2005 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

一个童子军小队以每五条 $2\$2 的价格买入 10001000 条糖果棒。他们再以每两条 $1\$1 的价格全部卖出。他们的利润是多少美元?

A scout troop buys 10001000 candy bars at a price of five for $2.\$2. They sell all the candy bars at a price of two for $1.\$1. What was their profit, in dollars?

100100

200200

300300

400400

500500

知识点:比与比例钱币
难度评级:890
小提示:

分别求总成本和总收入。

Find the total cost and the total revenue separately

大提示:

买入时有 200200 组五条,卖出时有 500500 对。

There are 200200 groups of five bought and 500500 pairs sold

解答:

小队买入 1000÷5=2001000 \div 5 = 200 组五条装糖果棒,成本为 2002=400200 \cdot 2 = 400 美元。

他们卖出 1000÷2=5001000 \div 2 = 500 对糖果棒,收入为 5001=500500 \cdot 1 = 500 美元。

利润为 500400=100500 - 400 = 100 美元。

所以正确答案是 A

The troop buys 1000÷5=2001000 \div 5 = 200 groups of five bars, costing 2002=400200 \cdot 2 = 400 dollars.

They sell 1000÷2=5001000 \div 2 = 500 pairs of bars, earning 5001=500500 \cdot 1 = 500 dollars.

The profit is 500400=100500 - 400 = 100 dollars.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

正数 xx 满足:x%x\%xx 等于 44xx 是多少?

A positive number xx has the property that x%x\% of xx is 4.4. What is x?x?

22

44

1010

2020

4040

难度评级:980
小提示:

x%x\% 表示 x100\dfrac{x}{100}

x%x\% means x100\dfrac{x}{100}

大提示:

方程是 x100x=4\dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4

The equation is x100x=4\dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4

解答:

题意可化为 x100x=4 \dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4\text{,} 所以 x2=400x^2 = 400

因为 xx 为正,所以 x=20x = 20

所以正确答案是 D

The statement translates to x100x=4, \dfrac{x}{100}\cdot x = 4, so x2=400.x^2 = 400.

Since xx is positive, x=20.x = 20.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

Brianna 用周末工作赚来的部分钱购买若干张同价 CD。她用自己钱的五分之一买了全部 CD 的三分之一。买完全部 CD 后,她还剩下自己钱的几分之几?

Brianna is using part of the money she earned on her weekend job to buy several equally-priced CDs. She used one fifth of her money to buy one third of the CDs. What fraction of her money will she have left after she buys all the CDs?

15\dfrac{1}{5}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

25\dfrac{2}{5}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:1050
小提示:

买全部 CD 的费用是买其中三分之一的三倍。

Buying all the CDs costs three times as much as buying one third of them

大提示:

全部 CD 花费她钱的 3153\cdot\dfrac15

All the CDs cost 3153\cdot\dfrac15 of her money

解答:

全部 CD 的费用是三分之一 CD 费用的三倍,即她的钱的 315=353\cdot\dfrac15 = \dfrac35

她还剩下自己钱的 135=251 - \dfrac35 = \dfrac25

所以正确答案是 C

Buying all the CDs costs three times what one third of them cost, namely 315=353\cdot\dfrac15 = \dfrac35 of her money.

She has 135=251 - \dfrac35 = \dfrac25 of her money left.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

4.

学年开始时,Lisa 的目标是在全年 5050 次小测中至少 80%80\% 得 A。前 3030 次小测中她有 2222 次得 A。若要达成目标,剩下的小测中她最多有多少次可以低于 A?

At the beginning of the school year, Lisa’s goal was to earn an A on at least 80%80\% of her 5050 quizzes for the year. She earned an A on 2222 of the first 3030 quizzes. If she is to achieve her goal, on at most how many of the remaining quizzes can she earn a grade lower than an A?

11

22

33

44

55

知识点:百分数
难度评级:1050
小提示:

5050 次小测的 80%80\% 是她需要得 A 的次数。

80%80\% of 5050 quizzes is the number of A’s she needs

大提示:

剩下 2020 次中,她还需要 402240 - 22 次 A。

She needs 402240 - 22 more A’s out of the remaining 2020 quizzes

解答:

Lisa 至少需要 0.850=400.8 \cdot 50 = 40 次 A。

她已经有 2222 次,所以剩下 2020 次中还需要 4022=1840 - 22 = 18 次 A。

因此最多可以有 2018=220 - 18 = 2 次低于 A。

所以正确答案是 B

Lisa needs an A on at least 0.850=400.8 \cdot 50 = 40 quizzes.

She has 2222 already, so she needs 4022=1840 - 22 = 18 more of the remaining 2020 quizzes.

She can earn a lower grade on at most 2018=220 - 18 = 2 of them.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

5.

一个 88 英尺乘 1010 英尺的地面铺满 11 英尺乘 11 英尺的正方形瓷砖。每块瓷砖的图案由四个白色四分之一圆组成,每个圆半径为 12\dfrac12 英尺,圆心在瓷砖的四个角。瓷砖剩余部分为阴影。地面上阴影部分共有多少平方英尺?

An 88-foot by 1010-foot floor is tiled with square tiles of size 11 foot by 11 foot. Each tile has a pattern consisting of four white quarter circles of radius 12\dfrac12 foot centered at each corner of the tile. The remaining portion of the tile is shaded. How many square feet of the floor are shaded?

8020π80 - 20\pi

6010π60 - 10\pi

8010π80 - 10\pi

60+10π60 + 10\pi

80+10π80 + 10\pi

知识点:圆面积面积
难度评级:1130
小提示:

一块瓷砖上的四个四分之一圆合起来是一个整圆。

The four quarter circles in one tile combine into one full circle

大提示:

每块瓷砖阴影面积为 1π(12)21 - \pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2,共有 8080 块瓷砖。

Each tile has shaded area 1π(12)2,1 - \pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2, and there are 8080 tiles

解答:

每块瓷砖的四个四分之一圆合成一个半径为 12\dfrac12 的圆,面积为 π(12)2=π4\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = \dfrac{\pi}{4}

每块瓷砖阴影面积为 1π41 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}

共有 810=808 \cdot 10 = 80 块瓷砖,所以总阴影面积为 80(1π4)=8020π 80\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = 80 - 20\pi\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

The four quarter circles in a tile together form one full circle of radius 12,\dfrac12, with area π(12)2=π4.\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2 = \dfrac{\pi}{4}.

So each tile has shaded area 1π41 - \dfrac{\pi}{4} square feet.

There are 810=808 \cdot 10 = 80 tiles, so the total shaded area is 80(1π4)=8020π. 80\left(1 - \dfrac{\pi}{4}\right) = 80 - 20\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

6.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AC=BC=7AC = BC = 7AB=2AB = 2。设 DD 是直线 ABAB 上一点,BBAADD 之间,且 CD=8CD = 8BDBD 是多少?

In ABC,\triangle ABC, we have AC=BC=7AC = BC = 7 and AB=2.AB = 2. Suppose that DD is a point on line ABAB such that BB lies between AA and DD and CD=8.CD = 8. What is BD?BD?

