2017 AIME I Problem 15

Attempt Problem 15 of the 2017 AIME I below, then check your answer against the professionally curated solution from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2017 AIME I solutions, or check the answer key.

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15.

The area of the smallest equilateral triangle with one vertex on each of the sides of the right triangle with side lengths 23,2\sqrt{3}, 5,5, and 37,\sqrt{37}, as shown, is mpn,\frac{m\sqrt{p}}{n}, where m,m, n,n, and pp are positive integers, mm and nn are relatively prime, and pp is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find m+n+p.m + n + p.

Answer: 145
Concepts:equilateral trianglecoordinate geometrytrigonometric identityoptimization
Difficulty rating: 3370
Solution:

Place the right angle at the origin with vertices (0,0),(0, 0), (5,0),(5, 0), and (0,23),(0, 2\sqrt{3}), so the hypotenuse lies on the line 23x+5y=103.2\sqrt{3}\,x + 5y = 10\sqrt{3}. Let the equilateral triangle's side between the two legs have endpoints (scosθ,0)(s\cos\theta, 0) and (0,ssinθ),(0, s\sin\theta), where ss is the side length. Its midpoint is s2(cosθ,sinθ),\frac{s}{2}(\cos\theta, \sin\theta), and moving a distance 32s\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}s perpendicular to the side places the third vertex at s2\frac{s}{2} (cosθ+3sinθ, sinθ+3cosθ).\cdot\small\left(\cos\theta + \sqrt{3}\sin\theta,\ \sin\theta + \sqrt{3}\cos\theta\right).

Substituting this vertex into the hypotenuse equation and simplifying gives s=20373cosθ+11sinθ.s = \frac{20\sqrt{3}}{7\sqrt{3}\cos\theta + 11\sin\theta}. The denominator is at most (73)2+112\sqrt{(7\sqrt{3})^2 + 11^2} =268=267,= \sqrt{268} = 2\sqrt{67}, attained for an admissible θ,\theta, so the minimum side length satisfies s2=(103)267=30067.s^2 = \frac{(10\sqrt{3})^2}{67} = \frac{300}{67}.

The minimum area is 3430067=75367,\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4} \cdot \frac{300}{67} = \frac{75\sqrt{3}}{67}, so m+n+p=75+67+3=145.m + n + p = 75 + 67 + 3 = 145.

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