2011 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

下列式子的值是多少?

2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}\text{?}

What is

2+4+61+3+51+3+52+4+6?\dfrac{2+4+6}{1+3+5} - \dfrac{1+3+5}{2+4+6}?

1-1

536\dfrac{5}{36}

712\dfrac{7}{12}

14760\dfrac{147}{60}

433\dfrac{43}{3}

知识点:分数
难度评级:770
小提示:

先分别求出两个分子和分母中的和。

Add the terms in each numerator and denominator first

大提示:

原式变为 129912\dfrac{12}{9}-\dfrac{9}{12}

The expression becomes 129912\dfrac{12}{9}-\dfrac{9}{12}

解答:

两个和分别是 2+4+6=122+4+6=121+3+5=91+3+5=9,所以原式等于 129912=4334\dfrac{12}{9}-\dfrac{9}{12}=\dfrac{4}{3}-\dfrac{3}{4}

通分得到 1612912=712 \dfrac{16}{12}-\dfrac{9}{12}=\dfrac{7}{12}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The sums are 2+4+6=122+4+6=12 and 1+3+5=9,1+3+5=9, so the expression equals 129912=4334.\dfrac{12}{9}-\dfrac{9}{12}=\dfrac{4}{3}-\dfrac{3}{4}.

Over a common denominator this is 1612912=712. \dfrac{16}{12}-\dfrac{9}{12}=\dfrac{7}{12}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

2.

Josanna 到目前为止的考试成绩是 9090808070706060,和 8585。她的目标是在下一次考试后,把平均分至少提高 33 分。她下一次考试至少需要多少分才能达到目标?

Josanna’s test scores to date are 90,90, 80,80, 70,70, 60,60, and 85.85. Her goal is to raise her test average at least 33 points with her next test. What is the minimum test score she would need to accomplish this goal?

8080

8282

8585

9090

9595

知识点:平均数
难度评级:880
小提示:

先求前五次考试的当前平均分。

Find the current average of the five scores

大提示:

六次考试的总分必须等于目标平均分的 66 倍。

The six scores must total 66 times the target average

解答:

前五次总分为 90+80+70+60+85=38590+80+70+60+85=385,平均分为 7777。目标是新的平均分至少为 8080

六次考试平均 8080 分需要总分 680=4806\cdot80=480,因此第六次至少需要 480385=95480-385=95

所以正确答案是 E

The five scores sum to 90+80+70+60+85=385,90+80+70+60+85=385, giving an average of 77.77. The goal is a new average of at least 80.80.

Six tests averaging 8080 must total 680=480,6\cdot80=480, so the sixth score must be at least 480385=95.480-385=95.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

LeRoy 和 Bernardo 一起进行了一周旅行,并约定平摊费用。这一周中,他们分别支付了汽油、租车等共同费用。旅行结束时,LeRoy 共支付了 AA 美元,Bernardo 共支付了 BB 美元,其中 A<BA \lt B。LeRoy 必须给 Bernardo 多少美元,才能使两人平摊费用?

LeRoy and Bernardo went on a week-long trip together and agreed to share the costs equally. Over the week, each of them paid for various joint expenses such as gasoline and car rental. At the end of the trip it turned out that LeRoy had paid AA dollars and Bernardo had paid BB dollars, where A<B.A \lt B. How many dollars must LeRoy give to Bernardo so that they share the costs equally?

A+B2\dfrac{A+B}{2}

AB2\dfrac{A-B}{2}

BA2\dfrac{B-A}{2}

BAB-A

A+BA+B

知识点:代数变形
难度评级:990
小提示:

每个人最终应承担 A+B2\dfrac{A+B}{2} 美元。

Each person should end up paying A+B2\dfrac{A+B}{2}

大提示:

LeRoy 需要补上他已付金额与公平份额之间的差额。

LeRoy must cover the gap between what he paid and his fair share

解答:

总费用为 A+BA+B,所以每个人的公平份额为 A+B2\dfrac{A+B}{2}

LeRoy 已支付 AA,少于他应承担的份额,因此他应给 Bernardo A+B2A=BA2 \dfrac{A+B}{2}-A=\dfrac{B-A}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The total cost is A+B,A+B, so each person’s fair share is A+B2.\dfrac{A+B}{2}.

LeRoy paid A,A, which is less than his share, so he must give Bernardo A+B2A=BA2. \dfrac{A+B}{2}-A=\dfrac{B-A}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

Ron 在计算两个正整数 aabb 的乘积时,把两位数 aa 的数字顺序颠倒了。他得到的错误乘积是 161161aabb 的正确乘积是多少?

In multiplying two positive integers aa and b,b, Ron reversed the digits of the two-digit number a.a. His erroneous product was 161.161. What is the correct value of the product of aa and b?b?

116116

161161

204204

214214

224224

难度评级:1040
小提示:

161161 分解质因数。

Factor 161161 into primes

大提示:

被颠倒后的 aa 是其中的两位数因数;先把它倒回来再相乘。

The reversed aa is the two-digit factor; reverse it back before multiplying

解答:

因为 161=723161=7\cdot23,唯一的两位数因数是 2323。这必是 aa 颠倒后的值,所以真正的 aa3232,且 b=7b=7

正确乘积为 327=224 32\cdot7=224\text{。}

所以正确答案是 E

Since 161=723,161=7\cdot23, the only two-digit factor is 23.23. This must be the reversed value of a,a, so the true value of aa is 32,32, and b=7.b=7.

The correct product is 327=224. 32\cdot7=224.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

NN 是第二小的正整数,它能被所有小于 77 的正整数整除。NN 的各位数字之和是多少?

Let NN be the second smallest positive integer that is divisible by every positive integer less than 7.7. What is the sum of the digits of N?N?

33

44

55

66

99

难度评级:990
小提示:

1166 的最小公倍数。

Find the least common multiple of 11 through 66

大提示:

满足条件的数是这个最小公倍数的倍数;取第二小的正倍数。

The valid numbers are the multiples of that value; take the second one

解答:

能被 1166 每个整数整除的数必须是 lcm(1,2,3,4,5,6)=60\operatorname{lcm}(1,2,3,4,5,6)=60 的倍数。

6060 的第二小正倍数是 120120,其数字和为 1+2+0=31+2+0=3

所以正确答案是 A

A number divisible by every integer from 11 to 66 must be a multiple of lcm(1,2,3,4,5,6)=60.\operatorname{lcm}(1,2,3,4,5,6)=60.

The second smallest positive multiple of 6060 is 120,120, whose digit sum is 1+2+0=3.1+2+0=3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

从点 AA 向一个圆作两条切线。切点 BBCC 将圆分成的两段弧长之比为 2:32:3BAC\angle BAC 的度数是多少?

Two tangents to a circle are drawn from a point A.A. The points of contact BB and CC divide the circle into arcs with lengths in the ratio 2:3.2:3. What is the degree measure of BAC?\angle BAC?

2424

3030

3636

4848

6060

知识点:切线导角
难度评级:1240
小提示:

两段弧按 2:32:3 分割 360360^\circ

The two arcs split 360360^\circ in the ratio 2:32:3

大提示:

切线与切点处的半径成 9090^\circ;使用四边形 ABOCABOC

A tangent meets the radius at its point of contact at 9090^\circ; use quadrilateral ABOCABOC

解答:

OO 为圆心。两段弧分别为 2x2x3x3x,且 2x+3x=3602x+3x=360^\circ,所以 x=72x=72^\circ,小弧 BCBC 对应的圆心角为 BOC=144\angle BOC=144^\circ

到切点 BBCC 的半径垂直于切线,所以 ABO=ACO=90\angle ABO=\angle ACO=90^\circ。在四边形 ABOCABOC 中,BAC=3601449090=36 \begin{gathered} \angle BAC=360^\circ-144^\circ-90^\circ \\ {}-90^\circ=36^\circ \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Let OO be the center. The arcs measure 2x2x and 3x3x with 2x+3x=360,2x+3x=360^\circ, so x=72x=72^\circ and the minor arc BCBC gives central angle BOC=144.\angle BOC=144^\circ.