33

232\sqrt{3}

44

55

424\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1350
小提示:

CC 向直线 ABAB 作高;它交 ABAB 于中点 HH

Drop the altitude from CC to line ABAB; it meets ABAB at its midpoint HH

大提示:

CH2=7212CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2,且 CD2=CH2+HD2CD^2 = CH^2 + HD^2,其中 HD=1+BDHD = 1 + BD

CH2=7212,CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2, and CD2=CH2+HD2CD^2 = CH^2 + HD^2 with HD=1+BDHD = 1 + BD

解答:

HH 为从 CC 到直线 ABAB 的垂足。由于 ABC\triangle ABCAC=BCAC = BC,所以 HHABAB 的中点,从而 AH=HB=1AH = HB = 1

于是 CH2=7212=48CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2 = 48。对 CHD\triangle CHD 应用勾股定理,其中 HD=HB+BD=1+BDHD = HB + BD = 1 + BD,得 82=48+(1+BD)2 8^2 = 48 + (1 + BD)^2\text{,} 从而 (1+BD)2=16(1 + BD)^2 = 16

于是由上式得 1+BD=41 + BD = 4,所以 BD=3BD = 3

所以正确答案是 A

Let HH be the foot of the altitude from CC to line AB.AB. Since ABC\triangle ABC is isosceles with AC=BC,AC = BC, HH is the midpoint of AB,AB, so AH=HB=1.AH = HB = 1.

Then CH2=7212=48.CH^2 = 7^2 - 1^2 = 48. Applying the Pythagorean Theorem to CHD\triangle CHD with HD=HB+BD=1+BDHD = HB + BD = 1 + BD gives 82=48+(1+BD)2, 8^2 = 48 + (1 + BD)^2, so (1+BD)2=16.(1 + BD)^2 = 16.

Therefore 1+BD=4,1 + BD = 4, which means BD=3.BD = 3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

7.

图形 3x+4y=12|3x| + |4y| = 12 围成的面积是多少?

What is the area enclosed by the graph of 3x+4y=12?|3x| + |4y| = 12?

66

1212

1616

2424

2525

知识点:绝对值菱形
难度评级:1270
小提示:

求它在两条坐标轴上的截距。

Find the intercepts on the two axes

大提示:

图形是一个对角线在坐标轴上的菱形。

The graph is a rhombus with diagonals along the axes

解答:

y=0y = 0,得 3x=12|3x| = 12,所以 x=±4x = \pm 4。令 x=0x = 0,得 4y=12|4y| = 12,所以 y=±3y = \pm 3

该图形是一个菱形,顶点为 (±4,0)(\pm 4, 0)(0,±3)(0, \pm 3),所以两条对角线的长度分别为 8866

它的面积为 1286=24\dfrac12 \cdot 8 \cdot 6 = 24

所以正确答案是 D

Setting y=0y = 0 gives 3x=12,|3x| = 12, so x=±4.x = \pm 4. Setting x=0x = 0 gives 4y=12,|4y| = 12, so y=±3.y = \pm 3.

The graph is a rhombus with vertices (±4,0)(\pm 4, 0) and (0,±3),(0, \pm 3), so its diagonals have lengths 88 and 6.6.

Its area is 1286=24.\dfrac12 \cdot 8 \cdot 6 = 24.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

8.

对多少个 aa 的值,直线 y=x+ay = x + a 经过抛物线 y=x2+a2y = x^2 + a^2 的顶点?

For how many values of aa is it true that the line y=x+ay = x + a passes through the vertex of the parabola y=x2+a2?y = x^2 + a^2?

00

11

22

1010

无限多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1350
小提示:

y=x2+a2y = x^2 + a^2 的顶点是 (0,a2)(0, a^2)

The vertex of y=x2+a2y = x^2 + a^2 is (0,a2)(0, a^2)

大提示:

把顶点代入直线,得到 a2=aa^2 = a

Substitute the vertex into the line to get a2=aa^2 = a

解答:

抛物线 y=x2+a2y = x^2 + a^2 的顶点为 (0,a2)(0, a^2)

直线 y=x+ay = x + a 经过该点当且仅当 a2=0+aa^2 = 0 + a,即 a2a=0a^2 - a = 0

所以 a=0a = 0a=1a = 1,共有 22 个值。

所以正确答案是 C

The vertex of the parabola y=x2+a2y = x^2 + a^2 is (0,a2).(0, a^2).

The line y=x+ay = x + a passes through it exactly when a2=0+a,a^2 = 0 + a, that is a2a=0.a^2 - a = 0.

This gives a=0a = 0 or a=1,a = 1, so there are 22 values.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

9.

某次数学考试中,10%10\% 的学生得 7070 分,25%25\%8080 分,20%20\%8585 分,15%15\%9090 分,其余学生得 9595 分。该考试平均分与中位数之差是多少?

On a certain math exam, 10%10\% of the students got 7070 points, 25%25\% got 8080 points, 20%20\% got 8585 points, 15%15\% got 9090 points, and the rest got 9595 points. What is the difference between the mean and the median score on this exam?

00

11

22

44

55

难度评级:1410
小提示:

9595 分的比例为 10010252015100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15

The remaining percentage scored 9595: 10010252015100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15

大提示:

对中位数,找累计百分比何时超过 50%50\%

For the median, find where the cumulative percentage passes 50%50\%

解答:

9595 分的学生百分比是 10010252015=30100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15 = 30

平均分为 0.10(70)+0.25(80)+0.20(85)+0.15(90)+0.30(95)=86 \begin{aligned} &0.10(70) + 0.25(80) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.20(85) + 0.15(90) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.30(95) = 86 \end{aligned}\text{。}

累计看,10%10\% 的学生低于 8080 分,35%35\% 的学生不高于 8080 分,55%55\% 的学生不高于 8585 分。中间位置落在 8585 分,所以中位数为 8585

差为 8685=186 - 85 = 1

所以正确答案是 B

The percentage scoring 9595 is 10010252015=30.100 - 10 - 25 - 20 - 15 = 30.

The mean is 0.10(70)+0.25(80)+0.20(85)+0.15(90)+0.30(95)=86. \begin{aligned} &0.10(70) + 0.25(80) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.20(85) + 0.15(90) \\ &\quad {}+ 0.30(95) = 86. \end{aligned}

Cumulatively, 10%10\% are below 80,80, 35%35\% are at or below 80,80, and 55%55\% are at or below 85.85. The middle scores fall at 85,85, so the median is 85.85.

The difference is 8685=1.86 - 85 = 1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

10.

一个数列的第一项是 20052005。每一项之后的下一项等于前一项各位数字的立方和。该数列的第 20052005 项是多少?

The first term of a sequence is 2005.2005. Each succeeding term is the sum of the cubes of the digits of the previous term. What is the 20052005th term of the sequence?

