2009 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

Jane 在五天工作周的每天早上都会买一个 5050 美分的松饼或一个 7575 美分的贝果。她这一周的总花费正好是整数美元。她买了多少个贝果?

Each morning of her five-day workweek, Jane bought either a 5050-cent muffin or a 7575-cent bagel. Her total cost for the week was a whole number of dollars. How many bagels did she buy?

11

22

33

44

55

知识点:奇偶性钱币分类讨论
难度评级:820
小提示:

她一共买了 55 件东西,所以松饼和贝果的数量之和为 55

She buys 55 items total, so muffins and bagels together number 55

大提示:

总价 50m+75b50m + 75b 美分必须是 100100 的倍数;把这个总价对 100100 取模。

The total 50m+75b50m + 75b cents must be a multiple of 100;100; reduce the cost modulo 100100

解答:

若她买了 bb 个贝果,则买了 5b5 - b 个松饼,总价为 50(5b)+75b=250+25b50(5-b) + 75b = 250 + 25b 美分。要使总价为整数美元,它必须是 100100 的倍数,于是 25b50(mod100)25b\equiv50\pmod{100},即 b2(mod4)b\equiv2\pmod4。因为 0b50\le b\le5,只有 b=2b=2 可行,此时总价为 300300 美分,即 =$3= \$3

所以正确答案是 B

With bb bagels she buys 5b5 - b muffins, costing 50(5b)+75b=250+25b50(5-b) + 75b = 250 + 25b cents. For a whole number of dollars this must be a multiple of 100.100. Thus 25b50(mod100),25b\equiv50\pmod{100}, or b2(mod4).b\equiv2\pmod4. Since 0b5,0\le b\le5, only b=2b=2 works, giving 300300 cents =$3.= \$3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

2.

油漆工 Paula 原本有刚好够刷 3030 间同样大小房间的油漆。不幸的是,在去工作的路上,有三罐油漆从卡车上掉了下来,所以她只剩下够刷 2525 间房间的油漆。她刷这 2525 间房间用了多少罐油漆?

Paula the painter had just enough paint for 3030 identically sized rooms. Unfortunately, on the way to work, three cans of paint fell off her truck, so she had only enough paint for 2525 rooms. How many cans of paint did she use for the 2525 rooms?

1010

1212

1515

1818

2525

知识点:比与比例
难度评级:900
小提示:

丢失的 33 罐油漆对应她少刷的 55 间房间。

The 33 lost cans account for the 55 rooms she can no longer paint

大提示:

油漆罐数与房间数的比是 3:53 : 5

The ratio of cans to rooms is 3:53 : 5

解答:

丢失 33 罐使她少刷 55 间房间,所以 33 罐油漆能刷 55 间房间,每间房需要 35\dfrac{3}{5} 罐。

2525 间房间需要 2535=1525 \cdot \dfrac{3}{5} = 15 罐。

所以正确答案是 C

Losing 33 cans cost her 55 rooms, so 33 cans paint 55 rooms and each room needs 35\dfrac{3}{5} of a can.

For 2525 rooms she used 2535=1525 \cdot \dfrac{3}{5} = 15 cans.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

3.

6060 少百分之二十的数,比哪个数多三分之一?

Twenty percent less than 6060 is one-third more than what number?

1616

3030

3232

3636

4848

难度评级:1000
小提示:

6060 少百分之二十是 0.8600.8 \cdot 60

Twenty percent less than 6060 is 0.8600.8 \cdot 60

大提示:

比一个数 nn 多三分之一是 43n\dfrac{4}{3}n

One-third more than a number nn is 43n\dfrac{4}{3}n

解答:

6060 少百分之二十是 0.860=480.8 \cdot 60 = 48

nn 多三分之一是 43n\dfrac{4}{3}n,所以 43n=48\dfrac{4}{3}n = 48,得到 n=36n = 36

所以正确答案是 D

Twenty percent less than 6060 is 0.860=48.0.8 \cdot 60 = 48.

One-third more than nn is 43n,\dfrac{4}{3}n, so 43n=48\dfrac{4}{3}n = 48 gives n=36.n = 36.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

一个长方形院子里有两个花坛,形状是全等的等腰直角三角形。院子的其余部分是如图所示的梯形。梯形的两条平行边长度分别为 1515 米和 2525 米。花坛占整个院子的几分之几?

A rectangular yard contains two flower beds in the shape of congruent isosceles right triangles. The remainder of the yard has a trapezoidal shape, as shown. The parallel sides of the trapezoid have lengths 1515 and 2525 meters. What fraction of the yard is occupied by the flower beds?

18\dfrac{1}{8}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

15\dfrac{1}{5}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

难度评级:1100
小提示:

两个三角形的直角边等于两条平行边长度差的一半。

The two triangle legs equal half the difference of the parallel sides

大提示:

每个等腰直角三角形的直角边长为 25152=5\dfrac{25 - 15}{2} = 5

Each isosceles right triangle has legs 25152=5\dfrac{25 - 15}{2} = 5

解答:

两条平行边相差 2515=1025 - 15 = 10,所以每个三角形的直角边为 102=5\dfrac{10}{2} = 5,面积为 1252=252\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 5^2 = \dfrac{25}{2}。两个花坛总面积为 2525

长方形尺寸为 252555,面积为 125125,花坛所占比例为 25125=15\dfrac{25}{125} = \dfrac{1}{5}

所以正确答案是 C

The parallel sides differ by 2515=10,25 - 15 = 10, so each triangle has legs 102=5\dfrac{10}{2} = 5 and area 1252=252.\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 5^2 = \dfrac{25}{2}. The two beds total 25.25.

The rectangle measures 2525 by 5,5, so its area is 125,125, and the fraction occupied is 25125=15.\dfrac{25}{125} = \dfrac{1}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

5.

Kiana 有两个年长的双胞胎哥哥。他们三个人年龄的乘积是 128128。他们三个人年龄的和是多少?

Kiana has two older twin brothers. The product of their three ages is 128.128. What is the sum of their three ages?

1010

1212

1616

1818

2424

难度评级:1080
小提示:

128=27128 = 2^7,所以每个人的年龄都是 22 的幂。

128=27,128 = 2^7, so every age is a power of 22

大提示:

若每个双胞胎哥哥都是 tt 岁,则 t2t^2 乘以 Kiana 的年龄等于 128128,且 Kiana 更小。

If each twin is tt years old, then t2t^2 times Kiana’s age is 128,128, and Kiana is younger

解答:

因为 128=27128 = 2^7,每个年龄都是 22 的幂。双胞胎年龄相同,设为 tt,则 Kiana 的年龄为 128t2\dfrac{128}{t^2}

t=8t = 8 时,Kiana 的年龄是 12864=2\dfrac{128}{64} = 2,比双胞胎小。(若双胞胎年龄更小,Kiana 就会更大,这是不允许的。)年龄和为 8+8+2=188 + 8 + 2 = 18

所以正确答案是 D

Since 128=27,128 = 2^7, each age is a power of 2.2. The twins share an age t,t, so Kiana’s age is 128t2.\dfrac{128}{t^2}.

