2002 AMC 12B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

集合 {9\{9999999999999999999\ldots999999999}999999999\} 中九个数的算术平均数是一个 99 位数 MM,且 MM 的所有数字互不相同。这个数不含哪个数字?

The arithmetic mean of the nine numbers in the set {9,\{9, 99,99, 999,999, 9999,9999, ,\ldots, 999999999}999999999\} is a 99-digit number M,M, all of whose digits are distinct. The number MM does not contain the digit

00

22

44

66

88

知识点:位值数字
难度评级:950
小提示:

平均数是 19(9+99++999,999,999)\dfrac{1}{9}(9+99+\cdots+999{,}999{,}999)

The mean is 19(9+99++999,999,999)\dfrac{1}{9}(9+99+\cdots+999{,}999{,}999)

大提示:

每一项除以 99 后,和变成 1+11+111+1+11+111+\cdots;把它们相加,看哪个数字没有出现。

Dividing each term by 99 turns the sum into 1+11+111+1+11+111+\cdots; add these and see which digit never appears

解答:

这九个数分别是 10k110^k-1,所以它们的和为 9+99++999,999,9999+99+\cdots+999{,}999{,}999。把这个和除以 99 得到 M: M=1+11+111++111,111,111=123,456,789 \begin{aligned} M &= 1+11+111+\cdots \\ &\quad {}+111{,}111{,}111 \\ &= 123{,}456{,}789\text{。} \end{aligned} 它的数字是 1199,因此缺少的数字是 00

所以正确答案是 A

Each of the nine numbers is 10k1,10^k-1, so their sum is 9+99++999,999,999.9+99+\cdots+999{,}999{,}999. Dividing by 9,9, M=1+11+111++111,111,111=123,456,789. \begin{aligned} M &= 1+11+111+\cdots \\ &\quad {}+111{,}111{,}111 \\ &= 123{,}456{,}789. \end{aligned} Its digits are 11 through 9,9, so the missing digit is 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

2.

x=4x=4 时, (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1 \begin{aligned} &(3x-2)(4x+1) \\ &\quad {}-(3x-2)4x+1 \end{aligned} 的值是多少?

What is the value of (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1 \begin{aligned} &(3x-2)(4x+1) \\ &\quad {}-(3x-2)4x+1 \end{aligned} when x=4?x=4?

00

11

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:980
小提示:

用分配律把含有 3x23x-2 的两项合并。

Group the two terms containing 3x23x-2 using the distributive law

大提示:

先把 (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x(3x-2)(4x+1)-(3x-2)4x 化成 =(3x2)(4x+14x)=(3x-2)(4x+1-4x)

(3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x(3x-2)(4x+1)-(3x-2)4x =(3x2)(4x+14x)=(3x-2)(4x+1-4x)

解答:

从前两项中提出 3x23x-2(3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1=(3x2)(4x+14x)+1=3x1 \begin{gathered} (3x-2)(4x+1) \\ {}-(3x-2)4x+1 \\ {}=(3x-2)(4x+1-4x)+1 \\ {}=3x-1\text{。} \end{gathered} x=4x=4 时,它等于 341=113\cdot4-1=11

所以正确答案是 D

Factor 3x23x-2 out of the first two terms: (3x2)(4x+1)(3x2)4x+1=(3x2)(4x+14x)+1=3x1. \begin{gathered} (3x-2)(4x+1) \\ {}-(3x-2)4x+1 \\ {}=(3x-2)(4x+1-4x)+1 \\ {}=3x-1. \end{gathered} At x=4x=4 this equals 341=11.3\cdot4-1=11.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

3.

有多少个正整数 nn 使 n23n+2n^2-3n+2 是质数?

For how many positive integers nn is n23n+2n^2-3n+2 a prime number?

没有

none

一个

one

两个

two

多于两个,但有限多个

more than two, but finitely many

无限多个

infinitely many

知识点:因式分解质数
难度评级:1120
小提示:

分解 n23n+2n^2-3n+2

Factor n23n+2n^2-3n+2

大提示:

(n1)(n2)(n-1)(n-2) 是两个整数的乘积;若它是质数,其中一个因数必须等于 11

(n1)(n2)(n-1)(n-2) is a product of two integers; for it to be prime one factor must equal 11

解答:

分解得 n23n+2=(n1)(n2)n^2-3n+2=(n-1)(n-2)。当 n4n\ge4 时,两个因数都大于 11,所以结果是合数。检查 n=1,2,3n=1,2,3 分别得到 000022。只有 n=3n=3 产生质数,因此这样的 nn 恰有一个。

所以正确答案是 B

Factor n23n+2=(n1)(n2).n^2-3n+2=(n-1)(n-2). For n4n\ge4 both factors exceed 1,1, so the value is composite. Checking n=1,2,3n=1,2,3 gives 0,0, 0,0, and 2.2. Only n=3n=3 yields a prime, so there is exactly one such n.n.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

nn 为正整数,且 12+13+17+1n\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17+\dfrac1n 是整数。下列哪一个说法不正确?