2929

5555

8585

133133

250250

难度评级:1440
小提示:

计算前几项并寻找循环。

Compute the first several terms and look for a repeating cycle

大提示:

一旦某个值重复出现,后面的各项就以同样的周期循环;用项的序号对该周期取模即可。

Once a value repeats, the later terms repeat with the same period; use the term index modulo that period

解答:

数列开始为 2005,133,55,250,133,2005, 133, 55, 250, 133, \ldots,因为 23+03+03+53=1332^3 + 0^3 + 0^3 + 5^3 = 13313+33+33=551^3 + 3^3 + 3^3 = 5553+53=2505^3 + 5^3 = 250,且 23+53+03=1332^3 + 5^3 + 0^3 = 133

在首项 20052005 之后,数列以 133,55,250133, 55, 250 为周期 33 循环。

n2n \ge 2 时,第 nn 项是序列 133,55,250133, 55, 250 中索引为 ((n2)mod3)((n-2)\bmod 3) 的一项。因为 20052=20032(mod3)2005 - 2 = 2003 \equiv 2 \pmod 3,所以第 20052005 项是 250250

所以正确答案是 E

The sequence begins 2005,133,55,250,133,2005, 133, 55, 250, 133, \ldots since 23+03+03+53=133,2^3 + 0^3 + 0^3 + 5^3 = 133, 13+33+33=55,1^3 + 3^3 + 3^3 = 55, 53+53=250,5^3 + 5^3 = 250, and 23+53+03=133.2^3 + 5^3 + 0^3 = 133.

After the initial 2005,2005, the terms cycle through 133,55,250133, 55, 250 with period 3.3.

Term nn for n2n \ge 2 is the ((n2)mod3)((n-2)\bmod 3)th entry of 133,55,250.133, 55, 250. Since 20052=20032(mod3),2005 - 2 = 2003 \equiv 2 \pmod 3, the 20052005th term is 250.250.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

11.

一个信封中有八张纸币:22 张一元、22 张五元、22 张十元、22 张二十元。不放回地随机抽出两张。它们面值和至少为 $20\$20 的概率是多少?

An envelope contains eight bills: 22 ones, 22 fives, 22 tens, and 22 twenties. Two bills are drawn at random without replacement. What is the probability that their sum is $20\$20 or more?

14\dfrac{1}{4}

27\dfrac{2}{7}

37\dfrac{3}{7}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1500
小提示:

共有 (82)=28\binom{8}{2} = 28 对等可能的纸币。

There are (82)=28\binom{8}{2} = 28 equally likely pairs

大提示:

和至少 $20\$20 的情况包括两张二十、一张二十配较小纸币,或两张十。

A sum of $20\$20 or more needs both twenties, a twenty with a smaller bill, or both tens

解答:

共有 (82)=28\binom{8}{2} = 28 对等可能的纸币。

总额达到 $20\$20 或更多的情况有:两张二十(11 种),一张二十配六张较小纸币之一(26=122 \cdot 6 = 12 种),以及两张十(11 种)。

有利情况共 1+12+1=141 + 12 + 1 = 14 种,所以概率为 1428=12\dfrac{14}{28} = \dfrac12

所以正确答案是 D

There are (82)=28\binom{8}{2} = 28 equally likely pairs of bills.

The sum is $20\$20 or more in these cases: both twenties (11 way), one twenty with one of the six smaller bills (26=122 \cdot 6 = 12 ways), or both tens (11 way).

That is 1+12+1=141 + 12 + 1 = 14 favorable pairs, so the probability is 1428=12.\dfrac{14}{28} = \dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

12.

二次方程 x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 的根是 x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0 的根的两倍,且 mmnnpp 都不为零。np\dfrac{n}{p} 是多少?

The quadratic equation x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 has roots that are twice those of x2+px+m=0,x^2 + px + m = 0, and none of m,m, n,n, and pp is zero. What is the value of np?\dfrac{n}{p}?

11

22

44

88

1616

难度评级:1530
小提示:

x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0 的根为 r1,r2r_1, r_2;另一个方程的根为 2r1,2r22r_1, 2r_2

Let r1,r2r_1, r_2 be the roots of x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0; the other equation has roots 2r1,2r22r_1, 2r_2

大提示:

用韦达定理把 m,n,pm, n, p 写成 r1r2r_1 r_2r1+r2r_1 + r_2 的式子。

Write m,n,pm, n, p in terms of r1r2r_1 r_2 and r1+r2r_1 + r_2 using Vieta’s formulas

解答:

r1r_1r2r_2x2+px+m=0x^2 + px + m = 0 的根,则 m=r1r2m = r_1 r_2,且 p=(r1+r2)p = -(r_1 + r_2)

方程 x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 的根为 2r12r_12r22r_2,所以 n=4r1r2n = 4r_1 r_2,且 m=2(r1+r2)m = -2(r_1 + r_2)

于是 n=4mn = 4m,且 m=2pm = 2p,即 p=m2p = \dfrac{m}{2},所以 np=4mm2=8 \dfrac{n}{p} = \dfrac{4m}{\tfrac{m}{2}} = 8\text{。}

所以正确答案是 D

Let r1r_1 and r2r_2 be the roots of x2+px+m=0,x^2 + px + m = 0, so m=r1r2m = r_1 r_2 and p=(r1+r2).p = -(r_1 + r_2).

The roots of x2+mx+n=0x^2 + mx + n = 0 are 2r12r_1 and 2r2,2r_2, so n=4r1r2n = 4r_1 r_2 and m=2(r1+r2).m = -2(r_1 + r_2).

Then n=4mn = 4m and m=2p,m = 2p, which gives p=m2,p = \dfrac{m}{2}, so np=4mm2=8. \dfrac{n}{p} = \dfrac{4m}{\tfrac{m}{2}} = 8.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

已知 4x1=54^{x_1} = 55x2=65^{x_2} = 66x3=76^{x_3} = 7\ldots127x124=128127^{x_{124}} = 128x1x2x124x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{124} 是多少?

Suppose that 4x1=5,4^{x_1} = 5, 5x2=6,5^{x_2} = 6, 6x3=7,6^{x_3} = 7, ,\ldots, 127x124=128.127^{x_{124}} = 128. What is x1x2x124?x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{124}?

22

52\dfrac{5}{2}

33

72\dfrac{7}{2}

44

知识点:对数裂项相消
难度评级:1570
小提示:

每个方程给出 xk=logk+3(k+4)x_k = \log_{k+3}(k+4)

Each equation gives xk=logk+3(k+4)x_k = \log_{k+3}(k+4)

大提示:

这个乘积可以裂项相消为 log4128\log_4 128

The product telescopes to log4128\log_4 128

解答:

4x1=54^{x_1} = 5x1=log45x_1 = \log_4 5,一般地 xk=logk+3(k+4)x_k = \log_{k+3}(k+4)

这个乘积会裂项相消:x1x2x124=log45log56log127128=log4128 \begin{aligned} &x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{124} \\ &= \log_4 5 \cdot \log_5 6 \cdots \log_{127} 128 \\ &= \log_4 128 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 128=27128 = 2^74=224 = 2^2,结果为 7log22log2=72\dfrac{7\log 2}{2\log 2} = \dfrac72

所以正确答案是 D

From 4x1=54^{x_1} = 5 we get x1=log45,x_1 = \log_4 5, and in general xk=logk+3(k+4).x_k = \log_{k+3}(k+4).

The product telescopes: x1x2x124=log45log56log127128=log4128. \begin{aligned} &x_1 x_2 \cdots x_{124} \\ &= \log_4 5 \cdot \log_5 6 \cdots \log_{127} 128 \\ &= \log_4 128. \end{aligned}

Since 128=27128 = 2^7 and 4=22,4 = 2^2, this equals 7log22log2=72.\dfrac{7\log 2}{2\log 2} = \dfrac72.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

一个圆的圆心为 (0,k)(0, k),其中 k>6k \gt 6。该圆与直线 y=xy = xy=xy = -xy=6y = 6 都相切。该圆的半径是多少?