Taking t=8t = 8 gives Kiana 12864=2,\dfrac{128}{64} = 2, who is younger than the twins. (Smaller twins would make Kiana older, which is not allowed.) The sum is 8+8+2=18.8 + 8 + 2 = 18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

通过插入括号,可以使表达式 2×3+4×52 \times 3 + 4 \times 5 取得若干个值。可以得到多少个不同的值?

By inserting parentheses, it is possible to give the expression 2×3+4×52 \times 3 + 4 \times 5 several values. How many different values can be obtained?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1250
小提示:

结果取决于加法相对于两个乘法在什么时候进行。

The result depends on when the addition is performed relative to the two multiplications

大提示:

系统列出不同的分组方式;有些加括号方式会得到相同的值。

Enumerate the distinct groupings; several parenthesizations collapse to the same value

解答:

真正不同的分组给出

这些分组给出 (2×3)+(4×5)=26(2 \times 3) + (4 \times 5) = 26 ((2×3)+4)×5=50\ ((2 \times 3) + 4) \times 5 = 50 2×(3+(4×5))=46\ 2 \times (3 + (4 \times 5)) = 46 2×(3+4)×5=70\ 2 \times (3 + 4) \times 5 = 70

这四个值互不相同,所以可以得到 44 个值。

所以正确答案是 C

The genuinely different groupings give

(2×3)+(4×5)=26,(2 \times 3) + (4 \times 5) = 26,  ((2×3)+4)×5=50,\ ((2 \times 3) + 4) \times 5 = 50,  2×(3+(4×5))=46,\ 2 \times (3 + (4 \times 5)) = 46, and  2×(3+4)×5=70.\ 2 \times (3 + 4) \times 5 = 70.

These are all distinct, so 44 values can be obtained.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

某一年中,汽油价格在一月上涨 20%20\%,二月下跌 20%20\%,三月上涨 25%25\%,四月下跌 x%x\%。四月底的汽油价格与一月初相同。四舍五入到最接近的整数,xx 是多少?

In a certain year the price of gasoline rose by 20%20\% during January, fell by 20%20\% during February, rose by 25%25\% during March, and fell by x%x\% during April. The price of gasoline at the end of April was the same as it had been at the beginning of January. To the nearest integer, what is x?x?

1212

1717

2020

2525

3535

知识点:百分数
难度评级:1330
小提示:

将连续的倍率 1.21.20.80.81.251.25 相乘。

Multiply the successive factors 1.2,1.2, 0.8,0.8, and 1.251.25

大提示:

三个月后价格变为起始价格的 1.21.2 倍,所以四月必须抵消这个倍率。

After three months the price is 1.21.2 times the start, so April must undo that factor

解答:

一月至三月后,价格变为原价的 1.20.81.25=1.21.2 \cdot 0.8 \cdot 1.25 = 1.2 倍。

要回到原价,四月必须乘以 11.2\dfrac{1}{1.2},也就是下降 111.2=1616.7%1 - \dfrac{1}{1.2} = \dfrac{1}{6} \approx 16.7\%。四舍五入后,x=17x = 17

所以正确答案是 B

After January through March the price is 1.20.81.25=1.21.2 \cdot 0.8 \cdot 1.25 = 1.2 times the original.

To return to the original, April must multiply by 11.2,\dfrac{1}{1.2}, a decrease of 111.2=1616.7%.1 - \dfrac{1}{1.2} = \dfrac{1}{6} \approx 16.7\%. To the nearest integer, x=17.x = 17.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

当一个桶装满三分之二的水时,桶和水共重 aa 千克。当桶装满一半的水时,总重量为 bb 千克。用 aabb 表示,当桶装满水时的总重量是多少千克?

When a bucket is two-thirds full of water, the bucket and water weigh aa kilograms. When the bucket is one-half full of water the total weight is bb kilograms. In terms of aa and b,b, what is the total weight in kilograms when the bucket is full of water?

23a+13b\dfrac{2}{3}a + \dfrac{1}{3}b

32a12b\dfrac{3}{2}a - \dfrac{1}{2}b

32a+b\dfrac{3}{2}a + b

32a+2b\dfrac{3}{2}a + 2b

3a2b3a - 2b

知识点:方程组换元法
难度评级:1370
小提示:

设空桶重 xx,满桶水的水重 yy,则 x+23y=ax + \tfrac{2}{3}y = ax+12y=bx + \tfrac{1}{2}y = b

Let the empty bucket weigh xx and a full load of water weigh y,y, so x+23y=ax + \tfrac{2}{3}y = a and x+12y=bx + \tfrac{1}{2}y = b

大提示:

将两个方程相减求出 yy,再计算 x+yx + y

Subtract the two equations to find y,y, then compute x+yx + y

解答:

xx 为空桶重量,yy 为满桶水的水重。则 x+23y=ax + \dfrac{2}{3}y = a,且 x+12y=bx + \dfrac{1}{2}y = b

两式相减得 16y=ab\dfrac{1}{6}y = a - b,所以 y=6a6by = 6a - 6b,且 x=b12y=4b3ax = b - \dfrac{1}{2}y = 4b - 3a。满桶总重量为 x+y=3a2bx + y = 3a - 2b

所以正确答案是 E

Let xx be the bucket’s weight and yy the weight of a full bucket of water. Then x+23y=ax + \dfrac{2}{3}y = a and x+12y=b.x + \dfrac{1}{2}y = b.

Subtracting gives 16y=ab,\dfrac{1}{6}y = a - b, so y=6a6by = 6a - 6b and x=b12y=4b3a.x = b - \dfrac{1}{2}y = 4b - 3a. The full weight is x+y=3a2b.x + y = 3a - 2b.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

三角形 ABCABC 的顶点为 A=(3,0)A = (3, 0)B=(0,3)B = (0, 3)CC,其中 CC 在直线 x+y=7x + y = 7 上。ABC\triangle ABC 的面积是多少?

Triangle ABCABC has vertices A=(3,0),A = (3, 0), B=(0,3),B = (0, 3), and C,C, where CC is on the line x+y=7.x + y = 7. What is the area of ABC?\triangle ABC?

66

88

1010

1212

1414

难度评级:1390
小提示:

直线 ABABx+y=3x + y = 3,它与 x+y=7x + y = 7 平行。

Line ABAB is x+y=3,x + y = 3, which is parallel to x+y=7x + y = 7

大提示:

因为 CC 在一条与 ABAB 平行的直线上移动,面积固定;选一个方便的 CC

Since CC slides along a line parallel to AB,AB, the area is fixed; pick a convenient CC

解答:

直线 ABAB 的方程是 x+y=3x + y = 3,它与 x+y=7x + y = 7 平行,所以面积与 CC 在该直线上的具体位置无关。

C=(7,0)C = (7, 0)。此时底边 AC=4AC = 4xx-轴上,高为 33,面积为 1243=6\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 6

所以正确答案是 A

Line ABAB has equation x+y=3,x + y = 3, which is parallel to x+y=7,x + y = 7, so the area is independent of where CC lies on that line.

