的整数 mm,定义 Am(S)=A(Am1(S))A^m(S) = A(A^{m-1}(S))。已知 x>0x \gt 0,且令 S=(1,x,x2,,x100)S = (1, x, x^2, \ldots, x^{100})。若 A100(S)=(1250)A^{100}(S) = (\frac{1}{2^{50}}),那么 xx 是多少?

Given a finite sequence S=(a1,a2,,an)S = (a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_n) of nn real numbers, let A(S)A(S) be the sequence (a1+a22,a2+a32,,an1+an2) \small \left(\frac{a_1 + a_2}{2}, \frac{a_2 + a_3}{2}, \ldots, \frac{a_{n-1} + a_n}{2}\right) of n1n - 1 real numbers. Define A1(S)=A(S)A^1(S) = A(S) and, for each integer m,m, 2mn1,2 \le m \le n - 1, define Am(S)=A(Am1(S)).A^m(S) = A(A^{m-1}(S)). Suppose x>0,x \gt 0, and let S=(1,x,x2,,x100).S = (1, x, x^2, \ldots, x^{100}). If A100(S)=(1250),A^{100}(S) = (\frac{1}{2^{50}}), then what is x?x?

1221 - \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

21\sqrt{2} - 1

12\dfrac{1}{2}

222 - \sqrt{2}

22\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}

答案:B
难度评级:2400
小提示:

重复应用 AA 会引入二项式系数;A100(S)A^{100}(S) 只剩一个项。

Applying AA repeatedly introduces binomial coefficients; A100(S)A^{100}(S) has a single term

大提示:

该项为 (1+x)1002100\dfrac{(1 + x)^{100}}{2^{100}}

That term is (1+x)1002100\dfrac{(1 + x)^{100}}{2^{100}}

解答:

每次应用 AA 都是在平均相邻项,所以 100100 步后剩下的唯一一项为 12100m=0100(100m)xm=(1+x)1002100 \begin{gathered} \frac{1}{2^{100}} \sum_{m=0}^{100} \binom{100}{m} x^m \\ = \frac{(1 + x)^{100}}{2^{100}} \end{gathered}\text{。}

将其设为 1250\dfrac{1}{2^{50}},得 (1+x)100=250(1 + x)^{100} = 2^{50},所以 1+x=212=21 + x = 2^{\frac{1}{2}} = \sqrt{2}。因为 x>0x \gt 0,得 x=21x = \sqrt{2} - 1

因此,正确答案是 B

Each application of AA averages adjacent terms, so after 100100 steps the single remaining term is 12100m=0100(100m)xm=(1+x)1002100. \begin{gathered} \frac{1}{2^{100}} \sum_{m=0}^{100} \binom{100}{m} x^m \\ = \frac{(1 + x)^{100}}{2^{100}}. \end{gathered}

Setting this equal to 1250\dfrac{1}{2^{50}} gives (1+x)100=250,(1 + x)^{100} = 2^{50}, so 1+x=212=2.1 + x = 2^{\frac{1}{2}} = \sqrt{2}. Since x>0,x \gt 0, we get x=21.x = \sqrt{2} - 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

表达式

(x+y+z)2006+(xyz)2006 (x + y + z)^{2006} + (x - y - z)^{2006}

展开并合并同类项后,化简后的表达式中有多少项?

The expression

(x+y+z)2006+(xyz)2006 (x + y + z)^{2006} + (x - y - z)^{2006}

is simplified by expanding it and combining like terms. How many terms are in the simplified expression?

60186018

671,676671{,}676

1,007,5141{,}007{,}514

1,008,0161{,}008{,}016

2,015,0282{,}015{,}028

答案:D
难度评级:2340
小提示:

单项式 xaybzcx^a y^b z^c 只有在 aa 为偶数时保留;奇数 aa 的项会抵消。

A monomial xaybzcx^a y^b z^c survives only when aa is even; the odd-aa terms cancel

大提示:

对从 0020062006 的每个偶数 aa 数出 bb 的可能取值。

For each even aa from 00 to 2006,2006, count the possible values of bb

解答:

单项式 xaybzcx^a y^b z^c 只有在 aa 为偶数时保留,因为 aa 为奇数的项会在两个展开式之间抵消。

对每个满足 0a20060 \le a \le 2006 的偶数 aa,指数 bb2007a2007 - a 个取值,而 c=2006abc = 2006 - a - b 随后确定。对所有偶数 aa 求和: (20070)+(20072)++(20072006)=2007+2005++1 \begin{gathered} (2007 - 0) + (2007 - 2) \\ {}+ \cdots + (2007 - 2006) \\ = 2007 + 2005 + \cdots + 1\text{,} \end{gathered} 这是前 10041004 个正奇数之和,等于 10042=1,008,0161004^2 = 1{,}008{,}016

因此,正确答案是 D

A term xaybzcx^a y^b z^c survives only when aa is even, since terms with odd aa cancel between the two expansions.

For each even aa with 0a2006,0 \le a \le 2006, the exponent bb ranges over 2007a2007 - a values and c=2006abc = 2006 - a - b is then determined. Summing over even a:a: (20070)+(20072)++(20072006)=2007+2005++1, \begin{gathered} (2007 - 0) + (2007 - 2) \\ {}+ \cdots + (2007 - 2006) \\ = 2007 + 2005 + \cdots + 1, \end{gathered} the sum of the first 10041004 odd positive integers, which is 10042=1,008,016.1004^2 = 1{,}008{,}016.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

25.

{1,2,3,,15}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 15\} 有多少个非空子集 SS 满足以下两个性质?

(1)(1) SS 中没有两个连续整数。

(2)(2)SS 含有 kk 个元素,则 SS 不含任何小于 kk 的数。

How many non-empty subsets SS of {1,2,3,,15}\{1, 2, 3, \ldots, 15\} have the following two properties?

(1)(1) No two consecutive integers belong to S.S.

(2)(2) If SS contains kk elements, then SS contains no number less than k.k.

277277

311311

376376

377377

405405

答案:E
知识点:子集双射组合
难度评级:2550
小提示:

一个有效的 kk-元素集合是 {k,k+1,,15}\{k, k+1, \ldots, 15\} 中的一个 kk-子集,且没有两个连续元素。

A kk-element valid set is a kk-subset of {k,k+1,,15}\{k, k+1, \ldots, 15\} with no two consecutive

大提示:

这样的集合与一个 (172k)(17 - 2k)-元素集合的 kk-子集一一对应,数量为 (172kk)\binom{17 - 2k}{k}

Such sets biject with kk-subsets of a (172k)(17 - 2k)-element set, counted by (172kk)\binom{17 - 2k}{k}

解答:

由性质 (2)(2),一个有效的 kk-元素集合是 {k,k+1,,15}\{k, k+1, \ldots, 15\} 的一个 kk-子集,且没有两个连续元素。

将被选元素之间的间隔压缩后,这些集合与一个 (172k)(17 - 2k)-元素集合的 kk-子集一一对应,数量为 (172kk)\binom{17 - 2k}{k}。只有 k5k \le 5 时该数非零,所以总数为 (151)+(132)+(113)+(94)+(75)=15+78+165+126+21=405 \begin{gathered} \binom{15}{1} + \binom{13}{2} \\ {}+ \binom{11}{3} + \binom{9}{4} \\ {}+ \binom{7}{5} \\ = 15 + 78 + 165 + 126 + 21 \\ = 405 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

By property (2),(2), a valid kk-element set is a kk-subset of {k,k+1,,15}\{k, k+1, \ldots, 15\} with no two consecutive elements.

Collapsing the gaps between chosen elements, these correspond bijectively to kk-subsets of a (172k)(17 - 2k)-element set, counted by (172kk).\binom{17 - 2k}{k}. This is nonzero only for k5,k \le 5, so the total is (151)+(132)+(113)+(94)+(75)=15+78+165+126+21=405. \begin{gathered} \binom{15}{1} + \binom{13}{2} \\ {}+ \binom{11}{3} + \binom{9}{4} \\ {}+ \binom{7}{5} \\ = 15 + 78 + 165 + 126 + 21 \\ = 405. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is E.