A circle having center (0,k),(0, k), with k>6,k \gt 6, is tangent to the lines y=x,y = x, y=xy = -x and y=6.y = 6. What is the radius of this circle?

6266\sqrt{2} - 6

66

626\sqrt{2}

1212

6+626 + 6\sqrt{2}

难度评级:1630
小提示:

y=6y = 6 相切、圆心为 (0,k)(0,k)k>6k \gt 6,可得 r=k6r = k - 6

Tangency to y=6y = 6 with center (0,k)(0,k) and k>6k \gt 6 gives r=k6r = k - 6

大提示:

(0,k)(0,k) 到直线 y=xy = x 的距离是 k2\dfrac{k}{\sqrt2},这个距离也等于 rr

The distance from (0,k)(0,k) to the line y=xy = x is k2,\dfrac{k}{\sqrt2}, and it also equals rr

解答:

圆与 y=6y = 6 相切,且圆心 (0,k)(0, k) 在其上方,所以半径为 r=k6r = k - 6

(0,k)(0, k) 到直线 xy=0x - y = 0 的距离为 0k2=k2\dfrac{|0 - k|}{\sqrt2} = \dfrac{k}{\sqrt2},这也等于 rr

k2=k6\dfrac{k}{\sqrt2} = k - 6,得 k=6221k = \dfrac{6\sqrt2}{\sqrt2 - 1} =62(2+1)= 6\sqrt2\,(\sqrt2+1) =12+62= 12 + 6\sqrt2

因此 r=k6=6+62r = k - 6 = 6 + 6\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 E

Since the circle is tangent to y=6y = 6 and its center (0,k)(0, k) is above that line, the radius is r=k6.r = k - 6.

The distance from (0,k)(0, k) to the line xy=0x - y = 0 is 0k2=k2,\dfrac{|0 - k|}{\sqrt2} = \dfrac{k}{\sqrt2}, and this must also equal r.r.

Setting k2=k6\dfrac{k}{\sqrt2} = k - 6 gives k=6221k = \dfrac{6\sqrt2}{\sqrt2 - 1} =62(2+1)= 6\sqrt2\,(\sqrt2+1) =12+62.= 12 + 6\sqrt2.

Then r=k6=6+62.r = k - 6 = 6 + 6\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

15.

四个两位数的和是 221221。这八个数字中没有 00,且互不相同。下列哪一个数字没有出现在这八个数字中?

The sum of four two-digit numbers is 221.221. None of the eight digits is 00 and no two of them are the same. Which of the following is not included among the eight digits?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1660
小提示:

使用的八个不同非零数字的总和在 36364444 之间。

The eight distinct nonzero digits used have a total between 3636 and 4444

大提示:

若个位数字和为 UU,十位数字和为 TT,则 10T+U=22110T + U = 221,所以 UU 的个位是 11

If the units digits sum to UU and the tens digits to T,T, then 10T+U=221,10T + U = 221, so UU ends in 11

解答:

八个数字来自 1199,全部非零数字的和为 4545,所以这八个数字的总和在 459=3645 - 9 = 36451=4445 - 1 = 44 之间。

设个位数字和为 UU,十位数字和为 TT,则 10T+U=22110T + U = 221,所以 UU 的个位为 11。又 1+2+3+4=101+2+3+4 = 10 U\le U \le 6+7+8+9=306+7+8+9 = 30,故 U=11U = 11U=21U = 21

U=11U = 1110T=21010T = 210,所以 T=21T = 21,八个数字总和为 3232,小于 3636,不可能。因此 U=21U = 21T=20T = 20,总和为 4141

缺失数字为 4541=445 - 41 = 4。例如 13+25+86+97=22113 + 25 + 86 + 97 = 221

所以正确答案是 D

The eight digits are distinct and chosen from 11 through 9,9, whose total is 45.45. So the eight used digits sum to between 459=3645 - 9 = 36 and 451=44.45 - 1 = 44.

Let the four units digits sum to UU and the four tens digits sum to T.T. Then 10T+U=221,10T + U = 221, so UU ends in 1.1. Since 1+2+3+4=101+2+3+4 = 10 U\le U \le 6+7+8+9=30,6+7+8+9 = 30, we have U=11U = 11 or U=21.U = 21.

If U=11,U = 11, then 10T=210,10T = 210, so T=21T = 21 and the eight digits sum to 32,32, which is below 36.36. So U=21,U = 21, giving T=20T = 20 and total 41.41.

The missing digit is 4541=4.45 - 41 = 4. For example, 13+25+86+97=221.13 + 25 + 86 + 97 = 221.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

八个半径为 11 的球,每个八分体中一个,都与坐标平面相切。以原点为球心、能包含这八个球的最小球的半径是多少?

Eight spheres of radius 1,1, one per octant, are each tangent to the coordinate planes. What is the radius of the smallest sphere, centered at the origin, that contains these eight spheres?

2\sqrt{2}

3\sqrt{3}

1+21 + \sqrt{2}

1+31 + \sqrt{3}

33

难度评级:1660
小提示:

一个在某个八分体内且与三个坐标平面相切的单位球,球心为 (±1,±1,±1)(\pm1, \pm1, \pm1)

A unit sphere tangent to all three coordinate planes in one octant has center (±1,±1,±1)(\pm1, \pm1, \pm1)

大提示:

把原点到球心的距离再加上一个半径。

Add the distance from the origin to a center and one more radius

解答:

在某个八分体中,与三个坐标平面都相切、半径为 11 的球,其球心可取为 (1,1,1)(1, 1, 1) 这样的点,于是 12+12+12=3 \sqrt{1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt3 就是球心到原点的距离。

这个球上离原点最远的点距离为 3+1\sqrt3 + 1,所以包含八个球的最小球半径为 1+31 + \sqrt3

所以正确答案是 D

A sphere of radius 11 tangent to the three coordinate planes in one octant has its center at a point like (1,1,1),(1, 1, 1), at distance 12+12+12=3 \sqrt{1^2 + 1^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt3 from the origin.

The farthest point of that sphere from the origin is at distance 3+1,\sqrt3 + 1, so the containing sphere has radius 1+3.1 + \sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

17.

有多少个有理数四元组 (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) 满足 alog102+blog103+clog105+dlog107=2005 \begin{aligned} &a\log_{10} 2 + b\log_{10} 3 \\ &\quad {}+ c\log_{10} 5 + d\log_{10} 7 = 2005 \end{aligned}\text{?}

How many distinct four-tuples (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) of rational numbers are there with alog102+blog103+clog105+dlog107=2005? \begin{aligned} &a\log_{10} 2 + b\log_{10} 3 \\ &\quad {}+ c\log_{10} 5 + d\log_{10} 7 = 2005? \end{aligned}

00

11

1717

20042004

无限多个

infinitely many

难度评级:1800
小提示:

把左边改写为 log10(2a3b5c7d)\log_{10}\left(2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d\right)

Rewrite the left side as log10(2a3b5c7d)\log_{10}\left(2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d\right)

大提示:

于是 2a3b5c7d=102005=22005520052^a 3^b 5^c 7^d = 10^{2005} = 2^{2005}5^{2005};用唯一分解匹配指数。

Then 2a3b5c7d=102005=22005520052^a 3^b 5^c 7^d = 10^{2005} = 2^{2005}5^{2005}; match exponents via unique factorization

解答:

原方程等价于 log10(2a3b5c7d)=2005\log_{10}\left(2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d\right) = 2005,所以 2a3b5c7d=102005=2200552005 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d = 10^{2005} = 2^{2005} \cdot 5^{2005}\text{。}

a,b,c,da, b, c, d 的分母乘以同一个整数消去,再用质因数分解的唯一性比较指数,可得 a=2005a = 2005b=0b = 0c=2005c = 2005d=0d = 0

所以恰有 11 个这样的四元组。

所以正确答案是 B

The equation is equivalent to log10(2a3b5c7d)=2005,\log_{10}\left(2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d\right) = 2005, so 2a3b5c7d=102005=2200552005. 2^a 3^b 5^c 7^d = 10^{2005} = 2^{2005} \cdot 5^{2005}.