Take C=(7,0).C = (7, 0). Then the base AC=4AC = 4 lies on the xx-axis with height 3,3, giving area 1243=6.\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot 4 \cdot 3 = 6.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

10.

一个特殊的 1212 小时制电子钟显示一天中的小时和分钟。不幸的是,每当它本应显示数字 11 时,都会错误地显示成 99。例如,下午 1:161{:}16 时,钟会错误显示为下午 9:969{:}96。一天中有多少比例的时间,这个钟显示的是正确时间?

A particular 1212-hour digital clock displays the hour and minute of a day. Unfortunately, whenever it is supposed to display a 1,1, it mistakenly displays a 9.9. For example, when it is 1:161{:}16 pm the clock incorrectly shows 9:969{:}96 pm. What fraction of the day will the clock show the correct time?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

58\dfrac{5}{8}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

56\dfrac{5}{6}

910\dfrac{9}{10}

难度评级:1480
小提示:

小时显示正确,除非小时中含有 11,也就是 1,10,11,121, 10, 11, 12 点。

The hour is shown correctly unless it contains a 1,1, namely hours 1,10,11,121, 10, 11, 12

大提示:

分钟只有在两个数字都不是 11 时才正确;数出 6060 个分钟中错误的分钟数。

A minute is correct only when neither of its digits is a 11; count the bad minutes out of 6060

解答:

含有数字 11 的小时是 1,10,11,121, 10, 11, 12,所以 1212 个小时中有 88 个小时显示正确,比例为 23\dfrac{2}{3}

若分钟的某一位是 11,则分钟显示错误:十位为一给出 10-1910\text{-}191010 分钟),个位为一额外给出 01,21,31,41,5101, 21, 31, 41, 5155 分钟),共 1515 分钟。因此分钟正确的比例为 4560=34\dfrac{45}{60} = \dfrac{3}{4}

因此一天中的正确显示比例为 2334=12\dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{3}{4} = \dfrac{1}{2}

所以正确答案是 A

The hours containing a 11 are 1,10,11,12,1, 10, 11, 12, so 88 of the 1212 hours display correctly, a fraction 23.\dfrac{2}{3}.

A minute is wrong if either digit is 11: the tens digit gives 10-1910\text{-}19 (1010 minutes), and the ones digit adds 01,21,31,41,5101, 21, 31, 41, 51 (55 more), 1515 in all. So 4560=34\dfrac{45}{60} = \dfrac{3}{4} of minutes are correct.

The fraction of the day is 2334=12.\dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{3}{4} = \dfrac{1}{2}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

星期一,Millie 把一夸脱鸟食倒入喂鸟器,其中 25%25\% 是小米。此后每天她都再加入一夸脱同样混合比例的鸟食,而且不取出剩下的鸟食。每天鸟只吃掉喂鸟器中小米的 25%25\%,但会吃掉所有其他种子。在星期几,Millie 刚放入鸟食后,鸟会发现喂鸟器中超过一半的种子是小米?

On Monday, Millie puts a quart of seeds, 25%25\% of which are millet, into a bird feeder. On each successive day she adds another quart of the same mix of seeds without removing any seeds that are left. Each day the birds eat only 25%25\% of the millet in the feeder, but they eat all of the other seeds. On which day, just after Millie has placed the seeds, will the birds find that more than half the seeds in the feeder are millet?

星期二

Tuesday

星期三

Wednesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

星期六

Saturday

难度评级:1610
小提示:

每天早上,之前小米的 34\tfrac{3}{4} 留下,又加入 14\tfrac{1}{4} 夸脱新的小米;其他种子总是 34\tfrac{3}{4} 夸脱。

Each morning 34\tfrac{3}{4} of the previous millet remains and 14\tfrac{1}{4} quart of new millet is added, while the other seeds always total 34\tfrac{3}{4} quart

大提示:

nn 天后小米量为 1(34)n1 - \left(\tfrac{3}{4}\right)^n 夸脱;要求它超过 34\tfrac{3}{4}

After nn days the millet is 1(34)n1 - \left(\tfrac{3}{4}\right)^n quart; require this to exceed 34\tfrac{3}{4}

解答:

每天鸟留下小米的 34\dfrac{3}{4},而 Millie 又加入 14\dfrac{1}{4} 夸脱新小米,所以 nn 天后小米量为 14(1+34++(34)n1)=1(34)n \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1 + \dfrac{3}{4} + \cdots + \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^{n-1}\right) \\ &= 1 - \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \end{aligned} 夸脱。

非小米种子总量始终是 34\dfrac{3}{4} 夸脱,所以小米超过一半等价于 1(34)n>341 - \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \gt \dfrac{3}{4},即 (34)n<14\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \lt \dfrac{1}{4}

因为 (34)4=81256>14\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^4 = \dfrac{81}{256} \gt \dfrac{1}{4},而 (34)5=2431024<14\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^5 = \dfrac{243}{1024} \lt \dfrac{1}{4},所以首次发生在第 55 天,也就是星期五。

所以正确答案是 D

Each day the birds leave 34\dfrac{3}{4} of the millet and Millie adds 14\dfrac{1}{4} quart of new millet, so after nn days the millet is 14(1+34++(34)n1)=1(34)n \begin{aligned} &\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1 + \dfrac{3}{4} + \cdots + \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^{n-1}\right) \\ &= 1 - \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \end{aligned} quart.

The non-millet seeds always total 34\dfrac{3}{4} quart, so millet exceeds half when 1(34)n>34,1 - \left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \gt \dfrac{3}{4}, that is, (34)n<14.\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^n \lt \dfrac{1}{4}.

Since (34)4=81256>14\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^4 = \dfrac{81}{256} \gt \dfrac{1}{4} and (34)5=2431024<14,\left(\dfrac{3}{4}\right)^5 = \dfrac{243}{1024} \lt \dfrac{1}{4}, this first happens on day 5,5, which is Friday.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

一个实数等比数列的第五项和第八项分别是 7!7!8!8!。首项是多少?

The fifth and eighth terms of a geometric sequence of real numbers are 7!7! and 8!8! respectively. What is the first term?

6060

7575

120120

225225

315315

知识点:等比数列阶乘
难度评级:1500
小提示:

第八项与第五项的比是 r3r^3

The ratio of the eighth term to the fifth term is r3r^3

大提示:

8!7!=8=r3\dfrac{8!}{7!} = 8 = r^3,所以 r=2r = 2;再用 7!7! 除以 r4r^4

8!7!=8=r3,\dfrac{8!}{7!} = 8 = r^3, so r=2r = 2; then divide 7!7! by r4r^4

解答:

第八项除以第五项得 r3=8!7!=8r^3 = \dfrac{8!}{7!} = 8,所以 r=2r = 2

第五项为 ar4=7!a r^4 = 7!,所以 a=7!16=504016=315a = \dfrac{7!}{16} = \dfrac{5040}{16} = 315

所以正确答案是 E

The eighth term divided by the fifth term is r3=8!7!=8,r^3 = \dfrac{8!}{7!} = 8, so r=2.r = 2.