Let nn be a positive integer such that 12+13+17+1n\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17+\dfrac1n is an integer. Which of the following statements is not true:

22 整除 nn

22 divides nn

33 整除 nn

33 divides nn

66 整除 nn

66 divides nn

77 整除 nn

77 divides nn

n>84n\gt84

难度评级:1270
小提示:

12+13+17=4142\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17=\dfrac{41}{42}

12+13+17=4142\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17=\dfrac{41}{42}

大提示:

整个和严格在 0022 之间,所以它必须等于 11;解出 nn

The whole sum lies strictly between 00 and 2,2, so it must equal 11; solve for nn

解答:

因为 12+13+17=4142\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17=\dfrac{41}{42},所以和 4142+1n\dfrac{41}{42}+\dfrac1n 严格在 0022 之间,作为整数只能是 11。于是 1n=142\dfrac1n=\dfrac1{42} 得到 n=42n=42

现在 22336677 都整除 4242,但 n>84n\gt84 是假的。因此不正确的说法是 n>84n\gt84

所以正确答案是 E

Since 12+13+17=4142,\dfrac12+\dfrac13+\dfrac17=\dfrac{41}{42}, the sum 4142+1n\dfrac{41}{42}+\dfrac1n lies strictly between 00 and 2,2, so it must equal 1.1. Then 1n=142,\dfrac1n=\dfrac1{42}, giving n=42.n=42.

Now 2,2, 3,3, 6,6, and 77 all divide 42,42, but n>84n\gt84 is false. The untrue statement is n>84.n\gt84.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

5.

vvwwxxyyzz 是一个五边形五个角的度数。已知 v<w<x<y<zv\lt w\lt x\lt y\lt z,且 vvwwxxyyzz 构成等差数列。求 xx

Let v,v, w,w, x,x, y,y, and zz be the degree measures of the five angles of a pentagon. Suppose v<w<x<y<zv\lt w\lt x\lt y\lt z and v,v, w,w, x,x, y,y, zz form an arithmetic sequence. Find the value of x.x.

7272

8484

9090

108108

120120

难度评级:1080
小提示:

五边形内角和为 540540^\circ

The interior angles of a pentagon sum to 540540^\circ

大提示:

把五项写成 x2dx-2dxdx-dxxx+dx+dx+2dx+2d;它们的和是 5x5x

Write the five terms as x2d,x-2d, xd,x-d, x,x, x+d,x+d, x+2dx+2d; their sum is 5x5x

解答:

五个内角的和是 540540^\circ。把等差数列写成 x2dx-2dxdx-dxxx+dx+dx+2dx+2d,它们的和为 5x=5405x=540,所以 x=108x=108

所以正确答案是 D

The five interior angles sum to 540.540^\circ. Writing the sequence as x2d,x-2d, xd,x-d, x,x, x+d,x+d, x+2d,x+2d, the sum is 5x=540,5x=540, so x=108.x=108.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

aabb 是非零实数,并且方程 x2+ax+b=0x^2+ax+b=0 的两个解是 aabb,则有序对 (a,b)(a,b)

Suppose that aa and bb are nonzero real numbers, and that the equation x2+ax+b=0x^2+ax+b=0 has solutions aa and b.b. Then the pair (a,b)(a,b) is

(2,1)(-2,1)

(1,2)(-1,2)

(1,2)(1,-2)

(2,1)(2,-1)

(4,4)(4,4)

难度评级:1190
小提示:

如果 aabb 是根,则 x2+ax+b=(xa)(xb)x^2+ax+b=(x-a)(x-b)

If aa and bb are the roots, then x2+ax+b=(xa)(xb)x^2+ax+b=(x-a)(x-b)

大提示:

比较系数:a+b=aa+b=-aab=bab=b,并使用 b0b\neq0

Match coefficients: a+b=aa+b=-a and ab=b,ab=b, using b0b\neq0

解答:

因为 aabb 是根, x2+ax+b=(xa)(xb)=x2(a+b)x+ab \begin{gathered} x^2+ax+b \\ {}=(x-a)(x-b) \\ {}=x^2-(a+b)x+ab\text{。} \end{gathered} 比较系数得 a+b=aa+b=-aab=bab=b

由于 b0b\neq0,第二个方程给出 a=1a=1,再由 a+b=aa+b=-ab=2b=-2。所以 (a,b)=(1,2)(a,b)=(1,-2)

所以正确答案是 C

Since aa and bb are the roots, x2+ax+b=(xa)(xb)=x2(a+b)x+ab. \begin{gathered} x^2+ax+b \\ {}=(x-a)(x-b) \\ {}=x^2-(a+b)x+ab. \end{gathered} Matching coefficients gives a+b=aa+b=-a and ab=b.ab=b.

As b0,b\neq0, the second equation gives a=1,a=1, and then a+b=aa+b=-a gives b=2.b=-2. So (a,b)=(1,2).(a,b)=(1,-2).

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

三个连续正整数的乘积等于它们的和的 88 倍。它们的平方和是多少?

The product of three consecutive positive integers is 88 times their sum. What is the sum of their squares?