The radii to BB and CC are perpendicular to the tangents, so ABO=ACO=90.\angle ABO=\angle ACO=90^\circ. In quadrilateral ABOC,ABOC, BAC=3601449090=36. \begin{gathered} \angle BAC=360^\circ-144^\circ-90^\circ \\ {}-90^\circ=36^\circ. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

xxyy 是两个两位正整数,平均数为 6060。比值 xy\dfrac{x}{y} 的最大值是多少?

Let xx and yy be two-digit positive integers with mean 60.60. What is the maximum value of the ratio xy?\dfrac{x}{y}?

33

337\dfrac{33}{7}

397\dfrac{39}{7}

99

9910\dfrac{99}{10}

难度评级:1200
小提示:

平均数条件给出 x+y=120x+y=120

The mean condition gives x+y=120x+y=120

大提示:

要最大化 xy\dfrac{x}{y},应使 xx 尽可能大、yy 尽可能小。

To maximize xy,\dfrac{x}{y}, make xx as large and yy as small as allowed

解答:

x+y2=60\dfrac{x+y}{2}=60,得 x+y=120x+y=120。要最大化 xy\dfrac{x}{y},应让 yy 尽可能小。

因为 x99x\le99,所以 y=120x21y=120-x\ge21。取 x=99x=99y=21y=21 可得最大值 9921=337 \dfrac{99}{21}=\dfrac{33}{7}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Since x+y2=60,\dfrac{x+y}{2}=60, we have x+y=120.x+y=120. To maximize xy\dfrac{x}{y} we make yy small.

Because x99,x\le99, it follows that y=120x21.y=120-x\ge21. Taking x=99x=99 and y=21y=21 gives the maximum 9921=337. \dfrac{99}{21}=\dfrac{33}{7}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

Keiko 每天以完全相同的恒定速度绕一条跑道走一圈。跑道两侧是直线,两端是半圆。跑道宽 66 米,她绕外侧边缘走一圈比绕内侧边缘走一圈多用 3636 秒。Keiko 的速度是多少米每秒?

Keiko walks once around a track at exactly the same constant speed every day. The sides of the track are straight, and the ends are semicircles. The track has width 66 meters, and it takes her 3636 seconds longer to walk around the outside edge of the track than around the inside edge. What is Keiko’s speed in meters per second?

π3\dfrac{\pi}{3}

2π3\dfrac{2\pi}{3}

π\pi

4π3\dfrac{4\pi}{3}

5π3\dfrac{5\pi}{3}

难度评级:1330
小提示:

两条直线部分长度相同,所以内外边缘的差只来自弯曲的两端。

The straight portions have the same length on both edges, so only the curved ends differ

大提示:

两端的两个半圆合成整圆,且两个整圆半径相差 66

The two semicircular ends form full circles whose radii differ by 66

解答:

两条直线部分对两条路线相同,因此长度差只来自两个半圆端。设内侧半径为 rr,则外侧多出的长度为 2π(r+6)2πr=12π 2\pi(r+6)-2\pi r=12\pi\text{。}

若速度为 xx 米每秒,则多用的时间给出 36x=12π36x=12\pi,所以 x=π3x=\dfrac{\pi}{3}

所以正确答案是 A

The straight sides are the same length for both paths, so the difference in length comes only from the two semicircular ends. If the inner radius is r,r, those ends combine into a full circle, and the extra length is 2π(r+6)2πr=12π. 2\pi(r+6)-2\pi r=12\pi.

If her speed is xx meters per second, then the extra time gives 36x=12π,36x=12\pi, so x=π3.x=\dfrac{\pi}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

9.

从区间 [20,10][-20, 10] 中独立随机选取两个实数。它们的乘积大于零的概率是多少?

Two real numbers are selected independently at random from the interval [20,10].[-20, 10]. What is the probability that the product of those numbers is greater than zero?

19\dfrac{1}{9}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1390
小提示:

乘积为正当且仅当两个数同号。

The product is positive exactly when both numbers share the same sign

大提示:

每个数为负的概率是 2030\dfrac{20}{30},为正的概率是 1030\dfrac{10}{30}

Each number is negative with probability 2030\dfrac{20}{30} and positive with probability 1030\dfrac{10}{30}

解答:

区间长度为 3030,其中负数部分长度为 2020,正数部分长度为 1010。因此每个数为正的概率为 13\dfrac13,为负的概率为 23\dfrac23

乘积为正发生在两数都正或都负:(13)2+(23)2=19+49=59 \left(\dfrac13\right)^2+\left(\dfrac23\right)^2=\dfrac19+\dfrac49=\dfrac59\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

The interval has length 30,30, with 2020 of it negative and 1010 of it positive. So each number is positive with probability 13\dfrac13 and negative with probability 23.\dfrac23.

The product is positive when both are positive or both are negative: (13)2+(23)2=19+49=59. \left(\dfrac13\right)^2+\left(\dfrac23\right)^2=\dfrac19+\dfrac49=\dfrac59.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

长方形 ABCDABCD 中,AB=6AB=6BC=3BC=3。点 MM 在边 ABAB 上,且 AMD=CMD\angle AMD=\angle CMDAMD\angle AMD 的度数是多少?

Rectangle ABCDABCD has AB=6AB=6 and BC=3.BC=3. Point MM is chosen on side ABAB so that AMD=CMD.\angle AMD=\angle CMD. What is the degree measure of AMD?\angle AMD?

1515

3030

4545

6060

7575

难度评级:1450
小提示:

因为 ABCDAB\parallel CD,所以角 CDM\angle CDM 等于 AMD\angle AMD

Since ABCD,AB\parallel CD, the angle CDM\angle CDM equals AMD\angle AMD

大提示:

这使 CMD\triangle CMD 成为等腰三角形,且 CM=CD=6CM=CD=6,于是 MBC\triangle MBC3030-6060-9090 三角形。

That makes CMD\triangle CMD isosceles with CM=CD=6,CM=CD=6, so MBC\triangle MBC is 3030-6060-9090

解答:

因为 ABCDAB\parallel CD,所以 CDM=AMD\angle CDM=\angle AMD。结合 AMD=CMD\angle AMD=\angle CMD,可得 CDM=CMD\angle CDM=\angle CMD,所以 CMD\triangle CMD 是等腰三角形,且 CM=CD=6CM=CD=6

因此 MBC\triangle MBCBB 处为直角,斜边 CM=6CM=6,直角边 BC=3BC=3,所以它是 3030-6060-9090^\circ 三角形,且 BMC=30\angle BMC=30^\circ

最后 AMD+CMD\angle AMD+\angle CMD +BMC=180+\angle BMC=180^\circ,所以 2AMD+30=1802\angle AMD+30^\circ=180^\circ,得 AMD=75\angle AMD=75^\circ

所以正确答案是 E

Because ABCD,AB\parallel CD, we have CDM=AMD.\angle CDM=\angle AMD. Combined with AMD=CMD,\angle AMD=\angle CMD, this gives CDM=CMD,\angle CDM=\angle CMD, so CMD\triangle CMD is isosceles with CM=CD=6.CM=CD=6.

Then MBC\triangle MBC is right-angled at BB with hypotenuse CM=6CM=6 and leg BC=3,BC=3, so it is a 3030-6060-9090^\circ triangle with BMC=30.\angle BMC=30^\circ.