The fifth term is ar4=7!,a r^4 = 7!, so a=7!16=504016=315.a = \dfrac{7!}{16} = \dfrac{5040}{16} = 315.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

三角形 ABCABC 满足 AB=13AB = 13AC=15AC = 15,且到 BCBC 的高长为 1212BCBC 的两个可能值之和是多少?

Triangle ABCABC has AB=13AB = 13 and AC=15,AC = 15, and the altitude to BCBC has length 12.12. What is the sum of the two possible values of BC?BC?

1515

1616

1717

1818

1919

难度评级:1560
小提示:

高的垂足会分割 BCBC;在两个直角三角形中使用勾股定理。

The foot of the altitude splits BCBC; use the Pythagorean theorem in the two right triangles

大提示:

两段垂足距离为 132122=5\sqrt{13^2 - 12^2} = 5152122=9\sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9BCBC 是它们的和或差。

The foot distances are 132122=5\sqrt{13^2 - 12^2} = 5 and 152122=9\sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9; BCBC is their sum or difference

解答:

DD 为从 AA 作高所得的垂足。则 BD=132122=5BD = \sqrt{13^2 - 12^2} = 5DC=152122=9DC = \sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9

DDBBCC 之间,则 BC=5+9=14BC = 5 + 9 = 14;若三角形为钝角三角形,则 BC=95=4BC = 9 - 5 = 4。两值之和为 14+4=1814 + 4 = 18

所以正确答案是 D

Let DD be the foot of the altitude from A.A. Then BD=132122=5BD = \sqrt{13^2 - 12^2} = 5 and DC=152122=9.DC = \sqrt{15^2 - 12^2} = 9.

If DD lies between BB and C,C, then BC=5+9=14BC = 5 + 9 = 14; if the triangle is obtuse, BC=95=4.BC = 9 - 5 = 4. The sum is 14+4=18.14 + 4 = 18.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

如图,五个单位正方形放在坐标平面上,左下角在原点。斜线从 (a,0)(a, 0) 延伸到 (3,3)(3, 3),把整个区域分成面积相等的两部分。aa 是多少?

Five unit squares are arranged in the coordinate plane as shown, with the lower left corner at the origin. The slanted line, extending from (a,0)(a, 0) to (3,3),(3, 3), divides the entire region into two regions of equal area. What is a?a?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

35\dfrac{3}{5}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

难度评级:1610
小提示:

总面积是 55,所以每部分面积必须是 52\dfrac{5}{2}

The total area is 5,5, so each region must be 52\dfrac{5}{2}

大提示:

直线右下方的区域是一个底为 3a3 - a、高为 33 的三角形,再减去一个单位正方形。

The region on the lower-right side of the line is a triangle of base 3a3 - a and height 3,3, minus one unit square

解答:

五个正方形总面积为 55,所以每部分面积必须为 52\dfrac{5}{2}

(a,0)(a, 0)(3,3)(3, 3) 的直线与坐标轴围成一个底为 3a3 - a、高为 33 的三角形。直线右下方的区域是这个三角形去掉一个单位正方形,所以 3(3a)21=52 \dfrac{3(3 - a)}{2} - 1 = \dfrac{5}{2} 3(3a)=73(3 - a) = 7,从而 a=23a = \dfrac{2}{3}

所以正确答案是 C

The five squares have total area 5,5, so each region must have area 52.\dfrac{5}{2}.

The line from (a,0)(a, 0) to (3,3)(3, 3) together with the axes bounds a triangle of base 3a3 - a and height 33; the region on the lower-right side of the line is this triangle with one unit square removed. Setting 3(3a)21=52 \dfrac{3(3 - a)}{2} - 1 = \dfrac{5}{2} gives 3(3a)=7,3(3 - a) = 7, so a=23.a = \dfrac{2}{3}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

假设 0<r<30 \lt r \lt 3。下面是五个关于 xx 的方程。哪个方程的解 xx 最大?

Assume 0<r<3.0 \lt r \lt 3. Below are five equations for x.x. Which equation has the largest solution x?x?

3(1+r)x=73(1 + r)^x = 7

3(1+r10)x=73(1 + \frac{r}{10})^x = 7

3(1+2r)x=73(1 + 2r)^x = 7

3(1+r)x=73(1 + \sqrt{r})^x = 7

3(1+1r)x=73(1 + \frac{1}{r})^x = 7

知识点:对数不等式
难度评级:1710
小提示:

解出每个方程得 x=log(73)log(1+f(r))x = \dfrac{\log(\frac{7}{3})}{\log(1 + f(r))};底数越小,xx 越大。

Solving each gives x=log(73)log(1+f(r))x = \dfrac{\log(\frac{7}{3})}{\log(1 + f(r))}; a smaller base makes xx larger

大提示:

比较 r, r10, 2r, r, 1rr,\ \frac{r}{10},\ 2r,\ \sqrt{r},\ \frac{1}{r}0<r<30 \lt r \lt 3 时的大小,找出最小者。

Compare the values r, r10, 2r, r, 1rr,\ \frac{r}{10},\ 2r,\ \sqrt{r},\ \frac{1}{r} for 0<r<30 \lt r \lt 3 and find the smallest

解答:

每个方程都给出 x=log(73)log(1+f(r))x = \dfrac{\log(\frac{7}{3})}{\log(1 + f(r))},所以正数 f(r)f(r) 越小,解越大。

0<r<30 \lt r \lt 3 时,有 r10<r<2r\dfrac r{10}\lt r\lt2r,并且因为 r<100r\lt100,还有 r10<r\dfrac r{10}\lt\sqrt r。又因为 r2<9<10r^2\lt9\lt10,所以 r10<1r\dfrac r{10}\lt\dfrac1r。因此五个量中 r10\frac{r}{10} 最小,方程 (B) 的解最大。

所以正确答案是 B

Each equation gives x=log(73)log(1+f(r)),x = \dfrac{\log(\frac{7}{3})}{\log(1 + f(r))}, which is largest when the positive quantity f(r)f(r) is smallest.

For 0<r<3,0 \lt r \lt 3, we have r10<r<2r\dfrac r{10}\lt r\lt2r and r10<r\dfrac r{10}\lt\sqrt r because r<100.r\lt100. Also r2<9<10,r^2\lt9\lt10, so r10<1r.\dfrac r{10}\lt\dfrac1r. Thus r10\frac{r}{10} is the smallest of the five quantities, and equation (B) has the largest solution.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

16.

