2022 AIME II Problem 2

Attempt Problem 2 of the 2022 AIME II below, then check your answer against the professionally curated solution from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2022 AIME II solutions, or check the answer key.

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2.

Azar, Carl, Jon, and Sergey are the four players left in a singles tennis tournament. They are randomly assigned opponents in the semifinal matches, and the winners of those matches play each other in the final match to determine the winner of the tournament. When Azar plays Carl, Azar will win the match with probability 23.\frac{2}{3}. When either Azar or Carl plays either Jon or Sergey, Azar or Carl will win the match with probability 34.\frac{3}{4}. Assume that outcomes of different matches are independent. The probability that Carl will win the tournament is pq,\frac{p}{q}, where pp and qq are relatively prime positive integers. Find p+q.p + q.

Answer: 125
Concepts:conditional probabilityindependent eventscasework
Difficulty rating: 2180
Solution:

The three ways to pair the four players are equally likely, so Carl plays Azar in the semifinal with probability 13.\frac{1}{3}. In that case Carl beats Azar with probability 13\frac{1}{3} and then beats the Jon–Sergey winner with probability 34,\frac{3}{4}, so Carl wins the tournament with probability 1334=14.\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{3}{4} = \frac{1}{4}.

Otherwise (probability 23\frac{2}{3}) Carl plays Jon or Sergey and wins with probability 34.\frac{3}{4}. His opponent in the final is Azar with probability 34\frac{3}{4} (Carl then wins with probability 13\frac{1}{3}) and is Jon or Sergey with probability 14\frac{1}{4} (Carl then wins with probability 34\frac{3}{4}). So in this case Carl wins the tournament with probability 34(3413+1434)=34716=2164. \begin{aligned} &\frac{3}{4}\left(\frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} \cdot \frac{3}{4}\right) \\ &= \frac{3}{4} \cdot \frac{7}{16} \\ &= \frac{21}{64}. \end{aligned}

The total probability is 1314+232164=112+732=2996,\frac{1}{3} \cdot \frac{1}{4} + \frac{2}{3} \cdot \frac{21}{64} = \frac{1}{12} + \frac{7}{32} = \frac{29}{96}, so p+q=29+96=125.p + q = 29 + 96 = 125.

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