5050

7777

110110

149149

194194

难度评级:1190
小提示:

设三个整数为 n1n-1nnn+1n+1;它们的乘积是 n3nn^3-n,和是 3n3n

Call the integers n1,n-1, n,n, n+1n+1; their product is n3nn^3-n and their sum is 3n3n

大提示:

n21=24n^2-1=24,先求 nn,再计算 (n1)2+n2+(n+1)2(n-1)^2+n^2+(n+1)^2

n21=24,n^2-1=24, so find nn and then compute (n1)2+n2+(n+1)2(n-1)^2+n^2+(n+1)^2

解答:

设三个整数为 n1n-1nnn+1n+1。由条件可得 (n1)n(n+1)=83n(n-1)n(n+1)=8\cdot3n,所以 n21=24n^2-1=24,进而 n=5n=5

三个整数是 445566,平方和为 16+25+36=7716+25+36=77

所以正确答案是 B

Let the integers be n1,n-1, n,n, n+1.n+1. Then (n1)n(n+1)=83n,(n-1)n(n+1)=8\cdot3n, so n21=24n^2-1=24 and n=5.n=5.

The three integers 4,4, 5,5, 66 have squares summing to 16+25+36=77.16+25+36=77.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

假设某年 NN 的七月有五个星期一。下列哪一天在该年 NN 的八月一定出现五次?(注意:这两个月都有 3131 天。)

Suppose July of year NN has five Mondays. Which of the following must occur five times in August of year N?N? (Note: Both months have 3131 days.)

星期一

Monday

星期二

Tuesday

星期三

Wednesday

星期四

Thursday

星期五

Friday

难度评级:1370
小提示:

一个 3131 天的月份中,11 日的星期以及接下来两天的星期会出现五次,所以七月 112233 日之一是星期一。

With 3131 days, the weekday of July 11 is the one that repeats five times, so Monday is July 1,1, 2,2, or 33

大提示:

八月 11 日比七月 11 日晚三天;检查三种情况,找出八月中共同出现五次的星期。

August 11 falls three weekdays after July 11; test the three cases and find the August weekday common to all

解答:

七月有 31=47+331=4\cdot7+3 天,所以七月 11 日的星期会出现五次;既然星期一出现五次,星期一必在七月 112233 日之一。八月中出现五次的是八月 112233 日的星期,而八月 11 日比七月 11 日晚三天。

检查三种情况,八月出现五次的星期分别是星期四、星期五、星期六;星期三、星期四、星期五;以及星期二、星期三、星期四。

每种情况都包含星期四,所以正确答案是 D

Since July has 31=47+331=4\cdot7+3 days, the weekday of July 11 occurs five times, so Monday falls on July 1,1, 2,2, or 3.3. The days that occur five times in August are those of August 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, and August 11 is three weekdays after July 1.1.

Testing the three cases, the August weekdays occurring five times are Thursday through Saturday, Wednesday through Friday, and Tuesday through Thursday. Thursday appears in every case.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

aabbccdd 是正实数,且 aabbccdd 构成递增等差数列,同时 aabbdd 构成等比数列,则 ad\dfrac{a}{d} 等于多少?

If a,a, b,b, c,c, dd are positive real numbers such that a,a, b,b, c,c, dd form an increasing arithmetic sequence and a,a, b,b, dd form a geometric sequence, then ad\dfrac{a}{d} is

112\dfrac{1}{12}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1330
小提示:

写成 b=a+rb=a+rc=a+2rc=a+2rd=a+3rd=a+3r

Write b=a+r,b=a+r, c=a+2r,c=a+2r, d=a+3rd=a+3r

大提示:

等比条件 b2=adb^2=ad 给出 r2=arr^2=ar,所以 r=ar=a

The geometric condition b2=adb^2=ad gives r2=ar,r^2=ar, so r=ar=a

解答:

b=a+rb=a+rc=a+2rc=a+2rd=a+3rd=a+3r。等比条件 b2=adb^2=ad 给出 (a+r)2=a(a+3r)(a+r)^2=a(a+3r),即 r2=arr^2=ar。因为数列递增,所以 r=ar=a

于是 d=a+3a=4ad=a+3a=4a,所以 ad=14\dfrac{a}{d}=\dfrac14

所以正确答案是 C

Let b=a+r,b=a+r, c=a+2r,c=a+2r, d=a+3r.d=a+3r. The geometric condition b2=adb^2=ad gives (a+r)2=a(a+3r),(a+r)^2=a(a+3r), i.e. r2=ar,r^2=ar, so r=a.r=a.

Then d=a+3a=4ad=a+3a=4a and ad=14.\dfrac{a}{d}=\dfrac14.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

10.

有多少个不同的整数可以表示为集合 {1,4,7,10,13,16,19}\{1,4,7,10,13,16,19\} 中三个不同元素的和?

How many different integers can be expressed as the sum of three distinct members of the set {1,4,7,10,13,16,19}?\{1,4,7,10,13,16,19\}?