梯形 ABCDABCD 满足 ADBCAD \parallel BCBD=1BD = 1DBA=23\angle DBA = 23^\circBDC=46\angle BDC = 46^\circ。比值 BC:ADBC : AD9:59 : 5CDCD 是多少?

Trapezoid ABCDABCD has ADBC,AD \parallel BC, BD=1,BD = 1, DBA=23,\angle DBA = 23^\circ, and BDC=46.\angle BDC = 46^\circ. The ratio BC:ADBC : AD is 9:5.9 : 5. What is CD?CD?

79\dfrac{7}{9}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

1315\dfrac{13}{15}

89\dfrac{8}{9}

1415\dfrac{14}{15}

难度评级:1800
小提示:

DD 作平行于 ABAB 的直线,与 BCBC 交于 EE;则 BE=ADBE = AD

Draw the line through DD parallel to AB,AB, meeting BCBC at EE; then BE=ADBE = AD

大提示:

证明 DEDE 平分 BDC\angle BDC,再在 BDC\triangle BDC 中使用角平分线定理。

Show DEDE bisects BDC,\angle BDC, then apply the angle bisector theorem in BDC\triangle BDC

解答:

DD 作平行于 ABAB 的直线,与 BCBC 交于 EE,于是 ABEDABED 是平行四边形,且 BE=ADBE = AD。于是 BDE=DBA=23\angle BDE = \angle DBA = 23^\circ,又因为 BDC=46\angle BDC = 46^\circ,所以 DEDE 平分 BDC\angle BDC

BDC\triangle BDC 中由角平分线定理,ECBE=DCDB\dfrac{EC}{BE} = \dfrac{DC}{DB},所以 CD=DBBCADAD=1(951)=45 \begin{aligned} CD &= DB \cdot \dfrac{BC - AD}{AD} \\ &= 1 \cdot \left(\dfrac{9}{5} - 1\right) \\ &= \dfrac{4}{5} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Draw the line through DD parallel to AB,AB, meeting BCBC at E,E, so ABEDABED is a parallelogram with BE=AD.BE = AD. Then BDE=DBA=23,\angle BDE = \angle DBA = 23^\circ, and since BDC=46,\angle BDC = 46^\circ, segment DEDE bisects BDC.\angle BDC.

By the angle bisector theorem in BDC,\triangle BDC, ECBE=DCDB,\dfrac{EC}{BE} = \dfrac{DC}{DB}, so CD=DBBCADAD=1(951)=45. \begin{aligned} CD &= DB \cdot \dfrac{BC - AD}{AD} \\ &= 1 \cdot \left(\dfrac{9}{5} - 1\right) \\ &= \dfrac{4}{5}. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is B.

17.

立方体的每个面上都画有一条窄条纹,从一条边的中点连到其对边的中点。每个面上选择哪一对对边是随机且相互独立的。出现一条连续条纹环绕立方体一周的概率是多少?

Each face of a cube is given a single narrow stripe painted from the center of one edge to the center of its opposite edge. The choice of the edge pairing is made at random and independently for each face. What is the probability that there is a continuous stripe encircling the cube?

18\dfrac{1}{8}

316\dfrac{3}{16}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

38\dfrac{3}{8}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1890
小提示:

每个面的条纹有 22 个方向,所以共有 26=642^6 = 64 种等可能配置。

Each face’s stripe has 22 orientations, giving 26=642^6 = 64 equally likely configurations

大提示:

环绕条纹会沿着 33 对相对面中的某一对绕行;数出能形成环的配置。

An encircling stripe runs around one of 33 pairs of opposite faces; count the configurations forming a loop

解答:

66 个面中的每个面都有 22 个等可能的条纹方向,所以共有 26=642^6 = 64 种配置。

环绕条纹沿着 33 对相对面中的某一对绕行。固定这样一条带,条纹经过的四个面必须对齐,概率为 (12)4=116\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \dfrac{1}{16},其余两个面任意。33 条可能的带互不重叠,所以概率为 3116=3163 \cdot \dfrac{1}{16} = \dfrac{3}{16}

所以正确答案是 B

Each of the 66 faces has 22 equally likely stripe orientations, for 26=642^6 = 64 configurations.

An encircling stripe runs around one of the 33 pairs of opposite faces. Fixing such a band, the four faces it passes through must be aligned, with probability (12)4=116,\left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^4 = \dfrac{1}{16}, while the two remaining faces are free. The 33 possible bands are disjoint events, so the probability is 3116=316.3 \cdot \dfrac{1}{16} = \dfrac{3}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

Rachel 和 Robert 在圆形跑道上跑步。Rachel 逆时针跑,每 9090 秒跑完一圈;Robert 顺时针跑,每 8080 秒跑完一圈。两人同时从起点出发。开始跑步后 1010 分钟到 1111 分钟之间的某个随机时刻,一位站在跑道内的摄影师拍了一张照片,照片显示以起跑线为中心的四分之一圈跑道。两人都在照片中的概率是多少?

Rachel and Robert run on a circular track. Rachel runs counterclockwise and completes a lap every 9090 seconds, and Robert runs clockwise and completes a lap every 8080 seconds. Both start from the start line at the same time. At some random time between 1010 minutes and 1111 minutes after they begin to run, a photographer standing inside the track takes a picture that shows one-fourth of the track, centered on the starting line. What is the probability that both Rachel and Robert are in the picture?

116\dfrac{1}{16}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

316\dfrac{3}{16}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

516\dfrac{5}{16}

难度评级:1930
小提示:

照片覆盖起点两侧各 18\tfrac{1}{8} 圈的弧;找出在第 1010 分钟内每位跑者位于这段弧内的时间。

The picture spans 18\tfrac{1}{8} lap on each side of the start; find when each runner is within that arc during the 1010th minute

大提示:

Rachel 在 18.75-41.2518.75\text{-}41.25 秒内入镜,Robert 在 30-5030\text{-}50 秒内入镜;取重叠长度再除以 6060 秒。

Rachel is in view for 18.75-41.2518.75\text{-}41.25 s and Robert for 30-5030\text{-}50 s; take the overlap over 6060 s

解答:

照片覆盖距离起点不超过 18\dfrac{1}{8} 圈的弧。在 600600 秒时,Rachel 已跑 6236\tfrac{2}{3} 圈,距离起点还差 3030 秒;四分之一圈对应 22.522.5 秒,所以她在 3011.25=18.7530 - 11.25 = 18.75 秒到 30+11.25=41.2530 + 11.25 = 41.25 秒之间入镜,这是第 1010 分钟内的时间。

600600 秒时,Robert 距离起跑线 4040 秒;四分之一圈需要 2020 秒,所以他在 30305050 秒之间入镜。两人都入镜的时间是 303041.2541.25 秒,长度为 11.2511.25 秒,占 6060 秒的比例为 11.2560=316\dfrac{11.25}{60} = \dfrac{3}{16}

所以正确答案是 C

The picture covers the arc within 18\dfrac{1}{8} lap of the start on each side. At 600600 s Rachel has run 6236\tfrac{2}{3} laps, 3030 s short of the line; a quarter lap takes her 22.522.5 s, so she is in view between 3011.25=18.7530 - 11.25 = 18.75 s and 30+11.25=41.2530 + 11.25 = 41.25 s of the 1010th minute.