Finally, AMD+CMD\angle AMD+\angle CMD +BMC=180,+\angle BMC=180^\circ, so 2AMD+30=180,2\angle AMD+30^\circ=180^\circ, giving AMD=75.\angle AMD=75^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

一只青蛙位于 (x,y)(x, y),其中 xxyy 都是整数。它连续跳跃,每次跳跃长度为 55,并且总是落在整数坐标点上。若青蛙从 (0,0)(0, 0) 出发,最后到达 (1,0)(1, 0),它至少需要跳多少次?

A frog located at (x,y),(x, y), with both xx and yy integers, makes successive jumps of length 55 and always lands on points with integer coordinates. Suppose that the frog starts at (0,0)(0, 0) and ends at (1,0).(1, 0). What is the smallest possible number of jumps the frog makes?

22

33

44

55

66

知识点:格点距离公式
难度评级:1510
小提示:

一次跳不可能,因为两点距离是 11,不是 55

One jump is impossible since the distance is 1,1, not 55

大提示:

两次跳的中间点必须在 x=12x=\tfrac12 上,而那里没有格点;试着构造三次跳。

A midpoint of two jumps would lie on x=12,x=\tfrac12, which has no lattice points; try three jumps

解答:

一次跳不行,因为 (0,0)(0,0)(1,0)(1,0) 的距离只有 11。两次跳也不行:中间点必须同时距两端 55,只能在垂直平分线 x=12x=\dfrac12 上,而这条线上没有格点。

三次跳可以做到,例如 (0,0)(3,4)(6,0)(1,0) (0,0)\to(3,4)\to(6,0)\to(1,0)\text{,} 其中每一步长度都是 55

所以正确答案是 B

One jump cannot work, since (0,0)(0,0) and (1,0)(1,0) are only 11 apart. Two jumps also fail: the intermediate point would be at distance 55 from both, forcing it onto the perpendicular bisector x=12,x=\dfrac12, which contains no lattice points.

Three jumps suffice, for example (0,0)(3,4)(6,0)(1,0), (0,0)\to(3,4)\to(6,0)\to(1,0), where each step has length 5.5.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

12.

如图,一个飞镖盘是被分成若干区域的正八边形。假设飞镖落在盘内任一点的可能性相同。飞镖落在中心正方形内的概率是多少?

A dart board is a regular octagon divided into regions as shown. Suppose that a dart thrown at the board is equally likely to land anywhere on the board. What is the probability that the dart lands within the center square?

212\dfrac{\sqrt{2}-1}{2}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

222\dfrac{2-\sqrt{2}}{2}

24\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{4}

222-\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1480
小提示:

设八边形边长为 11,把它分成中心正方形、四个长方形和四个角上的三角形。

Set the octagon’s edge to 11 and split it into the center square, four rectangles, and four corner triangles

大提示:

角上的三角形是直角等腰三角形,直角边长为 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

The corner triangles are right isosceles with legs 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}

解答:

设八边形边长为 11。四个角上的三角形是直角等腰三角形,直角边长为 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2},每个面积为 14\dfrac14。四个长方形尺寸为 1122\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2},每个面积为 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2},中心正方形面积为 11

总面积为 414+422+1=2+22 4\cdot\dfrac14+4\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}+1=2+2\sqrt2\text{。} 因此击中中心正方形的概率为 12+22=212 \dfrac{1}{2+2\sqrt2}=\dfrac{\sqrt2-1}{2}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Assume the octagon has edge length 1.1. The four corner triangles are right isosceles with legs 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} and area 14\dfrac14 each. The four rectangles are 11 by 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} with area 22\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} each, and the center square has area 1.1.

The total area is 414+422+1=2+22. 4\cdot\dfrac14+4\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2}+1=2+2\sqrt2. The probability of hitting the center square is 12+22=212. \dfrac{1}{2+2\sqrt2}=\dfrac{\sqrt2-1}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

13.

Brian 写下四个整数 w>x>y>zw \gt x \gt y \gt z,它们的和是 4444。这些数两两之间的正差为 113344556699ww 的所有可能值之和是多少?

Brian writes down four integers w>x>y>zw \gt x \gt y \gt z whose sum is 44.44. The pairwise positive differences of these numbers are 1,1, 3,3, 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, and 9.9. What is the sum of the possible values for w?w?

1616

3131

4848

6262

9393

难度评级:1610
小提示:

最大差为 wz=9w-z=9,而最小的正差必须是 xy=1x-y=1

The largest difference is wz=9,w-z=9, and the smallest positive difference must be xy=1x-y=1

大提示:

第二大的差 66 可能是 wyw-yxzx-z;分别讨论。

The second largest difference 66 is either wyw-y or xzx-z; handle each case

解答:

最大差为 wz=9w-z=9。对任意一个中间数 nn,都有 9=(wn)+(nz)9=(w-n)+(n-z)。所列差值中,和为 99 的数对只有 3+63+64+54+5,所以剩下的差必为 xy=1x-y=1

第二大的差 66 只能是 wyw-yxzx-z。若 wy=6w-y=6,四个数是 {w,w5,w6,w9}\{w,w-5,w-6,w-9\},所以 4w20=444w-20=44,得到 w=16w=16。若 xz=6x-z=6,四个数是 {w,w3,w4,w9}\{w,w-3,w-4,w-9\},所以 4w16=444w-16=44,得到 w=15w=15

可能的值是 16161515,它们的和为 3131

因此,正确答案是 B

The largest difference is wz=9.w-z=9. For either interior number n,n, we have 9=(wn)+(nz).9=(w-n)+(n-z). The only pairs among the listed differences that sum to 99 are 3+63+6 and 4+5,4+5, so the remaining difference must be xy=1.x-y=1.

The second largest difference 66 is either wyw-y or xz.x-z. If wy=6,w-y=6, the numbers are {w,w5,w6,w9},\{w,w-5,w-6,w-9\}, so 4w20=444w-20=44 and w=16.w=16. If xz=6,x-z=6, the numbers are {w,w3,w4,w9},\{w,w-3,w-4,w-9\}, so 4w16=444w-16=44 and w=15.w=15.

The possible values are 1616 and 15,15, which sum to 31.31.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

一条线段经过抛物线的焦点 FF,且垂直于 FV\overline{FV},其中 VV 是抛物线顶点。该线段与抛物线交于 AABBcos(AVB)\cos(\angle AVB) 等于多少?

A segment through the focus FF of a parabola with vertex VV is perpendicular to FV\overline{FV} and intersects the parabola in points AA and B.B. What is cos(AVB)?\cos(\angle AVB)?