Clearing the denominators of a,b,c,da, b, c, d with a common integer multiplier and using the uniqueness of prime factorization, the exponents must match: a=2005,a = 2005, b=0,b = 0, c=2005,c = 2005, and d=0.d = 0.

So there is exactly 11 such four-tuple.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

A(2,2)A(2, 2)B(7,7)B(7, 7) 是平面上的点。令 RR 为第一象限中所有点 CC 组成的区域,使得 ABC\triangle ABC 是锐角三角形。区域 RR 的面积最接近哪个整数?

Let A(2,2)A(2, 2) and B(7,7)B(7, 7) be points in the plane. Define RR as the region in the first quadrant consisting of those points CC such that ABC\triangle ABC is an acute triangle. What is the closest integer to the area of the region R?R?

2525

3939

5151

6060

8080

难度评级:1990
小提示:

AA 为锐角表示 CC 在过 AA 且垂直于 ABAB 的直线远侧;角 BB 类似。

Angle AA acute means CC is on the far side of the line through AA perpendicular to ABAB; similarly for BB

大提示:

CC 为锐角表示 CC 在以 ABAB 为直径的圆外;合并三个区域条件。

Angle CC acute means CC lies outside the circle with diameter ABAB; combine three regions

解答:

直线 ABAB 的斜率为 11。要使 A\angle A 为锐角,CC 必须在过 AA 且垂直于 ABAB 的直线远侧;在第一象限中,这条线连接 P(4,0)P(4, 0)Q(0,4)Q(0, 4)。要使 B\angle B 为锐角,CC 必须在过 BB 且垂直于 ABAB 的直线近侧,这条线连接 S(14,0)S(14, 0)T(0,14)T(0, 14)

为了使 C\angle C 为锐角,CC 必须在以 ABAB 为直径的圆 UU 外,其半径为 AB2=522\dfrac{AB}{2} = \dfrac{5\sqrt2}{2}

圆完全位于这条带内并且在第一象限中。所以所求区域是大直角三角形 OSTOST 减去小直角三角形 OPQOPQ 和整个圆 UU121421242π(522)2=98825π2=9025π251 \begin{aligned} &\dfrac12 \cdot 14^2 - \dfrac12 \cdot 4^2 \\ &\quad {}- \pi\left(\dfrac{5\sqrt2}{2}\right)^2 \\ &= 98 - 8 - \dfrac{25\pi}{2} \\ &= 90 - \dfrac{25\pi}{2} \approx 51 \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

Line ABAB has slope 1.1. For A\angle A to be acute, CC must lie beyond the line through AA perpendicular to AB;AB; in the first quadrant that line runs between P(4,0)P(4, 0) and Q(0,4).Q(0, 4). For B\angle B to be acute, CC must lie before the line through BB perpendicular to AB,AB, between S(14,0)S(14, 0) and T(0,14).T(0, 14).

For C\angle C to be acute, CC must lie outside the circle UU with diameter AB,AB, whose radius is AB2=522.\dfrac{AB}{2} = \dfrac{5\sqrt2}{2}.

The circle lies entirely inside this strip and in the first quadrant. Thus the region is the large right triangle OSTOST minus the small right triangle OPQOPQ and the full circle U:U: 121421242π(522)2=98825π2=9025π251. \begin{aligned} &\dfrac12 \cdot 14^2 - \dfrac12 \cdot 4^2 \\ &\quad {}- \pi\left(\dfrac{5\sqrt2}{2}\right)^2 \\ &= 98 - 8 - \dfrac{25\pi}{2} \\ &= 90 - \dfrac{25\pi}{2} \approx 51. \end{aligned}

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

xxyy 为两位整数,且 yy 是把 xx 的数字反过来得到的。整数 xxyy 满足 x2y2=m2x^2 - y^2 = m^2,其中 mm 为正整数。x+y+mx + y + m 是多少?

Let xx and yy be two-digit integers such that yy is obtained by reversing the digits of x.x. The integers xx and yy satisfy x2y2=m2x^2 - y^2 = m^2 for some positive integer m.m. What is x+y+m?x + y + m?

8888

112112

116116

144144

154154

难度评级:1840
小提示:

x=10a+bx = 10a + by=10b+ay = 10b + a;则 x2y2=99(a2b2)x^2 - y^2 = 99(a^2 - b^2)

Write x=10a+bx = 10a + b and y=10b+ay = 10b + a; then x2y2=99(a2b2)x^2 - y^2 = 99(a^2 - b^2)

大提示:

99(ab)(a+b)99(a-b)(a+b) 是完全平方数,则 a+ba+b 必须为 1111

For 99(ab)(a+b)99(a-b)(a+b) to be a perfect square, a+ba+b must be 1111

解答:

x=10a+bx = 10a + by=10b+ay = 10b + a,其中 a>ba \gt b。则 x2y2=(10a+b)2(10b+a)2=99(a2b2)=99(a+b)(ab) \begin{aligned} &x^2 - y^2 = (10a+b)^2 \\ &\quad {}- (10b+a)^2 \\ &= 99(a^2 - b^2) \\ &= 99(a+b)(a-b) \end{aligned}\text{。}

因为 99=91199 = 9 \cdot 11,要使它成为完全平方数,必须有 (a+b)(ab)(a+b)(a-b)1111 的倍数。由于 a+b17a + b \le 17,且 ab8a - b \le 8,可用的唯一 1111 的倍数是 a+b=11a + b = 11

此时 x2y2=9112(ab)x^2 - y^2 = 9 \cdot 11^2 (a - b),它为完全平方数,当且仅当 aba - b 是完全平方数。因为 a+b=11a+b=11 是奇数,所以 aba-b 是奇数;又因为 1ab81 \le a-b \le 8,唯一可能的平方值为 11。因此 (a,b)=(6,5)(a, b) = (6, 5)

所以 x=65x = 65y=56y = 56,且 m=652562m = \sqrt{65^2 - 56^2} =1089=33= \sqrt{1089} = 33。因此 x+y+mx + y + m =65+56+33=154= 65 + 56 + 33 = 154

所以正确答案是 E

Let x=10a+bx = 10a + b and y=10b+ay = 10b + a with a>b.a \gt b. Then x2y2=(10a+b)2(10b+a)2=99(a2b2)=99(a+b)(ab). \begin{aligned} &x^2 - y^2 = (10a+b)^2 \\ &\quad {}- (10b+a)^2 \\ &= 99(a^2 - b^2) \\ &= 99(a+b)(a-b). \end{aligned}

Since 99=911,99 = 9 \cdot 11, for this to be a perfect square we need (a+b)(ab)(a+b)(a-b) to be a multiple of 11.11. As a+b17a + b \le 17 and ab8,a - b \le 8, the only multiple of 1111 available is a+b=11.a + b = 11.