At 600600 s Robert is 4040 s from the line; a quarter lap takes 2020 s, so he is in view between 3030 and 5050 s. Both appear between 3030 and 41.2541.25 s, a window of 11.2511.25 s out of 60,60, giving probability 11.2560=316.\dfrac{11.25}{60} = \dfrac{3}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

对每个正整数 nn,令 f(n)=n4360n2+400f(n) = n^4 - 360n^2 + 400。所有为质数的 f(n)f(n) 的值之和是多少?

For each positive integer n,n, let f(n)=n4360n2+400.f(n) = n^4 - 360n^2 + 400. What is the sum of all values of f(n)f(n) that are prime numbers?

794794

796796

798798

800800

802802

难度评级:2000
小提示:

改写成平方差:n4360n2+400n^4 - 360n^2 + 400 =(n2+20)2(20n)2= (n^2 + 20)^2 - (20n)^2

Rewrite as a difference of squares: n4360n2+400n^4 - 360n^2 + 400 =(n2+20)2(20n)2= (n^2 + 20)^2 - (20n)^2

大提示:

将它因式分解;若乘积为质数,则较小因子必须等于 11

Factor it; for the product to be prime, the smaller factor must equal 11

解答:

写成 f(n)=n4+40n2+400400n2=(n2+20)2(20n)2=(n2+20n+20)(n220n+20) \begin{aligned} f(n) &= n^4 + 40n^2 + 400 - 400n^2 \\ &= (n^2 + 20)^2 - (20n)^2 \\ &= (n^2 + 20n + 20) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (n^2 - 20n + 20) \end{aligned}\text{。}

要使 f(n)f(n) 为质数,较小因子必须为 11。解 n220n+20=1n^2 - 20n + 20 = 1(n1)(n19)=0(n - 1)(n - 19) = 0,所以 n=1n = 1n=19n = 19

此时 f(1)=41f(1) = 41f(19)=761f(19) = 761,二者都是质数,和为 802802

所以正确答案是 E

Write f(n)=n4+40n2+400400n2=(n2+20)2(20n)2=(n2+20n+20)(n220n+20). \begin{aligned} f(n) &= n^4 + 40n^2 + 400 - 400n^2 \\ &= (n^2 + 20)^2 - (20n)^2 \\ &= (n^2 + 20n + 20) \\ &\quad {}\cdot (n^2 - 20n + 20). \end{aligned}

For f(n)f(n) to be prime the smaller factor must be 11: solving n220n+20=1n^2 - 20n + 20 = 1 gives (n1)(n19)=0,(n - 1)(n - 19) = 0, so n=1n = 1 or n=19.n = 19.

Then f(1)=41f(1) = 41 and f(19)=761f(19) = 761 are both prime, summing to 802.802.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

一个凸多面体 QQ 有顶点 V1V_1V2V_2\ldotsVnV_n,并有 100100 条边。用平面 P1P_1P2P_2\ldotsPnP_n 切割该多面体,使得平面 PkP_k 只切过与顶点 VkV_k 相接的那些边。此外,没有两个平面在 QQ 的内部或表面相交。这些切割产生了 nn 个棱锥和一个新的多面体 RRRR 有多少条边?

A convex polyhedron QQ has vertices V1,V_1, V2,V_2, ,\ldots, Vn,V_n, and 100100 edges. The polyhedron is cut by planes P1,P_1, P2,P_2, ,\ldots, PnP_n in such a way that plane PkP_k cuts only those edges that meet at vertex Vk.V_k. In addition, no two planes intersect inside or on Q.Q. The cuts produce nn pyramids and a new polyhedron R.R. How many edges does RR have?

200200

2n2n

300300

400400

4n4n

难度评级:2040
小提示:

每条原来的边都在靠近两个端点处各被切一次,产生新的顶点。

Each original edge is cut once near each of its two endpoints, creating new vertices

大提示:

计算新产生的边(每个边端点对应一条)以及每条原边保留下来的中间部分。

Count the new edges (one per edge-endpoint) plus the surviving middle portion of each original edge

解答:

100100 条边中的每一条都在靠近两个端点处各被切一次,所以 RR2100=2002 \cdot 100 = 200 个顶点。

在顶点 VkV_k 处的切割会形成一个小多边形,其边数等于 VkV_k 的度数。对所有顶点求和得到 200200,即所有边端点的总数。每条原边的中间部分也保留下来,又增加 100100 条边。因此 RR200+100=300200 + 100 = 300 条边。

所以正确答案是 C

Each of the 100100 edges is cut once near each endpoint, so RR has 2100=2002 \cdot 100 = 200 vertices.

The cut at vertex VkV_k creates a small polygon whose number of edges equals the degree of VkV_k; summed over all vertices this is 200,200, the total number of edge-endpoints. The middle portion of each original edge also survives, adding 100100 edges. So RR has 200+100=300200 + 100 = 300 edges.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

十名女性坐在一排 1010 个座位上。所有 1010 人都起身,然后重新坐满这 1010 个座位,每个人坐在自己原来的座位或与原座位相邻的座位上。她们有多少种重新入座方式?

Ten women sit in 1010 seats in a line. All of the 1010 get up and then reseat themselves using all 1010 seats, each sitting in the seat she was in before or a seat next to the one she occupied before. In how many ways can the women be reseated?

8989

9090

120120

210210

2382^{38}

难度评级:2160
小提示:

SnS_n 表示 nn 名女性的合法重新入座数;考虑最右边女性的选择。

Let SnS_n count the valid reseatings of nn women; consider the rightmost woman’s choice

大提示:

若她不动,剩下 Sn1S_{n-1} 种;若她向左移动,则必须与左邻座交换,剩下 Sn2S_{n-2} 种,所以 Sn=Sn1+Sn2S_n = S_{n-1} + S_{n-2}

If she stays she leaves Sn1S_{n-1} ways; if she moves left a swap is forced, leaving Sn2S_{n-2} — so Sn=Sn1+Sn2S_n = S_{n-1} + S_{n-2}

解答:

SnS_nnn 名女性的合法重新入座方式数。最右边的女性要么留在原座位,此时其余人有 Sn1S_{n-1} 种方式;要么与左边的邻座交换(这是填满最右端座位的唯一其他方式),此时剩下 Sn2S_{n-2} 种方式。

因此 Sn=Sn1+Sn2S_n = S_{n-1} + S_{n-2},且 S1=1S_1 = 1S2=2S_2 = 2,得到斐波那契数列 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,891, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89。所以 S10=89S_{10} = 89

所以正确答案是 A

Let SnS_n be the number of valid reseatings of nn women. The rightmost woman either keeps her seat, leaving Sn1S_{n-1} ways for the rest, or swaps with her left neighbor — the only other way to fill the end seat — leaving Sn2S_{n-2} ways.