357-\dfrac{3\sqrt{5}}{7}

255-\dfrac{2\sqrt{5}}{5}

45-\dfrac{4}{5}

35-\dfrac{3}{5}

12-\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1710
小提示:

p=FVp=FV。用焦点-准线性质求 FBFB,再求 VBVB

Let p=FV.p=FV. Use the focus-directrix property to find FBFB and then VBVB

大提示:

先求 cos(FVB)\cos(\angle FVB),再用二倍角公式,因为 AVB=2FVB\angle AVB=2\angle FVB

Find cos(FVB),\cos(\angle FVB), then AVB=2FVB\angle AVB=2\angle FVB via the double angle formula

解答:

p=FVp=FV,准线为 \ell。把 FFBB 投影到 \ell 上,由焦点与准线的性质可得 FB=2pFB=2p,即 BB\ell 的距离。再由勾股定理,VB=FV2+FB2=p2+4p2=5p \begin{aligned} VB&=\sqrt{FV^2+FB^2} \\ &=\sqrt{p^2+4p^2}=\sqrt5\,p \end{aligned}\text{。}

于是 cos(FVB)=FVVB\cos(\angle FVB)=\dfrac{FV}{VB} =p5p=\dfrac{p}{\sqrt5\,p} =15=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt5}。因为 AVB=2FVB\angle AVB=2\angle FVB,所以 cos(AVB)=2cos2(FVB)1=2151=35 \begin{aligned} \cos(\angle AVB) &=2\cos^2(\angle FVB) \\ &\quad {}-1 \\ &=2\cdot\dfrac15-1 \\ &=-\dfrac35 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let p=FVp=FV and let the directrix be .\ell. Projecting FF and BB onto ,\ell, the focus-directrix property gives FB=2pFB=2p (the distance from BB to \ell), and by the Pythagorean Theorem VB=FV2+FB2=p2+4p2=5p. \begin{aligned} VB&=\sqrt{FV^2+FB^2} \\ &=\sqrt{p^2+4p^2}=\sqrt5\,p. \end{aligned}

Then cos(FVB)=FVVB\cos(\angle FVB)=\dfrac{FV}{VB} =p5p=\dfrac{p}{\sqrt5\,p} =15.=\dfrac{1}{\sqrt5}. Since AVB=2FVB,\angle AVB=2\angle FVB, cos(AVB)=2cos2(FVB)1=2151=35. \begin{aligned} \cos(\angle AVB) &=2\cos^2(\angle FVB) \\ &\quad {}-1 \\ &=2\cdot\dfrac15-1 \\ &=-\dfrac35. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

22412^{24}-1 有多少个正的两位数因数?

How many positive two-digit integers are factors of 2241?2^{24}-1?

44

88

1010

1212

1414

难度评级:1740
小提示:

反复使用平方差来分解 22412^{24}-1

Repeatedly apply the difference of squares to factor 22412^{24}-1

大提示:

质因数分解为 325713172413^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17\cdot241;列出其中的两位数因数。

The prime factorization is 32571317241;3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17\cdot241; list two-digit products

解答:

分解得 2241=(2121)(212+1)=(261)(26+1)(24+1)(2824+1) \begin{aligned} 2^{24}-1 &=(2^{12}-1)(2^{12}+1) \\ &=(2^6-1)(2^6+1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(2^4+1)(2^8-2^4+1)\text{,} \end{aligned} 63651724163\cdot65\cdot17\cdot241 =32571317241=3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17\cdot241

因为 241241 是三位质数,两位数因数只来自 325713173^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17。它们是 13,15,17,21,35,39,45,51,63,65,85,91 \begin{gathered} 13,15,17,21,35,39,45,51, \\ 63,65,85,91\text{,} \end{gathered} 1212 个。

所以正确答案是 D

Factoring, 2241=(2121)(212+1)=(261)(26+1)(24+1)(2824+1), \begin{aligned} 2^{24}-1 &=(2^{12}-1)(2^{12}+1) \\ &=(2^6-1)(2^6+1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot(2^4+1)(2^8-2^4+1), \end{aligned} which equals 63651724163\cdot65\cdot17\cdot241 =32571317241.=3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17\cdot241.

Since 241241 is a three-digit prime, the two-digit factors come from 32571317.3^2\cdot5\cdot7\cdot13\cdot17. They are 13,15,17,21,35,39,45,51,63,65,85,91, \begin{gathered} 13,15,17,21,35,39,45,51, \\ 63,65,85,91, \end{gathered} for a total of 12.12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

菱形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 22,且 B=120\angle B=120^\circ。区域 RR 由菱形内部所有比到其他三个顶点都更靠近顶点 BB 的点组成。RR 的面积是多少?

Rhombus ABCDABCD has side length 22 and B=120.\angle B=120^\circ. Region RR consists of all points inside the rhombus that are closer to vertex BB than any of the other three vertices. What is the area of R?R?

33\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

32\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}

233\dfrac{2\sqrt{3}}{3}

1+331+\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{3}

22

难度评级:1850
小提示:

区域 RR 的边界在经过 BB 的两条边的垂直平分线上。

The boundary of RR lies along the perpendicular bisectors of the sides through BB

大提示:

RR 是一个五边形,由四个全等的 3030-6060-9090 三角形组成,每个都有一条长为 11 的直角边。

RR is a pentagon made of four congruent 3030-6060-9090 triangles, each with a leg of length 11

解答:

EEHH 分别为 ABABBCBC 的中点。ABAB 的垂直平分线经过 EE 与对角线 ACAC 交于 FFBCBC 的垂直平分线经过 HHACAC 交于 GG。区域 RR 是五边形 BEFGHBEFGH

三角形 AFEAFE3030-6060-9090^\circ 三角形,且 AE=1AE=1,所以面积为 12113=36\dfrac12\cdot1\cdot\dfrac{1}{\sqrt3}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}。三角形 BFEBFEBGHBGH 与它全等,而 FBG\triangle FBG 是等边三角形,可分成另外两个相同的小三角形。

因此 RR 由四个全等三角形组成,面积为 436=2334\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}=\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}

所以正确答案是 C

Let EE and HH be the midpoints of ABAB and BC.BC. The perpendicular bisector of ABAB through EE meets diagonal ACAC at F,F, and the perpendicular bisector of BCBC through HH meets ACAC at G.G. The region RR is the pentagon BEFGH.BEFGH.

Triangle AFEAFE is a 3030-6060-9090^\circ triangle with AE=1,AE=1, so its area is 12113=36.\dfrac12\cdot1\cdot\dfrac{1}{\sqrt3}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}. Triangles BFEBFE and BGHBGH are congruent to it, and FBG\triangle FBG is equilateral, splitting into two more copies.

Hence RR consists of four congruent triangles, giving area 436=233.4\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt3}{6}=\dfrac{2\sqrt3}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

f(x)=1010xf(x)=10^{10x}g(x)=log10 ⁣(x10)g(x)=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{x}{10}\right)h1(x)=g(f(x))h_1(x)=g(f(x));对整数 n2n\ge2,令 hn(x)=h1(hn1(x))h_n(x)=h_1(h_{n-1}(x))h2011(1)h_{2011}(1) 的各位数字之和是多少?

Let f(x)=1010x,f(x)=10^{10x}, g(x)=log10 ⁣(x10),g(x)=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{x}{10}\right), h1(x)=g(f(x)),h_1(x)=g(f(x)), and hn(x)=h1(hn1(x))h_n(x)=h_1(h_{n-1}(x)) for integers n2.n\ge2. What is the sum of the digits of h2011(1)?h_{2011}(1)?

16,08116{,}081

16,08916{,}089

18,08918{,}089

18,09818{,}098

18,09918{,}099

知识点:对数递推数字
难度评级:1980
小提示:

h1(x)=log10 ⁣(1010x10)h_1(x)=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{10^{10x}}{10}\right) 化简成一次函数。

Simplify h1(x)=log10 ⁣(1010x10)h_1(x)=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{10^{10x}}{10}\right) to a linear function

大提示:

迭代后,hn(1)h_n(1) 是一个数字全为 88、末位为 99 的数。

Iterating gives hn(1)h_n(1) as a number whose digits are all 88’s ending in a 99

解答:

首先,h1(x)=log10 ⁣(1010x10)=log10 ⁣(1010x1)=10x1 \begin{aligned} h_1(x) &=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{10^{10x}}{10}\right) \\ &=\log_{10}\!\left(10^{10x-1}\right) \\ &=10x-1 \end{aligned}\text{。}

迭代可得 hn(x)=10nxh_n(x)=10^n x (1+10++10n1)-(1+10+\cdots+10^{n-1})。因此 hn(1)h_n(1) 是一个 nn 位整数,个位为 99,其余各位都是 88

n=2011n=2011 时,数字和为 82010+9=16,089 8\cdot2010+9=16{,}089\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

First, h1(x)=log10 ⁣(1010x10)=log10 ⁣(1010x1)=10x1. \begin{aligned} h_1(x) &=\log_{10}\!\left(\dfrac{10^{10x}}{10}\right) \\ &=\log_{10}\!\left(10^{10x-1}\right) \\ &=10x-1. \end{aligned}

Iterating, hn(x)=10nxh_n(x)=10^n x (1+10++10n1).-(1+10+\cdots+10^{n-1}). Therefore hn(1)h_n(1) is an nn-digit integer whose units digit is 99 and all of whose other digits are 8.8.