1313

1616

2424

3030

3535

难度评级:1270
小提示:

每个元素都比 33 的倍数多一,所以任意三个元素的和都是 33 的倍数

Every element is one more than a multiple of 3,3, so each three-element sum is a multiple of 33

大提示:

从最小和 1+4+71+4+7 到最大和 13+16+1913+16+19 数一数其中 33 的倍数。

Count the multiples of 33 from the smallest sum 1+4+71+4+7 to the largest sum 13+16+1913+16+19

解答:

每个元素都比 33 的倍数多一,所以任意三个元素的和都是 33 的倍数。最小和为 1+4+7=121+4+7=12,最大和为 13+16+19=4813+16+19=48,并且中间每个 33 的倍数都可以取得。

12124848 共有 131333 的倍数。

所以正确答案是 A

Every element is one more than a multiple of 3,3, so any sum of three of them is a multiple of 3.3. The smallest sum is 1+4+7=121+4+7=12 and the largest is 13+16+19=48,13+16+19=48, and every multiple of 33 between them is attainable.

There are 1313 multiples of 33 from 1212 to 48.48.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

正整数 AABBABA-BA+BA+B 全都是质数。这四个质数的和是

The positive integers A,A, B,B, AB,A-B, and A+BA+B are all prime numbers. The sum of these four primes is

偶数

even

能被 33 整除

divisible by 33

能被 55 整除

divisible by 55

能被 77 整除

divisible by 77

质数

prime

知识点:奇偶性质数
难度评级:1430
小提示:

ABA-BA+BA+B 奇偶性相同,且二者都是质数,所以二者都是奇数。

ABA-B and A+BA+B have the same parity, and both are prime, so both are odd

大提示:

于是 B=2B=2,使 A2A-2AAA+2A+2 成为三个成等差数列的质数。

Then B=2,B=2, making A2,A-2, A,A, A+2A+2 three primes in arithmetic progression

解答:

ABA-BA+BA+B 奇偶性相同;因为两者都是质数,所以都是奇数,故 AABB 奇偶性相反。若 AA 为偶数,则质数 AA 必须等于 22,但正质数 BB 满足 B2B\ge2,从而 AB0A-B\le0。因此 AA 是奇数,偶质数 BB22

于是 A2A-2AA,和 A+2A+2 是三个质数。其中一个能被 33 整除,所以它必须等于 33;这三个数是 3355,和 77。它们再加上 22 的和为 2+3+5+7=172+3+5+7=17,也是质数。

所以正确答案是 E

ABA-B and A+BA+B have the same parity; being prime, both are odd, so AA and BB have opposite parity. If AA were even, then the prime AA would equal 2,2, but the positive prime BB would satisfy B2B\ge2 and make AB0.A-B\le0. Hence AA is odd and the even prime BB is 2.2.

Then A2,A-2, A,A, A+2A+2 are three primes. One is divisible by 3,3, so that one must equal 3;3; the triple is 3,3, 5,5, 7.7. Their sum together with 22 is 2+3+5+7=17,2+3+5+7=17, a prime.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

12.

有多少个整数 nn 使 n20n\dfrac{n}{20-n} 是某个整数的平方?

For how many integers nn is n20n\dfrac{n}{20-n} the square of an integer?

11

22

33

44

1010

难度评级:1490
小提示:

n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20-n}=k^2,并用 kk 表示 nn

Set n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20-n}=k^2 and solve for nn in terms of kk

大提示:

n=20k2k2+1n=\dfrac{20k^2}{k^2+1};因为 gcd(k2,k2+1)=1\gcd(k^2,k^2+1)=1,所以 k2+1k^2+1 必须整除 2020

n=20k2k2+1n=\dfrac{20k^2}{k^2+1}; since gcd(k2,k2+1)=1,\gcd(k^2,k^2+1)=1, k2+1k^2+1 must divide 2020

解答:

n20n=k2\dfrac{n}{20-n}=k^2。解得 n=20k2k2+1n=\dfrac{20k^2}{k^2+1}。因为 k2k^2k2+1k^2+1 互质,所以 k2+1k^2+1 必须整除 2020,这只在 k=0,1,2,3|k|=0,1,2,3 时发生。

kk 的正负不改变 nn;这些值给出 n=0n=010101616,和 1818,共四个值。

所以正确答案是 D

Set n20n=k2.\dfrac{n}{20-n}=k^2. Solving, n=20k2k2+1.n=\dfrac{20k^2}{k^2+1}. Since k2k^2 and k2+1k^2+1 are coprime, k2+1k^2+1 must divide 20,20, which happens only for k=0,1,2,3.|k|=0,1,2,3.

