2025 AIME I Problem 11

Below is the professionally curated solution for Problem 11 of the 2025 AIME I, from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2025 AIME I solutions, or check the answer key.

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Concepts:functionquadraticVieta’s Formulascasework

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11.

A piecewise linear function is defined by f(x)={xif 1x<12xif 1x<3f(x) = \begin{cases} x & \text{if } -1 \le x \lt 1 \\ 2 - x & \text{if } 1 \le x \lt 3 \end{cases} and f(x+4)=f(x)f(x + 4) = f(x) for all real numbers x.x. The graph of f(x)f(x) has the sawtooth pattern depicted below.

The parabola x=34y2x = 34y^2 intersects the graph of f(x)f(x) at finitely many points. The sum of the yy-coordinates of all these intersection points can be expressed in the form a+bcd,\frac{a + b\sqrt{c}}{d}, where a,a, b,b, c,c, and dd are positive integers such that a,a, b,b, dd have greatest common divisor equal to 1,1, and cc is not divisible by the square of any prime. Find a+b+c+d.a + b + c + d.

Solution:

Since ff only takes values in [1,1],[-1, 1], any intersection has 1y1-1 \le y \le 1 and hence x=34y2[0,34].x = 34y^2 \in [0, 34]. On the rising pieces, x[4k1,4k+1)x \in [4k - 1, 4k + 1) with f(x)=x4k,f(x) = x - 4k, so y=f(34y2)y = f(34y^2) becomes 34y2y4k=0;34y^2 - y - 4k = 0; on the falling pieces, x[4k+1,4k+3)x \in [4k + 1, 4k + 3) with f(x)=4k+2x,f(x) = 4k + 2 - x, giving 34y2+y(4k+2)=0.34y^2 + y - (4k + 2) = 0. In each case a root is valid exactly when it lies in [1,1)[-1, 1) (rising) or (1,1](-1, 1] (falling), since then x=34y2x = 34y^2 automatically falls in the correct interval.

For the rising pieces the roots are 1±1+544k68,\frac{1 \pm \sqrt{1 + 544k}}{68}, and both are valid exactly when 1+544k67,\sqrt{1 + 544k} \le 67, i.e. for k=0,1,,8:k = 0, 1, \ldots, 8: nine quadratics, each contributing root sum 134\frac{1}{34} by Vieta. For the falling pieces the roots are 1±544k+27368.\frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{544k + 273}}{68}. The root with the minus sign requires 544k+273<67,\sqrt{544k + 273} \lt 67, which holds for k=0,,7;k = 0, \ldots, 7; those eight quadratics each contribute 134.-\frac{1}{34}. For k=8k = 8 only the positive root 1+462568=1+518568\frac{-1 + \sqrt{4625}}{68} = \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} is valid.

The total is 934834+1+518568=1+518568,\frac{9}{34} - \frac{8}{34} + \frac{-1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68} = \frac{1 + 5\sqrt{185}}{68}, and 185=537185 = 5 \cdot 37 is squarefree, so a+b+c+d=1+5+185+68=259.a + b + c + d = 1 + 5 + 185 + 68 = 259.

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