For n=2011,n=2011, the digit sum is 82010+9=16,089. 8\cdot2010+9=16{,}089.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

一个四棱锥的底面是边长为 11 的正方形,侧面都是等边三角形。一个立方体放在该四棱锥内,使它的一个面在四棱锥底面上,而相对的那个面所有边都在四棱锥的侧面上。这个立方体的体积是多少?

A pyramid has a square base with sides of length 11 and has lateral faces that are equilateral triangles. A cube is placed within the pyramid so that one face is on the base of the pyramid and its opposite face has all its edges on the lateral faces of the pyramid. What is the volume of this cube?

5275\sqrt{2}-7

7437-4\sqrt{3}

2227\dfrac{2\sqrt{2}}{27}

29\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{9}

39\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{9}

难度评级:2030
小提示:

用经过底面对角线和顶点的平面截四棱锥。

Slice the pyramid through the plane containing a diagonal of the base and the apex

大提示:

该截面是一个斜边为 2\sqrt2 的等腰直角三角形;立方体在该截面中对应一个高为 xx、宽为 2x\sqrt2\,x 的长方形

That cross-section is an isosceles right triangle with hypotenuse 2;\sqrt2; the cube meets it in a rectangle of height xx and width 2x\sqrt2\,x

解答:

设顶点为 AA,底面正方形为 BCDEBCDE。于是 AB=AD=1AB=AD=1,且 BD=2BD=\sqrt2,所以 BAD\triangle BAD 是等腰直角三角形。

设立方体边长为 xx。它与 BAD\triangle BAD 所在平面的交线是一个高为 xx、宽为 2x\sqrt2\,x 的长方形,其上方两个顶点在 ABABADAD 上。因为 ABABADAD 与底边成 4545^\circ,长方形外侧的两段 BDBD 各长 xx,所以 2=BD=2x+2x \sqrt2=BD=\sqrt2\,x+2x\text{,} x=22+2=21x=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2+\sqrt2}=\sqrt2-1

体积为 (21)3=527 (\sqrt2-1)^3=5\sqrt2-7\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Let the apex be AA and the base be square BCDE.BCDE. Then AB=AD=1AB=AD=1 and BD=2,BD=\sqrt2, so BAD\triangle BAD is an isosceles right triangle.

Let the cube have edge length x.x. Its intersection with the plane of BAD\triangle BAD is a rectangle of height xx and width 2x,\sqrt2\,x, whose top corners lie on ABAB and AD.AD. Because the legs ABAB and ADAD meet the base at 45,45^\circ, each portion of BDBD outside the rectangle has length x,x, so 2=BD=2x+2x, \sqrt2=BD=\sqrt2\,x+2x, which reduces to x=22+2=21.x=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2+\sqrt2}=\sqrt2-1.

The volume is (21)3=527. (\sqrt2-1)^3=5\sqrt2-7.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

19.

xyxy-坐标系中,格点是指 (x,y)(x, y)xxyy 都为整数的点。对所有满足 12<m<a\dfrac{1}{2} \lt m \lt amm,直线 y=mx+2y=mx+2 都不经过任何满足 0<x1000 \lt x \le 100 的格点。aa 的最大可能值是多少?

A lattice point in an xyxy-coordinate system is any point (x,y)(x, y) where both xx and yy are integers. The graph of y=mx+2y=mx+2 passes through no lattice point with 0<x1000 \lt x \le 100 for all mm such that 12<m<a.\dfrac{1}{2} \lt m \lt a. What is the maximum possible value of a?a?

51101\dfrac{51}{101}

5099\dfrac{50}{99}

51100\dfrac{51}{100}

52101\dfrac{52}{101}

1325\dfrac{13}{25}

知识点:格点斜率
难度评级:2090
小提示:

对每个 xx,找出从 (0,2)(0,2) 出发、斜率 >12\gt\dfrac12 且能到达该 xx 处格点的最小斜率。

For each x,x, find the smallest slope >12\gt\dfrac12 from (0,2)(0,2) that reaches a lattice point at that xx

大提示:

分别比较偶数 xx 与奇数 xx 对应的最小斜率;较小者给出限制

Compare the minimum slopes for even xx and odd x;x; the tighter bound wins

解答:

0<x1000\lt x\le100,在直线 y=12x+2y=\tfrac12x+2 上方最近的格点为:当 xx 为偶数时是 (x,12x+3)\left(x,\tfrac12x+3\right);当 xx 为奇数时是 (x,12x+52)\left(x,\tfrac12x+\tfrac52\right)

(0,2)(0,2) 到该点的斜率,偶数 xx 时为 12+1x\dfrac12+\dfrac1x,奇数 xx 时为 12+12x\dfrac12+\dfrac{1}{2x}。这些斜率的最小值在偶数 xx 时为 51100\dfrac{51}{100},在奇数 xx 时为 5099\dfrac{50}{99}

因为 5099<51100\dfrac{50}{99}\lt\dfrac{51}{100},直线恰在 12<m<5099\dfrac12\lt m\lt\dfrac{50}{99} 时避开所有这些格点,所以最大值为 a=5099a=\dfrac{50}{99}

所以正确答案是 B

For 0<x100,0\lt x\le100, the nearest lattice point above the line y=12x+2y=\tfrac12x+2 is (x,12x+3)\left(x,\tfrac12x+3\right) if xx is even and (x,12x+52)\left(x,\tfrac12x+\tfrac52\right) if xx is odd.

The slope from (0,2)(0,2) to that point is 12+1x\dfrac12+\dfrac1x for even xx and 12+12x\dfrac12+\dfrac{1}{2x} for odd x.x. The minimum such slope is 51100\dfrac{51}{100} for even xx and 5099\dfrac{50}{99} for odd x.x.

Since 5099<51100,\dfrac{50}{99}\lt\dfrac{51}{100}, the line avoids all these lattice points exactly when 12<m<5099,\dfrac12\lt m\lt\dfrac{50}{99}, so the maximum is a=5099.a=\dfrac{50}{99}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

20.

三角形 ABCABC 中,AB=13AB=13BC=14BC=14AC=15AC=15。点 DDEEFF 分别是 ABABBCBCACAC 的中点。设 XEX\ne EBDE\triangle BDECEF\triangle CEF 的外接圆的另一个交点。XA+XB+XCXA+XB+XC 等于多少?

Triangle ABCABC has AB=13,AB=13, BC=14,BC=14, and AC=15.AC=15. The points D,D, E,E, and FF are the midpoints of AB,AB, BC,BC, and ACAC respectively. Let XEX\ne E be the intersection of the circumcircles of BDE\triangle BDE and CEF.\triangle CEF. What is XA+XB+XC?XA+XB+XC?