The signs of kk do not change n;n; these give n=0,n=0, 10,10, 16,16, and 18,18, which is four values.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

1818 个连续正整数的和是一个完全平方数。这个和的最小可能值是

The sum of 1818 consecutive positive integers is a perfect square. The smallest possible value of this sum is

169169

225225

289289

361361

441441

难度评级:1430
小提示:

nnn+1,n+1,\ldotsn+17n+17 的和等于 9(2n+17)9(2n+17)

The sum of n,n, n+1,,n+1,\ldots, n+17n+17 equals 9(2n+17)9(2n+17)

大提示:

因为 99 已经是平方数,2n+172n+17 必须是奇完全平方数;取最小的可行值。

Since 99 is already a square, 2n+172n+17 must be an odd perfect square; take the smallest valid one

解答:

nnn+1,n+1,\ldotsn+17n+17 的和为 18n+17182=9(2n+17)18n+\dfrac{17\cdot18}{2}=9(2n+17)。因为 99 已经是平方数,所以 2n+172n+17 也必须是完全平方数。

使 2n+172n+17 成为完全平方数的最小正整数 nnn=4n=4,此时 2n+17=252n+17=25,和为 925=2259\cdot25=225

所以正确答案是 B

The sum of n,n, n+1,,n+1,\ldots, n+17n+17 is 18n+17182=9(2n+17).18n+\dfrac{17\cdot18}{2}=9(2n+17). Since 99 is a perfect square, 2n+172n+17 must be one too.

The smallest positive integer nn making 2n+172n+17 a perfect square is n=4,n=4, giving 2n+17=252n+17=25 and a sum of 925=225.9\cdot25=225.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

14.

平面上画出四个不同的圆。至少两个圆相交的点最多有多少个?

Four distinct circles are drawn in a plane. What is the maximum number of points where at least two of the circles intersect?

88

99

1010

1212

1616

难度评级:1220
小提示:

两个不同的圆最多相交于 22 个点。

Two distinct circles meet in at most 22 points

大提示:

四个圆有 (42)\binom{4}{2} 对;再乘以 22

There are (42)\binom{4}{2} pairs of circles; multiply by 22

解答:

每一对圆最多有 22 个交点,而四个圆共有 (42)=6\binom{4}{2}=6 对,因此最多有 62=126\cdot2=12 个交点。

取四个位置一般的圆,使每一对圆都相交两次,且没有三个圆经过同一点,就能达到这个上界。

所以正确答案是 D

Each pair of circles meets in at most 22 points, and there are (42)=6\binom{4}{2}=6 pairs, giving at most 62=126\cdot2=12 intersection points.

The bound is attainable by taking four circles in general position so that every pair crosses twice and no three pass through the same point.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

有多少个四位数 NN 满足:删去最左边一位后得到的三位数等于 NN 的九分之一?

How many four-digit numbers NN have the property that the three-digit number obtained by removing the leftmost digit is one ninth of N?N?

44

55

66

77

88

知识点:位值数字
难度评级:1510
小提示:

写成 N=1000a+xN=1000a+x,其中 aa 是首位数字,xx 是后三位组成的数。

Write N=1000a+x,N=1000a+x, where aa is the leading digit and xx the last three digits

大提示:

N=9xN=9x 给出 1000a=8x1000a=8x,所以 x=125ax=125a;数一数哪些数字 aaxx 仍为三位数。

N=9xN=9x gives 1000a=8x,1000a=8x, so x=125ax=125a; count the digits aa keeping xx three digits

解答:

aa 是首位数字,xx 是删去首位后得到的三位数,则 N=1000a+xN=1000a+x。条件 N=9xN=9x 给出 1000a=8x1000a=8x,即 x=125ax=125a

a=1,,7a=1,\ldots,7 时,xx 是三位数;而 a=8a=8x=1000x=1000。所以共有 77 个这样的数。

所以正确答案是 D

Let aa be the leading digit and xx the three-digit number after removing it, so N=1000a+x.N=1000a+x. The condition N=9xN=9x gives 1000a=8x,1000a=8x, i.e. x=125a.x=125a.

For a=1,,7a=1,\ldots,7 this makes xx a three-digit number, while a=8a=8 gives x=1000.x=1000. So there are 77 such numbers.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

Juan 掷一枚公平的正八面体骰子,骰面标有 1188。然后 Amal 掷一枚公平的六面骰子。两次点数乘积是 33 的倍数的概率是多少?

Juan rolls a fair regular octahedral die marked with the numbers 11 through 8.8. Then Amal rolls a fair six-sided die. What is the probability that the product of the two rolls is a multiple of 3?3?

112\dfrac{1}{12}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

712\dfrac{7}{12}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1430
小提示:

乘积是 33 的倍数,当且仅当至少一次掷出 3366

The product is a multiple of 33 exactly when at least one roll is 33 or 66

大提示:

11 减去两枚骰子都没有掷出 3366 的概率。

Compute 11 minus the probability that neither die shows a 33 or 66

解答:

乘积是 33 的倍数,当且仅当至少一枚骰子掷出 3366。八面骰避开 3,63,6 的概率为 68=34\dfrac68=\dfrac34,六面骰避开它们的概率为 46=23\dfrac46=\dfrac23

因此两枚骰子都没有出现 33 的倍数的概率是 3423=12\dfrac34\cdot\dfrac23=\dfrac12,所求概率为 112=121-\dfrac12=\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 C

The product is a multiple of 33 if and only if at least one die shows 33 or 6.6. The octahedral die avoids 3,63,6 with probability 68=34,\dfrac68=\dfrac34, and the six-sided die avoids them with probability 46=23.\dfrac46=\dfrac23.