Then x2y2=9112(ab),x^2 - y^2 = 9 \cdot 11^2 (a - b), which is a perfect square exactly when aba - b is a perfect square. Because a+b=11a+b=11 is odd, aba-b is odd; and because 1ab8,1 \le a-b \le 8, its only possible square value is 1.1. Hence (a,b)=(6,5).(a, b) = (6, 5).

So x=65,x = 65, y=56,y = 56, and m=652562m = \sqrt{65^2 - 56^2} =1089=33.= \sqrt{1089} = 33. Thus x+y+mx + y + m =65+56+33=154.= 65 + 56 + 33 = 154.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

20.

aabbccddeeffgghh 是下面集合中互不相同的元素:{7,5,3,2,2,4,6,13} \{-7, -5, -3, -2, 2, 4, 6, 13\}\text{。} 下式的最小可能值是多少 (a+b+c+d)2+(e+f+g+h)2 \begin{aligned} &(a + b + c + d)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (e + f + g + h)^2 \end{aligned}\text{?}

Let a,a, b,b, c,c, d,d, e,e, f,f, gg and hh be distinct elements in the set {7,5,3,2,2,4,6,13}. \{-7, -5, -3, -2, 2, 4, 6, 13\}. What is the minimum possible value of (a+b+c+d)2+(e+f+g+h)2? \begin{aligned} &(a + b + c + d)^2 \\ &\quad {}+ (e + f + g + h)^2? \end{aligned}

3030

3232

3434

4040

5050

知识点:最优化配方法
难度评级:1910
小提示:

整个集合和为 88,所以若一组和为 xx,另一组和为 8x8 - x

The whole set sums to 8,8, so if one group sums to x,x, the other sums to 8x8 - x

大提示:

x2+(8x)2=2(x4)2+32x^2 + (8-x)^2 = 2(x-4)^2 + 32;检查 x=4x = 4 是否能达到。

x2+(8x)2=2(x4)2+32x^2 + (8-x)^2 = 2(x-4)^2 + 32; check whether x=4x = 4 is actually attainable

解答:

所有元素的和为 88。若 a+b+c+d=xa + b + c + d = x,则 e+f+g+h=8xe + f + g + h = 8 - x,所以 x2+(8x)2=2(x4)2+32 x^2 + (8 - x)^2 = 2(x - 4)^2 + 32\text{。}

该式在 x=4x = 4 时取得最小值 3232。但是 1313 必须在某一组中,而其余元素中没有三个数能与 1313 相加得到 44(这要求三个数之和为 9-9)。若包含 7-7,另两个数需要和为 2-2,但没有可用数对满足;若不包含 7-7,把 532=10-5-3-2=-10 中任一项替换都会使和超过 9-9。所以 x=4x = 4 无法达到,且 (x4)21(x - 4)^2 \ge 1

最小值为 2(1)+32=342(1) + 32 = 34,例如分组 {7,5,2,13}\{-7, -5, 2, 13\}(和为 33)与 {3,2,4,6}\{-3, -2, 4, 6\}(和为 55)可以达到。

所以正确答案是 C

The elements sum to 8.8. If a+b+c+d=x,a + b + c + d = x, then e+f+g+h=8x,e + f + g + h = 8 - x, so x2+(8x)2=2(x4)2+32. x^2 + (8 - x)^2 = 2(x - 4)^2 + 32.

This is minimized when x=4,x = 4, giving 32.32. But 1313 must lie in one group, and no three of the remaining elements add with 1313 to make 44 (that would need three of them to sum to 9-9). With 7,-7, the other two would need to sum to 2,-2, which no available pair does; without 7,-7, replacing any term in 532=10-5-3-2=-10 raises the sum past 9.-9. So x=4x = 4 is unattainable and (x4)21.(x - 4)^2 \ge 1.

The minimum is 2(1)+32=34,2(1) + 32 = 34, achieved for instance by {7,5,2,13}\{-7, -5, 2, 13\} (sum 33) and {3,2,4,6}\{-3, -2, 4, 6\} (sum 55).

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

正整数 nn6060 个因数,且 7n7n8080 个因数。使 7k7^k 整除 nn 的最大整数 kk 是多少?

A positive integer nn has 6060 divisors and 7n7n has 8080 divisors. What is the greatest integer kk such that 7k7^k divides n?n?

00

11

22

33

44

难度评级:1990
小提示:

写成 n=7kQn = 7^k Q,其中 QQ 不是 77 的倍数;设 QQ 的因数个数为 dd

Write n=7kQn = 7^k Q with QQ not divisible by 77; let dd be the number of divisors of QQ

大提示:

nn(k+1)d(k+1)d 个因数,7n7n(k+2)d(k+2)d 个因数。

Then nn has (k+1)d(k+1)d divisors and 7n7n has (k+2)d(k+2)d divisors

解答:

写成 n=7kQn = 7^k Q,其中 QQ 不是 77 的倍数,并设 QQdd 个因数。那么 nn(k+1)d=60(k + 1)d = 60 个因数,而 7n=7k+1Q7n = 7^{k+1}Q(k+2)d=80(k + 2)d = 80 个因数。

两式相除,得到 k+2k+1=8060=43\dfrac{k + 2}{k + 1} = \dfrac{80}{60} = \dfrac43,所以 3(k+2)=4(k+1)3(k + 2) = 4(k + 1),从而 k=2k = 2

所以正确答案是 C

Write n=7kQn = 7^k Q where QQ is not divisible by 7,7, and let dd be the number of divisors of Q.Q. Then nn has (k+1)d=60(k + 1)d = 60 divisors and 7n=7k+1Q7n = 7^{k+1}Q has (k+2)d=80(k + 2)d = 80 divisors.

Dividing, k+2k+1=8060=43,\dfrac{k + 2}{k + 1} = \dfrac{80}{60} = \dfrac43, so 3(k+2)=4(k+1),3(k + 2) = 4(k + 1), giving k=2.k = 2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

22.

复数列 z0z_0z1z_1z2z_2\ldotszn+1=iznzn z_{n+1} = \dfrac{i z_n}{\overline{z_n}}\text{,} 定义,其中 zn\overline{z_n}znz_n 的共轭,且 i2=1i^2 = -1。若 z0=1|z_0| = 1z2005=1z_{2005} = 1,则 z0z_0 有多少个可能值?

A sequence of complex numbers z0,z_0, z1,z_1, z2,z_2, \ldots is defined by the rule zn+1=iznzn, z_{n+1} = \dfrac{i z_n}{\overline{z_n}}, where zn\overline{z_n} is the complex conjugate of znz_n and i2=1.i^2 = -1. Suppose that z0=1|z_0| = 1 and z2005=1.z_{2005} = 1. How many possible values are there for z0?z_0?