2424

14314\sqrt{3}

1958\dfrac{195}{8}

129714\dfrac{129\sqrt{7}}{14}

6924\dfrac{69\sqrt{2}}{4}

难度评级:2220
小提示:

利用中位线平行和圆周角定理,证明 XXAABBCC 距离相等。

Use the parallel midsegments and the Inscribed Angle Theorem to show XX is equidistant from A,A, B,B, CC

大提示:

XX 是外心,所以 XA+XB+XC=3RXA+XB+XC=3R,其中 R=abc4[ABC]R=\dfrac{abc}{4\cdot[ABC]}

XX is the circumcenter, so XA+XB+XC=3RXA+XB+XC=3R where R=abc4[ABC]R=\dfrac{abc}{4\cdot[ABC]}

解答:

因为 DEACDE\parallel ACEFABEF\parallel AB,所以 BDE=BAC=EFC\angle BDE=\angle BAC=\angle EFC。由圆周角定理,BXE=BDE\angle BXE=\angle BDEEXC=EFC\angle EXC=\angle EFC,从而 BXE=EXC\angle BXE=\angle EXC。再由 BE=ECBE=EC,可得 XB=XCXB=XC

此外,BXC=2BAC\angle BXC=2\angle BAC。在 BXC\triangle BXC 中使用弦长公式,得到 BC=2XBsin(BAC)BC=2XB\sin(\angle BAC),在 ABC\triangle ABC 中使用同一公式,得到 BC=2Rsin(BAC)BC=2R\sin(\angle BAC)。因此 XB=XC=RXB=XC=R。在 BCBC 的这一侧,到 BBCC 的距离都等于 RR 的点就是 ABC\triangle ABC 的外心,所以 XA=XB=XC=RXA=XB=XC=R

由海伦公式,1313-1414-1515 三角形的面积是 8484,所以 R=131415484=658 R=\dfrac{13\cdot14\cdot15}{4\cdot84}=\dfrac{65}{8}\text{,}并且 XA+XB+XC=3R=1958XA+XB+XC=3R=\dfrac{195}{8}

因此,正确答案是 C

Since DEACDE\parallel AC and EFAB,EF\parallel AB, we get BDE=BAC=EFC.\angle BDE=\angle BAC=\angle EFC. By the Inscribed Angle Theorem, BXE=BDE\angle BXE=\angle BDE and EXC=EFC,\angle EXC=\angle EFC, so BXE=EXC.\angle BXE=\angle EXC. With BE=EC,BE=EC, this forces XB=XC.XB=XC.

Also BXC=2BAC.\angle BXC=2\angle BAC. The chord formula in BXC\triangle BXC gives BC=2XBsin(BAC),BC=2XB\sin(\angle BAC), while the same formula in ABC\triangle ABC gives BC=2Rsin(BAC).BC=2R\sin(\angle BAC). Thus XB=XC=R.XB=XC=R. The point at distance RR from both BB and CC on this side of BCBC is the circumcenter of ABC,\triangle ABC, so XA=XB=XC=R.XA=XB=XC=R.

The area of the 1313-1414-1515 triangle is 8484 by Heron’s formula, so R=131415484=658, R=\dfrac{13\cdot14\cdot15}{4\cdot84}=\dfrac{65}{8}, and XA+XB+XC=3R=1958.XA+XB+XC=3R=\dfrac{195}{8}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

两个不同正整数 xxyy 的算术平均数是一个两位整数。xxyy 的几何平均数等于把这个算术平均数的两位数字颠倒后得到的数。xy|x-y| 是多少?

The arithmetic mean of two distinct positive integers xx and yy is a two-digit integer. The geometric mean of xx and yy is obtained by reversing the digits of the arithmetic mean. What is xy?|x-y|?

2424

4848

5454

6666

7070

难度评级:2180
小提示:

将算术平均数写成 10a+b10a+b,几何平均数写成 10b+a10b+a

Write the arithmetic mean as 10a+b10a+b and the geometric mean as 10b+a10b+a

大提示:

计算 (xy)2=(x+y)24xy(x-y)^2=(x+y)^2-4xy;它可分解为 396(a+b)(ab)396(a+b)(a-b)

Compute (xy)2=(x+y)24xy;(x-y)^2=(x+y)^2-4xy; it factors as 396(a+b)(ab)396(a+b)(a-b)

解答:

设算术平均数为 10a+b10a+b,几何平均数为 10b+a10b+a,则 x+y=2(10a+b)x+y=2(10a+b),且 xy=(10b+a)2xy=(10b+a)^2

因此 (xy)2=(x+y)24xy=396(a2b2)=1162(a+b)(ab) \begin{aligned} (x-y)^2 &=(x+y)^2-4xy \\ &=396(a^2-b^2) \\ &=11\cdot6^2 \\ &\quad {}\cdot(a+b)(a-b) \end{aligned}\text{。} 由于对两个不相等的正数,算术平均数大于几何平均数,所以 a>ba>b。令 u=abu=a-bv=a+bv=a+b。于是 1u91\le u\le91v171\le v\le17。要使 11uv11uv 为完全平方数,uvuv 中必须含有奇数次幂的 1111。因此 v=11v=11,这是因为 u<11u<11v<22v<22。此时 11uv=121u11uv=121u 是完全平方数,所以 uu 也是完全平方数。又因为 uuvv 的奇偶性相同,只剩下 u=1u=199。后者给出 a=10a=10,它不是一位数字,所以 u=1u=1,从而 (a,b)=(6,5)(a,b)=(6,5)

于是 (xy)2=116211=662(x-y)^2=11\cdot6^2\cdot11=66^2,所以 xy=66|x-y|=66。(确实有 {x,y}={32,98}\{x,y\}=\{32,98\}。)

所以正确答案是 D

Let the arithmetic mean be 10a+b10a+b and the geometric mean be 10b+a.10b+a. Then x+y=2(10a+b)x+y=2(10a+b) and xy=(10b+a)2.xy=(10b+a)^2.

Therefore (xy)2=(x+y)24xy=396(a2b2)=1162(a+b)(ab). \begin{aligned} (x-y)^2 &=(x+y)^2-4xy \\ &=396(a^2-b^2) \\ &=11\cdot6^2 \\ &\quad {}\cdot(a+b)(a-b). \end{aligned} Since the arithmetic mean exceeds the geometric mean for distinct positive numbers, a>b.a>b. Put u=abu=a-b and v=a+b.v=a+b. Then 1u91\le u\le9 and 1v17.1\le v\le17. For 11uv11uv to be a square, uvuv must contain an odd power of 11.11. Therefore v=11,v=11, because u<11u<11 and v<22.v<22. Now 11uv=121u11uv=121u is a square, so uu is a square. Also uu and vv have the same parity, leaving u=1u=1 or 9.9. The latter gives a=10,a=10, not a digit, so u=1u=1 and (a,b)=(6,5).(a,b)=(6,5).

Then (xy)2=116211=662,(x-y)^2=11\cdot6^2\cdot11=66^2, so xy=66.|x-y|=66. (Indeed {x,y}={32,98}.\{x,y\}=\{32,98\}.)

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

T1T_1 是边长为 201120112012201220132013 的三角形。对 n1n\ge1,若 Tn=ABCT_n=\triangle ABC,且 DDEEFF 分别是 ABC\triangle ABC 的内切圆与边 ABABBCBCACAC 的切点,那么若三角形存在,Tn+1T_{n+1} 的边长为 ADADBEBECFCF。序列 (Tn)(T_n) 中最后一个三角形的周长是多少?

Let T1T_1 be a triangle with sides 2011,2011, 2012,2012, and 2013.2013. For n1,n\ge1, if Tn=ABCT_n=\triangle ABC and D,D, E,E, and FF are the points of tangency of the incircle of ABC\triangle ABC to the sides AB,AB, BC,BC, and AC,AC, respectively, then Tn+1T_{n+1} is a triangle with side lengths AD,AD, BE,BE, and CF,CF, if it exists. What is the perimeter of the last triangle in the sequence (Tn)?(T_n)?