Thus Sn=Sn1+Sn2S_n = S_{n-1} + S_{n-2} with S1=1S_1 = 1 and S2=2,S_2 = 2, giving the Fibonacci values 1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89.1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89. So S10=89.S_{10} = 89.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

平行四边形 ABCDABCD 的面积为 1,000,0001{,}000{,}000。顶点 AA(0,0)(0, 0),其余顶点都在第一象限。顶点 BBDD 分别是在直线 y=xy = xy=kxy = kx 上的格点,其中 k>1k \gt 1 是整数。这样的平行四边形有多少个?

Parallelogram ABCDABCD has area 1,000,000.1{,}000{,}000. Vertex AA is at (0,0)(0, 0) and all other vertices are in the first quadrant. Vertices BB and DD are lattice points on the lines y=xy = x and y=kxy = kx for some integer k>1,k \gt 1, respectively. How many such parallelograms are there?

4949

720720

784784

20092009

20482048

难度评级:2340
小提示:

B=(b,b)B = (b, b)D=(d,kd)D = (d, kd),平行四边形面积为 (k1)bd(k - 1)bd

With B=(b,b)B = (b, b) and D=(d,kd),D = (d, kd), the area of the parallelogram is (k1)bd(k - 1)bd

大提示:

需要 (k1)bd=106=2656(k - 1)bd = 10^6 = 2^6 \cdot 5^6;数出分成三个正整数的有序因式分解数。

You need (k1)bd=106=2656(k - 1)bd = 10^6 = 2^6 \cdot 5^6; count ordered factorizations into three positive integers

解答:

B=(b,b)B = (b, b)D=(d,kd)D = (d, kd),其中 b,d,kb, d, k 为正整数且 k>1k \gt 1。面积条件给出 (k1)bd=1,000,000=2656(k - 1)bd = 1{,}000{,}000 = 2^6 \cdot 5^6

每个平行四边形对应一个正整数有序三元组 (k1,b,d)(k - 1, b, d),其乘积为 26562^6 \cdot 5^6。六个因子 22 在三个位置中的分配数为 (6+22)=28\binom{6 + 2}{2} = 28,因子 55 也有 2828 种分配,所以共有 282=78428^2 = 784 个。

所以正确答案是 C

Let B=(b,b)B = (b, b) and D=(d,kd)D = (d, kd) with b,d,kb, d, k positive integers and k>1.k \gt 1. The area is (k1)bd=1,000,000=2656.(k - 1)bd = 1{,}000{,}000 = 2^6 \cdot 5^6.

Each parallelogram corresponds to an ordered triple (k1,b,d)(k - 1, b, d) of positive integers with product 2656.2^6 \cdot 5^6. The six 22’s distribute among the three factors in (6+22)=28\binom{6 + 2}{2} = 28 ways, and likewise the six 55’s in 2828 ways, giving 282=784.28^2 = 784.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

复平面中的区域 SS 定义为 S={x+iy:1x1, 1y1} \scriptsize S = \{x + iy : -1 \le x \le 1,\ -1 \le y \le 1\}\text{。}

SS 中均匀随机选取一个复数 z=x+iyz = x + iy(34+34i)z\left(\dfrac{3}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}i\right)z 也在 SS 中的概率是多少?

A region SS in the complex plane is defined by S={x+iy:1x1, 1y1}. \scriptsize S = \{x + iy : -1 \le x \le 1,\ -1 \le y \le 1\}.

A complex number z=x+iyz = x + iy is chosen uniformly at random from S.S. What is the probability that (34+34i)z\left(\dfrac{3}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}i\right)z is also in S?S?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

79\dfrac{7}{9}

78\dfrac{7}{8}

难度评级:2340
小提示:

相乘后实部为 34(xy)\tfrac{3}{4}(x - y),虚部为 34(x+y)\tfrac{3}{4}(x + y);两者都必须落在 [1,1][-1, 1] 中。

Multiplying gives real part 34(xy)\tfrac{3}{4}(x - y) and imaginary part 34(x+y)\tfrac{3}{4}(x + y); both must lie in [1,1][-1, 1]

大提示:

条件是 xy43|x - y| \le \tfrac{4}{3}x+y43|x + y| \le \tfrac{4}{3};求 SS 中满足这些条件的面积。

These conditions are xy43|x - y| \le \tfrac{4}{3} and x+y43|x + y| \le \tfrac{4}{3}; find the area of SS satisfying them

解答:

展开得 (34+34i)(x+iy)\left(\dfrac{3}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}i\right)(x + iy) =34(xy)= \dfrac{3}{4}(x - y) +34(x+y)i+ \dfrac{3}{4}(x + y)i。实部和虚部都落在 [1,1][-1, 1] 中,当且仅当 xy43|x - y| \le \dfrac{4}{3}x+y43|x + y| \le \dfrac{4}{3}

在正方形 SS(面积 44)内,不满足条件的区域只出现在四个角。靠近 (1,1)(1, 1) 的地方,直线 x+y=43x + y = \dfrac{4}{3} 切去一个直角三角形,两条直角边均为 23\dfrac{2}{3},面积为 122323=29\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{2}{9}

四个角共去掉 429=894 \cdot \dfrac{2}{9} = \dfrac{8}{9},剩余面积为 489=2894 - \dfrac{8}{9} = \dfrac{28}{9},概率为 2894=79\dfrac{\frac{28}{9}}{4} = \dfrac{7}{9}

所以正确答案是 D

Expanding, (34+34i)(x+iy)\left(\dfrac{3}{4} + \dfrac{3}{4}i\right)(x + iy) =34(xy)= \dfrac{3}{4}(x - y) +34(x+y)i.+ \dfrac{3}{4}(x + y)i. Both parts lie in [1,1][-1, 1] iff xy43|x - y| \le \dfrac{4}{3} and x+y43.|x + y| \le \dfrac{4}{3}.

Within the square SS (area 44) these fail only in four corner triangles. Near (1,1),(1, 1), the line x+y=43x + y = \dfrac{4}{3} cuts off a right triangle with legs 23,\dfrac{2}{3}, area 122323=29.\dfrac{1}{2} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} = \dfrac{2}{9}.

The four corners remove 429=89,4 \cdot \dfrac{2}{9} = \dfrac{8}{9}, leaving 489=289.4 - \dfrac{8}{9} = \dfrac{28}{9}. The probability is 2894=79.\dfrac{\frac{28}{9}}{4} = \dfrac{7}{9}.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

24.