So neither shows a multiple of 33 with probability 3423=12,\dfrac34\cdot\dfrac23=\dfrac12, and the answer is 112=12.1-\dfrac12=\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

Andy 的草坪面积是 Beth 草坪面积的两倍,也是 Carlos 草坪面积的三倍。Carlos 的割草机速度是 Beth 的一半,也是 Andy 的三分之一。若三人同时开始割各自的草坪,谁会最先完成?

Andy’s lawn has twice as much area as Beth’s lawn and three times as much area as Carlos’ lawn. Carlos’ lawn mower cuts half as fast as Beth’s mower and one third as fast as Andy’s mower. If they all start to mow their lawns at the same time, who will finish first?

Andy

Beth

Carlos

Andy 和 Carlos 并列第一。

Andy and Carlos tie for first.

三人同时完成。

All three tie.

知识点:速率比与比例
难度评级:1370
小提示:

设 Andy 的面积为 AA;面积分别是 AAA2\dfrac A2A3\dfrac A3,割草速度分别是 3R3R2R2RRR

Let Andy’s area be AA; then the areas are A,A, A2,\dfrac A2, A3\dfrac A3 and the mowing rates are 3R,3R, 2R,2R, RR

大提示:

时间等于面积除以速度;比较 A3R\dfrac{A}{3R}A4R\dfrac{A}{4R}A3R\dfrac{A}{3R}

Time equals area divided by rate; compare A3R,\dfrac{A}{3R}, A4R,\dfrac{A}{4R}, A3R\dfrac{A}{3R}

解答:

设 Andy 的草坪面积为 AA,则 Beth 的面积是 A2\dfrac A2,Carlos 的面积是 A3\dfrac A3。若 Carlos 的割草速度为 RR,则 Beth 的速度为 2R2R,Andy 的速度为 3R3R

三人的用时分别为 A3R\dfrac{A}{3R}A22R=A4R\dfrac{\frac{A}{2}}{2R}=\dfrac{A}{4R}A3R=A3R\dfrac{\frac{A}{3}}{R}=\dfrac{A}{3R}。其中 A4R\dfrac{A}{4R} 最小。

所以 Beth 最先完成,正确答案是 B

Let Andy’s lawn have area A;A; then Beth’s is A2\dfrac A2 and Carlos’ is A3.\dfrac A3. With Carlos’ rate R,R, Beth mows at 2R2R and Andy at 3R.3R.

Their times are A3R,\dfrac{A}{3R}, A22R=A4R,\dfrac{\frac{A}{2}}{2R}=\dfrac{A}{4R}, and A3R=A3R\dfrac{\frac{A}{3}}{R}=\dfrac{A}{3R} respectively. Beth’s time A4R\dfrac{A}{4R} is the smallest, so Beth finishes first.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

从顶点为 (0,0)(0,0)(2,0)(2,0)(2,1)(2,1)(0,1)(0,1) 的矩形区域中随机选一点 PP。点 PP 到原点的距离比到点 (3,1)(3,1) 的距离更近的概率是多少?

A point PP is randomly selected from the rectangular region with vertices (0,0),(0,0), (2,0),(2,0), (2,1),(2,1), (0,1).(0,1). What is the probability that PP is closer to the origin than it is to the point (3,1)?(3,1)?

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

45\dfrac{4}{5}

11

难度评级:1610
小提示:

PP 更靠近原点时,它位于从 (0,0)(0,0)(3,1)(3,1) 这条线段的垂直平分线的一侧。

PP is closer to the origin on one side of the perpendicular bisector of the segment from (0,0)(0,0) to (3,1)(3,1)

大提示:

这条垂直平分线是 3x+y=53x+y=5;求矩形中位于原点一侧的面积,再除以总面积。

That bisector is the line 3x+y=53x+y=5; find the area of the rectangle on the origin side and divide by the total area

解答:

(0,0)(0,0) 比到 (3,1)(3,1) 更近的点位于这两点连线垂直平分线的原点一侧,该垂直平分线为 3x+y=53x+y=5

在矩形中,这一区域是一个梯形,其平行边长分别为 53\dfrac53(在 y=0y=0 处)和 43\dfrac43(在 y=1y=1 处),面积为 12(53+43)=32\dfrac12\left(\dfrac53+\dfrac43\right)=\dfrac32。矩形面积为 22,所以概率是 322=34\dfrac{\frac{3}{2}}{2}=\dfrac34

所以正确答案是 C

The points closer to (0,0)(0,0) than to (3,1)(3,1) lie on the origin side of the perpendicular bisector of that segment, the line 3x+y=5.3x+y=5.

Within the rectangle, this region is a trapezoid whose parallel sides have lengths 53\dfrac53 (at y=0y=0) and 43\dfrac43 (at y=1y=1), so its area is 12(53+43)=32.\dfrac12\left(\dfrac53+\dfrac43\right)=\dfrac32. The rectangle has area 2,2, so the probability is 322=34.\dfrac{\frac{3}{2}}{2}=\dfrac34.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

19.