15098\dfrac{1509}{8}

150932\dfrac{1509}{32}

150964\dfrac{1509}{64}

1509128\dfrac{1509}{128}

1509256\dfrac{1509}{256}

难度评级:2350
小提示:

切线段长度满足 AD=12(b+ca)AD=\tfrac12(b+c-a)BEBECFCF 类似。

The tangent lengths satisfy AD=12(b+ca),AD=\tfrac12(b+c-a), and similarly for BEBE and CFCF

大提示:

每个三角形保持 (y1,y,y+1)(y-1,y,y+1) 的形式,且 yy 每次减半;当 y2y\le2 时不满足三角形不等式。

Each triangle keeps the form (y1,y,y+1)(y-1,y,y+1) with yy halving; it fails the triangle inequality once y2y\le2

解答:

对边长为 a,b,ca,b,c 的三角形,切线段长度为 AD=12(b+ca)AD=\tfrac12(b+c-a)BE=12(a+cb)BE=\tfrac12(a+c-b)CF=12(a+bc)CF=\tfrac12(a+b-c)。若 TnT_n 的边长为 (y1,y,y+1)(y-1,y,y+1),则 Tn+1T_{n+1} 的边长为 (y21,y2,y2+1)\left(\tfrac{y}{2}-1,\tfrac{y}{2},\tfrac{y}{2}+1\right)

从中间边为 20122012T1T_1 开始,中间边每步减半,且 Tn+1T_{n+1} 的周长是 TnT_n 周长的 12\tfrac12。这种形式的三角形存在当且仅当中间边大于 22

TnT_n 的中间边为 20122n1\dfrac{2012}{2^{n-1}}。它在 n=11n=11 时第一次不超过 22,所以最后一个有效三角形是 T10T_{10},其中间边为 201229\dfrac{2012}{2^9},周长为 3201229=6036512=1509128 3\cdot\dfrac{2012}{2^9}=\dfrac{6036}{512}=\dfrac{1509}{128}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

For a triangle with sides a,b,c,a,b,c, the tangent lengths are AD=12(b+ca),AD=\tfrac12(b+c-a), BE=12(a+cb),BE=\tfrac12(a+c-b), and CF=12(a+bc).CF=\tfrac12(a+b-c). If TnT_n has sides (y1,y,y+1),(y-1,y,y+1), then Tn+1T_{n+1} has sides (y21,y2,y2+1).\left(\tfrac{y}{2}-1,\tfrac{y}{2},\tfrac{y}{2}+1\right).

Starting from T1T_1 with middle side 2012,2012, the middle side halves each step and the perimeter of Tn+1T_{n+1} is 12\tfrac12 the perimeter of Tn.T_n. A triangle of this form exists only while its middle side exceeds 2.2.

The middle side of TnT_n is 20122n1.\dfrac{2012}{2^{n-1}}. This first drops to 22 or below at n=11,n=11, so the last valid triangle is T10,T_{10}, whose middle side is 201229\dfrac{2012}{2^9} and whose perimeter is 3201229=6036512=1509128. 3\cdot\dfrac{2012}{2^9}=\dfrac{6036}{512}=\dfrac{1509}{128}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

23.

一只虫子在坐标平面上移动,只沿着平行于 xx-轴或 yy-轴的直线行走。设 A=(3,2)A=(-3, 2)B=(3,2)B=(3, -2)。考虑所有从 AABB、长度至多为 2020 的可能路径。有多少个整数坐标点位于至少一条这样的路径上?

A bug travels in the coordinate plane, moving only along the lines that are parallel to the xx-axis or yy-axis. Let A=(3,2)A=(-3, 2) and B=(3,2).B=(3, -2). Consider all possible paths of the bug from AA to BB of length at most 20.20. How many points with integer coordinates lie on at least one of these paths?

161161

185185

195195

227227

255255

难度评级:2390
小提示:

XX 在某条这样路径上,当且仅当它的出租车距离满足 d(A,X)+d(X,B)20d(A,X)+d(X,B)\le20

A point XX lies on such a path iff its taxicab distances satisfy d(A,X)+d(X,B)20d(A,X)+d(X,B)\le20

大提示:

这就是 x3+x+3|x-3|+|x+3| +y2+y+220+|y-2|+|y+2|\le20;按关于坐标轴的对称性计数。

This is x3+x+3|x-3|+|x+3| +y2+y+220;+|y-2|+|y+2|\le20; count by symmetry across the axes

解答:

格点 X=(x,y)X=(x,y) 位于某条路径上,当且仅当 d=x3+x+3+y2+y+220 \begin{aligned} d&=|x-3|+|x+3| \\ &\quad {}+|y-2|+|y+2|\le20 \end{aligned}\text{。} 该式在 xxx\to-xyyy\to-y 时不变,所以先数 x0x\ge0y0y\ge0 的点,再乘以 44,并校正坐标轴上的重复计数。

0x30\le x\le30y20\le y\le2,则这 43=124\cdot3=12 个点全都满足条件。若 0x30\le x\le3y3y\ge3,则 y7y\le7,共给出 45=204\cdot5=20 个点。若 x4x\ge40y20\le y\le2,则 x8x\le8,共给出 53=155\cdot3=15 个点。最后,当 x4x\ge4y3y\ge3 时,条件化为 x+y10x+y\le10,共给出 4+3+2+1=104+3+2+1=10 个点。于是第一象限中共有 5757 个点,其中 1515 个位于非负坐标轴上。由对称性,总数为 4572153=195 4\cdot57-2\cdot15-3=195\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

A lattice point X=(x,y)X=(x,y) lies on some path exactly when d=x3+x+3+y2+y+220. \begin{aligned} d&=|x-3|+|x+3| \\ &\quad {}+|y-2|+|y+2|\le20. \end{aligned} This expression is unchanged when xxx\to-x or yy,y\to-y, so we count points with x0,x\ge0, y0,y\ge0, multiply by 4,4, and correct for the axes.

If 0x30\le x\le3 and 0y2,0\le y\le2, all 43=124\cdot3=12 points work. If 0x30\le x\le3 and y3,y\ge3, then y7,y\le7, giving 45=204\cdot5=20 points. If x4x\ge4 and 0y2,0\le y\le2, then x8,x\le8, giving 53=155\cdot3=15 points. Finally, for x4x\ge4 and y3,y\ge3, the condition is x+y10,x+y\le10, giving 4+3+2+1=104+3+2+1=10 points. Thus there are 5757 in the first quadrant, including 1515 on the nonnegative axes. By symmetry the total is 4572153=195. 4\cdot57-2\cdot15-3=195.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

P(z)=z8+(43+6)z4P(z)=z^8+(4\sqrt{3}+6)z^4 (43+7)-(4\sqrt{3}+7)。在复平面中,以 P(z)P(z) 的所有零点为顶点的 88 边形中,最小周长是多少?

Let P(z)=z8+(43+6)z4P(z)=z^8+(4\sqrt{3}+6)z^4 (43+7).-(4\sqrt{3}+7). What is the minimum perimeter among all the 88-sided polygons in the complex plane whose vertices are precisely the zeros of P(z)?P(z)?

