2011 AIME II Problem 6

Attempt Problem 6 of the 2011 AIME II below, then check your answer against the professionally curated solution from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2011 AIME II solutions, or check the answer key.

All problems are used with official legal permission of the Mathematical Association of America (MAA).

6.

Define an ordered quadruple of integers (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) to be interesting if 1≤a<b<c<d≤101 \le a \lt b \lt c \lt d \le 10 and a+d>b+c.a + d \gt b + c. How many interesting ordered quadruples are there?
Answer: 80
Concepts:combinationsbijectionsymmetry
Small hint:
The condition a+d>b+ca + d \gt b + c is the same as d−c>b−ad - c \gt b - a
Big hint:
The map (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) ↦(11−d, 11−c, 11−b, 11−a)\small \mapsto (11 - d,\, 11 - c,\, 11 - b,\, 11 - a) swaps d−cd - c with b−a;b - a; count the quadruples with d−c=b−ad - c = b - a and use symmetry
Solution:
The condition a+d>b+ca + d \gt b + c is equivalent to d−c>b−a.d - c \gt b - a. There are (104)=210\binom{10}{4} = 210 quadruples in all, and the involution (a,b,c,d)(a, b, c, d) ↦(11−d, 11−c, 11−b, 11−a)\small \mapsto (11 - d,\, 11 - c,\, 11 - b,\, 11 - a) exchanges the outer gaps b−ab - a and d−c.d - c. So the quadruples with d−c>b−ad - c \gt b - a and those with d−c<b−ad - c \lt b - a are equinumerous, and the answer is 210−T2,\frac{210 - T}{2}, where TT counts quadruples with d−c=b−a.d - c = b - a.
If b−a=d−c=kb - a = d - c = k and c−b=j,c - b = j, the quadruple is determined by (a,j,k)(a, j, k) with a,j,k≥1a, j, k \ge 1 and a+2k+j≤10.a + 2k + j \le 10. For k=1,k = 1, 2,2, 3,3, and 4,4, respectively, the bounds on a+ja + j are 8,8, 6,6, 4,4, and 2;2; the corresponding counts are 28,28, 15,15, 6,6, and 1,1, so T=50.T = 50.
Therefore the number of interesting quadruples is 210−502=80.\frac{210 - 50}{2} = 80.
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