若正实数 aabbcc 满足 a(b+c)=152a(b+c)=152b(c+a)=162b(c+a)=162、且 c(a+b)=170c(a+b)=170,则 abcabc 等于多少?

If a,a, b,b, and cc are positive real numbers such that a(b+c)=152,a(b+c)=152, b(c+a)=162,b(c+a)=162, and c(a+b)=170,c(a+b)=170, then abcabc is

672672

688688

704704

720720

750750

难度评级:1540
小提示:

把三个方程相加,得到 ab+bc+caab+bc+ca

Add all three equations to get ab+bc+caab+bc+ca

大提示:

用这个总和分别减去原来的三个方程,求出 ababbcbccaca,再相乘并开平方。

Subtract each original equation from that total to find ab,ab, bc,bc, ca,ca, then multiply and take a square root

解答:

三个方程相加得 2(ab+bc+ca)=4842(ab+bc+ca)=484,所以 ab+bc+ca=242ab+bc+ca=242。用它分别减去原来的三个方程,得到 bc=90bc=90ca=80ca=80ab=72ab=72

相乘得 (abc)2=908072=7202(abc)^2=90\cdot80\cdot72=720^2。又因 abc>0abc\gt0,所以 abc=720abc=720

所以正确答案是 D

Adding the three equations gives 2(ab+bc+ca)=484,2(ab+bc+ca)=484, so ab+bc+ca=242.ab+bc+ca=242. Subtracting each original equation from this yields bc=90,bc=90, ca=80,ca=80, and ab=72.ab=72.

Multiplying, (abc)2=908072=7202,(abc)^2=90\cdot80\cdot72=720^2, and since abc>0,abc\gt0, we get abc=720.abc=720.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

XOY\triangle XOY 是直角三角形,且 mXOY=90m\angle XOY=90^\circ。设 MMNN 分别是直角边 OXOXOYOY 的中点。已知 XN=19XN=19YM=22YM=22,求 XYXY

Let XOY\triangle XOY be a right-angled triangle with mXOY=90.m\angle XOY=90^\circ. Let MM and NN be the midpoints of legs OXOX and OY,OY, respectively. Given that XN=19XN=19 and YM=22,YM=22, find XY.XY.

2424

2626

2828

3030

3232

难度评级:1660
小提示:

OM=aOM=aON=bON=b;则 192=(2a)2+b219^2=(2a)^2+b^2,且 222=a2+(2b)222^2=a^2+(2b)^2

Let OM=a,OM=a, ON=bON=b; then 192=(2a)2+b219^2=(2a)^2+b^2 and 222=a2+(2b)222^2=a^2+(2b)^2

大提示:

把两个方程相加得到 5(a2+b2)5(a^2+b^2);注意 XY=2a2+b2XY=2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}

Add the equations to get 5(a2+b2)5(a^2+b^2); note that XY=2a2+b2XY=2\sqrt{a^2+b^2}

解答:

OM=aOM=aON=bON=b。因为 M,NM,N 是中点,得到 XN2=(2a)2+b2=361XN^2=(2a)^2+b^2=361,且 YM2=a2+(2b)2=484YM^2=a^2+(2b)^2=484

两式相加得 5(a2+b2)=8455(a^2+b^2)=845,所以 a2+b2=169a^2+b^2=169。于是 MN=a2+b2=13MN=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=13。又因为 MNMN 是连接 MMNN 的中位线,XY=2MN=26XY=2\,MN=26

所以正确答案是 B

Let OM=aOM=a and ON=b.ON=b. Since M,NM,N are midpoints, XN2=(2a)2+b2=361XN^2=(2a)^2+b^2=361 and YM2=a2+(2b)2=484.YM^2=a^2+(2b)^2=484.

Adding, 5(a2+b2)=845,5(a^2+b^2)=845, so a2+b2=169.a^2+b^2=169. Then MN=a2+b2=13,MN=\sqrt{a^2+b^2}=13, and since MNMN is the midsegment joining MM and N,N, we have XY=2MN=26.XY=2\,MN=26.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

21.

对所有小于 20022002 的正整数 nn,定义 an={11,若 n 是 13 和 14 的倍数;13,若 n 是 14 和 11 的倍数;14,若 n 是 11 和 13 的倍数;0,否则a_n=\begin{cases} 11, & \text{若 } n \text{ 是 } 13 \text{ 和 } 14 \text{ 的倍数};\\ 13, & \text{若 } n \text{ 是 } 14 \text{ 和 } 11 \text{ 的倍数};\\ 14, & \text{若 } n \text{ 是 } 11 \text{ 和 } 13 \text{ 的倍数};\\ 0, & \text{否则} \end{cases}\text{。} 计算 n=12001an\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{2001} a_n

For all positive integers nn less than 2002,2002, let an={11,if n is divisible by 13 and 14;13,if n is divisible by 14 and 11;14,if n is divisible by 11 and 13;0,otherwise.a_n=\begin{cases} 11, & \text{if } n \text{ is divisible by } 13 \text{ and } 14;\\ 13, & \text{if } n \text{ is divisible by } 14 \text{ and } 11;\\ 14, & \text{if } n \text{ is divisible by } 11 \text{ and } 13;\\ 0, & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases} Calculate n=12001an.\displaystyle\sum_{n=1}^{2001} a_n.

