2022 AIME I Problem 15

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Concepts:system of equationstrigonometric identitysubstitution

Difficulty rating: 3270

15.

Let x,x, y,y, and zz be positive real numbers satisfying the system of equations 2xxy+2yxy=1\sqrt{2x - xy} + \sqrt{2y - xy} = 1 2yyz+2zyz=2\sqrt{2y - yz} + \sqrt{2z - yz} = \sqrt{2} 2zzx+2xzx=3.\sqrt{2z - zx} + \sqrt{2x - zx} = \sqrt{3}. Then [(1x)(1y)(1z)]2\left[(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z)\right]^2 can be written as mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

Solution:

Each radicand factors: 2xxy=x(2y),2x - xy = x(2 - y), and so on, so 0<x,y,z2.0 \lt x, y, z \le 2. Substitute x=2sin2α,x = 2\sin^2\alpha, y=2sin2β,y = 2\sin^2\beta, z=2sin2γz = 2\sin^2\gamma with α,β,γ(0,90].\alpha, \beta, \gamma \in \left(0^\circ, 90^\circ\right]. Then x(2y)=4sin2αcos2β=2sinαcosβ,\sqrt{x(2 - y)} = \sqrt{4\sin^2\alpha\cos^2\beta} = 2\sin\alpha\cos\beta, and each equation collapses by the sine addition formula: 2sin(α+β)=1,2sin(β+γ)=2,2sin(γ+α)=3.2\sin(\alpha + \beta) = 1, \qquad 2\sin(\beta + \gamma) = \sqrt{2}, \qquad 2\sin(\gamma + \alpha) = \sqrt{3}.

Taking α+β=30,\alpha + \beta = 30^\circ, β+γ=45,\beta + \gamma = 45^\circ, γ+α=60\gamma + \alpha = 60^\circ and solving, α=22.5,\alpha = 22.5^\circ, β=7.5,\beta = 7.5^\circ, γ=37.5.\gamma = 37.5^\circ. (The supplementary branch choices consistent with the angle ranges lead to the same value of the final square.) By the double-angle identity, 1x=cos2α=cos45,1 - x = \cos 2\alpha = \cos 45^\circ, 1y=cos15,1 - y = \cos 15^\circ, and 1z=cos75.1 - z = \cos 75^\circ.

Therefore (1x)(1y)(1z)=22cos15sin15=22sin302=28,(1 - x)(1 - y)(1 - z) = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\cos 15^\circ \sin 15^\circ = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \cdot \frac{\sin 30^\circ}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{8}, whose square is 264=132.\frac{2}{64} = \frac{1}{32}. Thus m+n=1+32=33.m + n = 1 + 32 = 33.

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