11

22

44

20052005

220052^{2005}

难度评级:2170
小提示:

因为 zn=1|z_n| = 1,所以 zn=1zn\overline{z_n} = \dfrac{1}{z_n},从而 zn+1=izn2z_{n+1} = i z_n^2

Since zn=1,|z_n| = 1, zn=1zn,\overline{z_n} = \dfrac{1}{z_n}, so zn+1=izn2z_{n+1} = i z_n^2

大提示:

迭代后 znz_n 等于一个固定的常数乘以 z02nz_0^{2^n};数出所得方程的根。

Iterating gives znz_n as a fixed constant times z02nz_0^{2^n}; count roots of the resulting equation

解答:

因为 z0=1|z_0| = 1,每个 zn=1|z_n| = 1,所以 zn=1zn\overline{z_n} = \dfrac{1}{z_n},于是 zn+1=iznzn=izn2 z_{n+1} = \dfrac{i z_n}{\overline{z_n}} = i z_n^2\text{。}

迭代得 z1=iz02z_1 = i z_0^2z2=i(iz02)2=iz04z_2 = i(i z_0^2)^2 = -i z_0^4。此外,若 zn=iz02nz_n=-i z_0^{2^n},则 zn+1=i(i)2z02n+1=iz02n+1z_{n+1}=i(-i)^2z_0^{2^{n+1}}=-i z_0^{2^{n+1}}。于是对每个 n2n\ge2 都有 zn=iz02nz_n=-i z_0^{2^n}

于是条件 z2005=1z_{2005} = 1 就化为 z022005=iz_0^{2^{2005}} = i。而任何非零复数方程 z0N=iz_0^{N} = i 恰好有 NN 个不同的解,且它们都在单位圆上。

这里 N=22005N = 2^{2005},所以 z0z_0220052^{2005} 个可能值。

所以正确答案是 E

Because z0=1,|z_0| = 1, every zn=1,|z_n| = 1, so zn=1zn\overline{z_n} = \dfrac{1}{z_n} and zn+1=iznzn=izn2. z_{n+1} = \dfrac{i z_n}{\overline{z_n}} = i z_n^2.

Iterating, z1=iz02z_1 = i z_0^2 and z2=i(iz02)2=iz04.z_2 = i(i z_0^2)^2 = -i z_0^4. Moreover, if zn=iz02n,z_n=-i z_0^{2^n}, then zn+1=i(i)2z02n+1=iz02n+1.z_{n+1}=i(-i)^2z_0^{2^{n+1}}=-i z_0^{2^{n+1}}. Thus zn=iz02nz_n=-i z_0^{2^n} for every n2.n\ge2.

The condition z2005=1z_{2005} = 1 is therefore z022005=i.z_0^{2^{2005}} = i. Every nonzero complex equation z0N=iz_0^{N} = i has exactly NN distinct solutions, all on the unit circle.

Here N=22005,N = 2^{2005}, so there are 220052^{2005} possible values for z0.z_0.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

23.

SS 为所有满足 log10(x+y)=z \log_{10}(x + y) = z log10(x2+y2)=z+1 \log_{10}(x^2 + y^2) = z + 1\text{。} 的实数有序三元组 (x,y,z)(x, y, z) 的集合。存在实数 aabb,使得对 SS 中所有 (x,y,z)(x, y, z),都有 x3+y3=a103z+b102zx^3 + y^3 = a \cdot 10^{3z} + b \cdot 10^{2z}a+ba + b 的值是多少?

Let SS be the set of ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) of real numbers for which log10(x+y)=z \log_{10}(x + y) = z and log10(x2+y2)=z+1. \log_{10}(x^2 + y^2) = z + 1. There are real numbers aa and bb such that for all ordered triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z) in SS we have x3+y3=a103z+b102z.x^3 + y^3 = a \cdot 10^{3z} + b \cdot 10^{2z}. What is the value of a+b?a + b?

152\dfrac{15}{2}

292\dfrac{29}{2}

1515

392\dfrac{39}{2}

2424

难度评级:2110
小提示:

把条件改写为 x+y=10zx + y = 10^zx2+y2=1010zx^2 + y^2 = 10 \cdot 10^z

Rewrite the conditions as x+y=10zx + y = 10^z and x2+y2=1010zx^2 + y^2 = 10 \cdot 10^z

大提示:

使用 x3+y3=(x+y)33xy(x+y)x^3 + y^3 = (x+y)^3 - 3xy(x+y),其中 xy=12[(x+y)2(x2+y2)]xy = \tfrac12\left[(x+y)^2 - (x^2+y^2)\right]

Use x3+y3=(x+y)33xy(x+y)x^3 + y^3 = (x+y)^3 - 3xy(x+y) with xy=12[(x+y)2(x2+y2)]xy = \tfrac12\left[(x+y)^2 - (x^2+y^2)\right]

解答:

条件给出 x+y=10zx + y = 10^zx2+y2=1010zx^2 + y^2 = 10 \cdot 10^z。于是 2xy=(x+y)2(x2+y2)=102z1010z \begin{aligned} &2xy = (x+y)^2 - (x^2+y^2) \\ &= 10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z \end{aligned}\text{,}所以 xy=12(102z1010z)xy = \dfrac12\left(10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z\right)

使用 x3+y3x^3 + y^3 =(x+y)33xy(x+y)= (x+y)^3 - 3xy(x+y),得到 x3+y3=103z32(102z1010z)10z=12103z+15102z \begin{aligned} &x^3 + y^3 = 10^{3z} \\ &\quad {}- \dfrac32\left(10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z\right)10^z \\ &= -\dfrac12 \cdot 10^{3z} + 15 \cdot 10^{2z} \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以 a=12a = -\dfrac12b=15b = 15,从而 a+b=292a + b = \dfrac{29}{2}。这些系数是唯一确定的:令 z=0z=0,可得实数解 x,y=1±192x,y=\dfrac{1\pm\sqrt{19}}{2},其方程迫使 a+ba+b 仍取同一值。

所以正确答案是 B

The conditions give x+y=10zx + y = 10^z and x2+y2=1010z.x^2 + y^2 = 10 \cdot 10^z. Then 2xy=(x+y)2(x2+y2)=102z1010z, \begin{aligned} &2xy = (x+y)^2 - (x^2+y^2) \\ &= 10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z, \end{aligned} so xy=12(102z1010z).xy = \dfrac12\left(10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z\right).

Using x3+y3x^3 + y^3 =(x+y)33xy(x+y),= (x+y)^3 - 3xy(x+y), x3+y3=103z32(102z1010z)10z=12103z+15102z. \begin{aligned} &x^3 + y^3 = 10^{3z} \\ &\quad {}- \dfrac32\left(10^{2z} - 10 \cdot 10^z\right)10^z \\ &= -\dfrac12 \cdot 10^{3z} + 15 \cdot 10^{2z}. \end{aligned}

So a=12a = -\dfrac12 and b=15,b = 15, giving a+b=292.a + b = \dfrac{29}{2}. These coefficients are determined: setting z=0z=0 gives real solutions x,y=1±192,x,y=\dfrac{1\pm\sqrt{19}}{2}, and their equation forces this same value of a+b.a+b.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

一个等边三角形的三个顶点都在抛物线 y=x2y = x^2 上,且其中一条边的斜率为 22。三个顶点的 xx-坐标之和为 mn\dfrac{m}{n},其中 mmnn 是互质正整数。m+nm + n 的值是多少?

All three vertices of an equilateral triangle are on the parabola y=x2,y = x^2, and one of its sides has a slope of 2.2. The xx-coordinates of the three vertices have a sum of mn,\dfrac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. What is the value of m+n?m + n?