43+44\sqrt{3}+4

828\sqrt{2}

32+363\sqrt{2}+3\sqrt{6}

42+434\sqrt{2}+4\sqrt{3}

43+64\sqrt{3}+6

难度评级:2520
小提示:

PP 看作关于 z4z^4 的二次式,并分解为 (z41)(z4+(43+7))(z^4-1)\big(z^4+(4\sqrt3+7)\big)

Treat PP as a quadratic in z4z^4 and factor as (z41)(z4+(43+7))(z^4-1)\big(z^4+(4\sqrt3+7)\big)

大提示:

因为 43+7=(3+2)24\sqrt3+7=(\sqrt3+2)^2,八个根分布在两个正方形上;最短边长为 2\sqrt2

Since 43+7=(3+2)2,4\sqrt3+7=(\sqrt3+2)^2, the eight roots lie on two squares; the shortest edges have length 2\sqrt2

解答:

z4z^4 分解: P(z)=(z41)(z4+(43+7)) \begin{aligned} P(z) &=(z^4-1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot\big(z^4+(4\sqrt3+7)\big)\text{。} \end{aligned} 第一因子给出根 1,1,i,i1,-1,i,-i。又因为 43+7=(3+2)24\sqrt3+7=(\sqrt3+2)^2,且 2(3+2)=(3+1)22(\sqrt3+2)=(\sqrt3+1)^2,令 w=12(3+1)w=\tfrac12(\sqrt3+1),另四个根为 w(±1±i)w(\pm1\pm i)

这八个根关于原点对称,并具有 44 重旋转对称性;任意两个根之间的线段长度至少为 2\sqrt2。因此任何这样的八边形周长至少为 828\sqrt2,而依次取顶点 11w(1+i)w(1+i)iiw(1+i)w(-1+i)1-1w(1i)w(-1-i)i-iw(1i)w(1-i) 时可达到该下界。

所以正确答案是 B

Factoring in z4,z^4, P(z)=(z41)(z4+(43+7)). \begin{aligned} P(z) &=(z^4-1) \\ &\quad {}\cdot\big(z^4+(4\sqrt3+7)\big). \end{aligned} The first factor gives the roots 1,1,i,i.1,-1,i,-i. Since 43+7=(3+2)24\sqrt3+7=(\sqrt3+2)^2 and 2(3+2)=(3+1)2,2(\sqrt3+2)=(\sqrt3+1)^2, writing w=12(3+1)w=\tfrac12(\sqrt3+1) the other four roots are w(±1±i).w(\pm1\pm i).

The eight roots are symmetric about the origin with 44-fold symmetry, and every segment joining two of them has length at least 2.\sqrt2. Thus any such polygon has perimeter at least 82,8\sqrt2, and the polygon with vertices 1,1, w(1+i),w(1+i), i,i, w(1+i),w(-1+i), 1,-1, w(1i),w(-1-i), i,-i, w(1i)w(1-i) achieves it.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

对任意整数 mmkk,其中 kk 为奇数,记 [mk]\left[\dfrac{m}{k}\right] 为最接近 mk\dfrac{m}{k} 的整数。对每个奇整数 kk,从区间 1n99!1\le n\le99! 中随机选取一个整数 nn,并令 P(k)P(k) 为下式成立的概率: [nk]+[100nk]=[100k]\left[\dfrac{n}{k}\right]+\left[\dfrac{100-n}{k}\right]=\left[\dfrac{100}{k}\right]kk 遍历区间 1k991\le k\le99 内的所有奇整数时,P(k)P(k) 的最小可能值是多少?

For every mm and kk integers with kk odd, denote by [mk]\left[\dfrac{m}{k}\right] the integer closest to mk.\dfrac{m}{k}. For every odd integer k,k, let P(k)P(k) be the probability that [nk]+[100nk]=[100k]\left[\dfrac{n}{k}\right]+\left[\dfrac{100-n}{k}\right]=\left[\dfrac{100}{k}\right] for an integer nn randomly chosen from the interval 1n99!.1\le n\le99!. What is the minimum possible value of P(k)P(k) over the odd integers kk in the interval 1k99?1\le k\le99?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

5099\dfrac{50}{99}

4487\dfrac{44}{87}

3467\dfrac{34}{67}

713\dfrac{7}{13}

难度评级:2650
小提示:

nn 是否满足条件只取决于 nmodkn\bmod k,且每个剩余类等可能。

Whether nn works depends only on nmodk,n\bmod k, and each residue class is equally likely

大提示:

100=qk+r100=qk+r,其中 rk12|r|\le\tfrac{k-1}{2};则 P(k)=1rkP(k)=1-\dfrac{|r|}{k}

Write 100=qk+r100=qk+r with rk12;|r|\le\tfrac{k-1}{2}; then P(k)=1rkP(k)=1-\dfrac{|r|}{k}

解答:

因为 [n+mkk]=[nk]+m\left[\dfrac{n+mk}{k}\right]=\left[\dfrac{n}{k}\right]+m,所以 nn 是否满足恒等式只取决于 nmodkn\bmod k。由于 99!99! 能被 kk 整除对 1k991\le k\le99 成立,每个剩余类等可能。

100=qk+r100=qk+rn=q1k+r1n=q_1k+r_1,其中两个余数都取自 [(k1)2,k12][-\frac{(k-1)}{2},\frac{k-1}{2}]。若 r0r\ge0,则不发生进位当且仅当 rk12r1k12r-\frac{k-1}{2}\le r_1\le\frac{k-1}{2};这给出 krk-r 个剩余类。r<0r<0 的情形同样给出 k+rk+r 个剩余类。因此两种情形下都有 P(k)=1rk P(k)=1-\dfrac{|r|}{k}\text{。}

要最小化 P(k)P(k),就要最大化 r/k|r|/k。若 r=k12r=\frac{k-1}{2},则 201=k(2q+1)201=k(2q+1),而满足 k99k\le99 的最大取值是 201201 的因数 6767。若 r=(k1)2r=-\frac{(k-1)}{2},则 199=k(2q1)199=k(2q-1);因为 199199 是质数,只有 k=1k=1 可能。在其余所有情形中都有 rk32|r|\le\frac{k-3}{2},所以 P(k)12+32k12+3198>3467 \begin{aligned} P(k)&\ge\dfrac12+\dfrac{3}{2k} \\ &\ge\dfrac12+\dfrac{3}{198} \\ &>\dfrac{34}{67} \end{aligned}\text{。} 而当 k=67k=67 时, P(67)=12+1267=3467 P(67)=\dfrac12+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot67}=\dfrac{34}{67}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Because [n+mkk]=[nk]+m,\left[\dfrac{n+mk}{k}\right]=\left[\dfrac{n}{k}\right]+m, whether nn satisfies the identity depends only on nmodk.n\bmod k. Since 99!99! is divisible by kk for 1k99,1\le k\le99, every residue class is equally likely.

Write 100=qk+r100=qk+r and n=q1k+r1,n=q_1k+r_1, choosing both remainders in [(k1)2,k12].[-\frac{(k-1)}{2},\frac{k-1}{2}]. If r0,r\ge0, no carry occurs precisely when rk12r1k12;r-\frac{k-1}{2}\le r_1\le\frac{k-1}{2}; this gives krk-r residue classes. The case r<0r<0 similarly gives k+rk+r classes. Hence in both cases P(k)=1rk. P(k)=1-\dfrac{|r|}{k}.

To minimize P(k)P(k) we maximize r/k.|r|/k. If r=k12,r=\frac{k-1}{2}, then 201=k(2q+1),201=k(2q+1), and the largest possible k99k\le99 is the divisor 6767 of 201.201. If r=(k1)2,r=-\frac{(k-1)}{2}, then 199=k(2q1);199=k(2q-1); because 199199 is prime, only k=1k=1 is possible. In every remaining case rk32,|r|\le\frac{k-3}{2}, so P(k)12+32k12+3198>3467. \begin{aligned} P(k)&\ge\dfrac12+\dfrac{3}{2k} \\ &\ge\dfrac12+\dfrac{3}{198} \\ &>\dfrac{34}{67}. \end{aligned} For k=67,k=67, P(67)=12+1267=3467. P(67)=\dfrac12+\dfrac{1}{2\cdot67}=\dfrac{34}{67}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.