[0,π][0, \pi] 中,有多少个 xx 的值满足 sin1(sin6x)=cos1(cosx)\sin^{-1}(\sin 6x) = \cos^{-1}(\cos x)

注:函数 sin1=arcsin\sin^{-1} = \arcsincos1=arccos\cos^{-1} = \arccos 表示反三角函数。

For how many values of xx in [0,π][0, \pi] is sin1(sin6x)=cos1(cosx)?\sin^{-1}(\sin 6x) = \cos^{-1}(\cos x)?

Note: The functions sin1=arcsin\sin^{-1} = \arcsin and cos1=arccos\cos^{-1} = \arccos denote inverse trigonometric functions.

33

44

55

66

77

难度评级:2460
小提示:

[0,π], cos1(cosx)=x[0, \pi],\ \cos^{-1}(\cos x) = x,而左边的值在 [π2,π2][-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}] 中,所以任何解都需满足 x[0,π2]x \in [0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}]

On [0,π], cos1(cosx)=x,[0, \pi],\ \cos^{-1}(\cos x) = x, and the left side lies in [π2,π2],[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}], so any solution needs x[0,π2]x \in [0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}]

大提示:

因为 sin\sin[π2,π2][-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}] 上一一对应,方程在 [0,π2][0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}] 上化为 sin6x=sinx\sin 6x = \sin x

Since sin\sin is one-to-one on [π2,π2],[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}], the equation reduces to sin6x=sinx\sin 6x = \sin x on [0,π2][0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}]

解答:

[0,π], cos1(cosx)=x[0, \pi],\ \cos^{-1}(\cos x) = x。因为 sin1\sin^{-1} 的值域是 [π2,π2][-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}],任何解都必须满足 x[0,π2]x \in [0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}],此时方程化为 sin6x=sinx\sin 6x = \sin x

方程 sin6x=sinx\sin6x=\sin x 成立,当且仅当 6x=x+2kπ,6x=πx+2kπ \begin{aligned} 6x&=x+2k\pi, \\ \text{或}\qquad 6x&=\pi-x+2k\pi \end{aligned} 对某个整数 kk 成立。

第一族给出 x=2kπ5x=\tfrac{2k\pi}{5},在区间中贡献 002π5\tfrac{2\pi}{5}。第二族给出 x=(2k+1)π7x=\tfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{7},贡献 π7\tfrac\pi73π7\tfrac{3\pi}{7}。因此在 [0,π2][0,\tfrac\pi2] 中共有 44 个解。

所以正确答案是 B

On [0,π], cos1(cosx)=x.[0, \pi],\ \cos^{-1}(\cos x) = x. Since sin1\sin^{-1} takes values in [π2,π2],[-\tfrac{\pi}{2}, \tfrac{\pi}{2}], any solution requires x[0,π2],x \in [0, \tfrac{\pi}{2}], where the equation becomes sin6x=sinx.\sin 6x = \sin x.

The equation sin6x=sinx\sin6x=\sin x holds exactly when 6x=x+2kπ,or6x=πx+2kπ \begin{aligned} 6x&=x+2k\pi, \\ \text{or}\qquad 6x&=\pi-x+2k\pi \end{aligned} for some integer k.k.

The first family gives x=2kπ5,x=\tfrac{2k\pi}{5}, contributing 00 and 2π5.\tfrac{2\pi}{5}. The second gives x=(2k+1)π7,x=\tfrac{(2k+1)\pi}{7}, contributing π7\tfrac\pi7 and 3π7.\tfrac{3\pi}{7}. Hence there are 44 solutions in [0,π2].[0,\tfrac\pi2].

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

集合 GG 由满足 3x73 \le |x| \le 73y73 \le |y| \le 7 的整数坐标点 (x,y)(x, y) 组成。有多少个边长至少为 66 的正方形,其四个顶点都在 GG 中?

The set GG is defined by the points (x,y)(x, y) with integer coordinates, 3x7,3 \le |x| \le 7, and 3y7.3 \le |y| \le 7. How many squares of side at least 66 have their four vertices in G?G?

125125

150150

175175

200200

225225

难度评级:2650
小提示:

GG 分成四个 5×55 \times 5 方块,每个象限一个;边长 6\ge 6 的正方形恰好从每个方块取一个顶点。

GG splits into four 5×55 \times 5 blocks, one per quadrant; a side-6\ge 6 square takes exactly one vertex from each block

大提示:

将四个方块平移叠到同一个 5×55 \times 5 网格 GG' 上;每个有效正方形会对应到 GG' 中的一个点或 GG' 中的一个正方形。

Slide the four blocks together onto a single 5×55 \times 5 grid G;G'; each valid square maps to a point of GG' or a square in GG'

解答:

GG 由四个 5×55 \times 5 方块 G1,,G4G_1, \ldots, G_4 组成,每个象限一个。任何边长 6\ge 6 的正方形在每个方块中恰好使用一个顶点,因为同一方块中的两点距离小于 66,而不同方块中的点之间距离至少为 66

将每个方块按 (±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5) 向内平移,可把它们叠合成同一个 5×55 \times 5 网格 GG'(即满足 x,y2|x|, |y| \le 2 的那些点)。每个这样的正方形要么对应 GG' 中的一个点,要么对应 GG' 中的一个正方形。所以所求个数等于 GG' 的点数,加上 44 倍的以 GG' 中的点为顶点的正方形个数。

该网格中与坐标轴平行的正方形共有 42+32+22+12=304^2+3^2+2^2+1^2=30 个。对于倾斜的正方形,设它的一条边水平移动 aa 个单位、竖直移动 bb 个单位,其中 a,b>0a,b\gt0a+b4a+b\le4。对每个有序数对 (a,b)(a,b),有 (5ab)2(5-a-b)^2 种放置方式。a+b=2,3,4a+b=2,3,4 对应的个数分别为 9,8,39,8,3,于是倾斜的正方形有 2020 个,正方形总共有 5050 个。因此所求的个数为 25+450=22525+4\cdot50=225

所以正确答案是 E

GG consists of four 5×55 \times 5 blocks G1,,G4,G_1, \ldots, G_4, one in each quadrant. Any square of side 6\ge 6 uses exactly one vertex in each block, since two points in one block are less than 66 apart while points in different blocks are at least 66 apart.

Sliding each block inward by (±5,±5)(\pm 5, \pm 5) superimposes them on one 5×55 \times 5 grid GG' (points with x,y2|x|, |y| \le 2). Each such square maps to either a single point of GG' or a square in G.G'. So the count equals the number of points of GG' plus 44 times the number of squares with vertices in G.G'.

The grid has 42+32+22+12=304^2+3^2+2^2+1^2=30 axis-parallel squares. For a tilted square, let one side move aa units horizontally and bb units vertically, where a,b>0a,b\gt0 and a+b4.a+b\le4. For each ordered pair (a,b),(a,b), there are (5ab)2(5-a-b)^2 placements. The totals for a+b=2,3,4a+b=2,3,4 are 9,8,3,9,8,3, respectively, giving 2020 tilted squares and 5050 squares altogether. Therefore the required count is 25+450=225.25+4\cdot50=225.

Thus, the correct answer is E.