1414

1515

1616

1717

1818

难度评级:2300
小提示:

连接 (a,a2)(a, a^2)(b,b2)(b, b^2) 的弦的斜率为 a+ba + b

The chord joining (a,a2)(a, a^2) and (b,b2)(b, b^2) has slope a+ba + b

大提示:

三条边的斜率为 tanθ\tan\thetatan(θ±60)\tan(\theta \pm 60^\circ);它们的和是顶点横坐标之和的两倍。

The three side slopes are tanθ\tan\theta and tan(θ±60)\tan(\theta \pm 60^\circ); their sum is twice the vertex-sum

解答:

对顶点 (a,a2),(b,b2),(c,c2)(a, a^2), (b, b^2), (c, c^2),一条边的斜率为 b2a2ba=a+b\dfrac{b^2 - a^2}{b - a} = a + b。三条边斜率相加得 (a+b)+(b+c)+(c+a)=2(a+b+c)=2mn \begin{aligned} &(a+b) + (b+c) + (c+a) \\ &= 2(a + b + c) \\ &= 2 \cdot \dfrac{m}{n} \end{aligned}\text{。}

若一条边的方向角为 θ\theta,其斜率为 2=tanθ2 = \tan\theta。等边三角形另外两条边的方向角为 θ±60\theta \pm 60^\circ,所以它们的斜率为 tan(θ±60)=2±3123=8±5311 \begin{aligned} &\tan(\theta \pm 60^\circ) = \dfrac{2 \pm \sqrt3}{1 \mp 2\sqrt3} \\ &= -\dfrac{8 \pm 5\sqrt3}{11} \end{aligned}\text{。}

三个斜率和为 28+53112 - \dfrac{8 + 5\sqrt3}{11} 85311=- \dfrac{8 - 5\sqrt3}{11} = 221611=611\dfrac{22 - 16}{11} = \dfrac{6}{11}

因此 a+b+c=12611=311a + b + c = \dfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{6}{11} = \dfrac{3}{11},所以 m+n=3+11=14m + n = 3 + 11 = 14

所以正确答案是 A

For vertices (a,a2),(b,b2),(c,c2),(a, a^2), (b, b^2), (c, c^2), the slope of a side is b2a2ba=a+b.\dfrac{b^2 - a^2}{b - a} = a + b. Adding the three side slopes, (a+b)+(b+c)+(c+a)=2(a+b+c)=2mn. \begin{aligned} &(a+b) + (b+c) + (c+a) \\ &= 2(a + b + c) \\ &= 2 \cdot \dfrac{m}{n}. \end{aligned}

One side has slope 2=tanθ.2 = \tan\theta. Because the triangle is equilateral, its sides make angles θ\theta and θ±60,\theta \pm 60^\circ, so the other two slopes are tan(θ±60)=2±3123=8±5311. \begin{aligned} &\tan(\theta \pm 60^\circ) = \dfrac{2 \pm \sqrt3}{1 \mp 2\sqrt3} \\ &= -\dfrac{8 \pm 5\sqrt3}{11}. \end{aligned}

The sum of the three slopes is 28+53112 - \dfrac{8 + 5\sqrt3}{11} 85311=- \dfrac{8 - 5\sqrt3}{11} = 221611=611.\dfrac{22 - 16}{11} = \dfrac{6}{11}.

Thus a+b+c=12611=311,a + b + c = \dfrac12 \cdot \dfrac{6}{11} = \dfrac{3}{11}, so m+n=3+11=14.m + n = 3 + 11 = 14.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

25.

六只蚂蚁同时站在一个正八面体的六个顶点上,每个顶点一只。它们同时且独立地从所在顶点移动到四个相邻顶点之一,每个选择概率相同。没有两只蚂蚁到达同一顶点的概率是多少?

Six ants simultaneously stand on the six vertices of a regular octahedron, with each ant at a different vertex. Simultaneously and independently, each ant moves from its vertex to one of the four adjacent vertices, each with equal probability. What is the probability that no two ants arrive at the same vertex?

5256\dfrac{5}{256}

211024\dfrac{21}{1024}

11512\dfrac{11}{512}

231024\dfrac{23}{1024}

3128\dfrac{3}{128}

难度评级:2520
小提示:

共有 464^6 种移动组合;每个顶点只与它的对顶点不相邻。

There are 464^6 move combinations; each vertex is non-adjacent only to its opposite

大提示:

有效的最终分配是一个排列,且没有顶点被送到自身或对顶点;按对顶点的像是相对还是相邻分类。

A valid final assignment is a permutation with no vertex sent to itself or its opposite; split by whether opposite vertices’ images are opposite or adjacent

解答:

共有 464^6 种等可能移动。把顶点标为 A,B,C,A,B,CA, B, C, A', B', C',其中带撇号的是对应对顶点。有效结果是一个排列 ff,且 f(A){A,A}f(A) \notin \{A, A'\},其他顶点同理。

有序对 (f(A),f(A))(f(A), f(A'))43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 个选择。其中 f(A)f(A)f(A)f(A') 互为对顶点的有 44 种,相邻的有 88 种。

f(A),f(A)f(A), f(A') 互为对顶点,例如 B,BB, B',则 {f(C),f(C)}={A,A}\{f(C), f(C')\} = \{A, A'\},且 {f(B),f(B)}={C,C}\{f(B), f(B')\} = \{C, C'\},给出 422=164 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 16 种。

f(A),f(A)f(A), f(A') 相邻,例如 B,CB, C,则 f(B),f(B)f(B), f(B') 中必须有一个是 CC',有 44 个有序选择 (f(B),f(B))(f(B), f(B')),每个给 (f(C),f(C))(f(C), f(C')) 留下 22 种,共 842=648 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 64 种。

概率为 16+6446=804096=5256 \dfrac{16 + 64}{4^6} = \dfrac{80}{4096} = \dfrac{5}{256}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

There are 464^6 equally likely combinations of moves. Label the vertices A,B,C,A,B,C,A, B, C, A', B', C', where primed vertices are opposite the corresponding unprimed ones. An ant cannot move to its own vertex or the opposite one, so a valid outcome is a permutation ff with f(A){A,A},f(A) \notin \{A, A'\}, and similarly for each pair.

There are 43=124 \cdot 3 = 12 ordered choices for (f(A),f(A)).(f(A), f(A')). Of these, f(A)f(A) and f(A)f(A') are opposite in 44 cases and adjacent in 8.8.

If f(A),f(A)f(A), f(A') are opposite, say B,B,B, B', then {f(C),f(C)}={A,A}\{f(C), f(C')\} = \{A, A'\} and {f(B),f(B)}={C,C},\{f(B), f(B')\} = \{C, C'\}, giving 422=164 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 = 16 valid combinations.

If f(A),f(A)f(A), f(A') are adjacent, say B,C,B, C, then one of f(B),f(B)f(B), f(B') must be CC' and there are 44 ordered choices for (f(B),f(B)),(f(B), f(B')), each leaving 22 for (f(C),f(C)):(f(C), f(C')): that is 842=648 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 = 64 valid combinations.

Hence the probability is 16+6446=804096=5256. \dfrac{16 + 64}{4^6} = \dfrac{80}{4096} = \dfrac{5}{256}.

Thus, the correct answer is A.