448448

486486

15601560

20012001

20022002

难度评级:1650
小提示:

因为 111113131414 两两互质,“能被其中两个整除”就等价于能被它们的乘积整除。

Because 11,11, 13,13, 1414 are pairwise coprime, “divisible by two of them” means divisible by their product

大提示:

数出小于 20022002182182154154143143 的倍数;没有小于 20022002 的数能同时被三者整除。

Count multiples of 182,182, 154,154, 143143 below 20022002; no number under 20022002 is divisible by all three

解答:

因为 2002=1113142002=11\cdot13\cdot14,且 111113131414 两两互质,所以 an=11a_n=11nn182182 的倍数,an=13a_n=13nn154154 的倍数,an=14a_n=14nn143143 的倍数。(没有 n<2002n\lt2002 能被三者同时整除。)

n2001n\le2001 时,182182 的倍数有 1010 个,154154 的倍数有 1212 个,143143 的倍数有 1313 个。所以和为 1110+1312+1413=110+156+182=448 \begin{gathered} 11\cdot10+13\cdot12+14\cdot13 \\ {}=110+156+182 \\ {}=448 \end{gathered}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

Since 2002=1113142002=11\cdot13\cdot14 with 11,11, 13,13, 1414 pairwise coprime, an=11a_n=11 when nn is divisible by 182,182, an=13a_n=13 when nn is divisible by 154,154, and an=14a_n=14 when nn is divisible by 143143 (and no n<2002n\lt2002 is divisible by all three).

For n2001n\le2001 there are 1010 multiples of 182,182, 1212 of 154,154, and 1313 of 143.143. So the sum is 1110+1312+1413=110+156+182=448. \begin{gathered} 11\cdot10+13\cdot12+14\cdot13 \\ {}=110+156+182 \\ {}=448. \end{gathered}

Thus, the correct answer is A.

22.

对所有大于 11 的整数 nn,定义 an=1logn2002a_n=\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}\text{。}b=a2+a3+a4+a5b=a_2+a_3+a_4+a_5,且 c=a10+a11+a12+a13+a14c=a_{10}+a_{11}+a_{12}+a_{13}+a_{14},则 bcb-c 等于

For all integers nn greater than 1,1, define an=1logn2002.a_n=\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}. Let b=a2+a3+a4+a5b=a_2+a_3+a_4+a_5 and c=a10+a11+a12+a13+a14.c=a_{10}+a_{11}+a_{12}+a_{13}+a_{14}. Then bcb-c equals

2-2

1-1

12002\dfrac{1}{2002}

11001\dfrac{1}{1001}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

知识点:对数
难度评级:1630
小提示:

1logn2002=log2002n\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}=\log_{2002} n

1logn2002=log2002n\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}=\log_{2002} n

大提示:

因此 bcb-c =log200223451011121314=\log_{2002}\dfrac{2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot5}{10\cdot11\cdot12\cdot13\cdot14};化简这个分数。

Then bcb-c =log200223451011121314=\log_{2002}\dfrac{2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot5}{10\cdot11\cdot12\cdot13\cdot14}; simplify the fraction

解答:

由换底公式,an=1logn2002=log2002na_n=\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}=\log_{2002} nbc=log200223451011121314 \begin{gathered} b-c \\ {}=\log_{2002}\frac{2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot5}{10\cdot11\cdot12\cdot13\cdot14} \end{gathered}\text{。}

该分数等于 120240240=12002\dfrac{120}{240240}=\dfrac{1}{2002},因此 bc=log200212002=1b-c=\log_{2002}\dfrac{1}{2002}=-1

所以正确答案是 B

By change of base, an=1logn2002=log2002n.a_n=\dfrac{1}{\log_n 2002}=\log_{2002} n. So bc=log200223451011121314. \begin{gathered} b-c \\ {}=\log_{2002}\frac{2\cdot3\cdot4\cdot5}{10\cdot11\cdot12\cdot13\cdot14}. \end{gathered}

The fraction equals 120240240=12002,\dfrac{120}{240240}=\dfrac{1}{2002}, so bc=log200212002=1.b-c=\log_{2002}\dfrac{1}{2002}=-1.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=1AB=1AC=2AC=2。边 BCBC 与从 AABCBC 的中线长度相同。求 BCBC

In ABC,\triangle ABC, we have AB=1AB=1 and AC=2.AC=2. Side BCBC and the median from AA to BCBC have the same length. What is BC?BC?

1+22\dfrac{1+\sqrt{2}}{2}

1+32\dfrac{1+\sqrt{3}}{2}

2\sqrt{2}

32\dfrac{3}{2}

3\sqrt{3}

难度评级:1820
小提示:

MMBCBC 的中点,AM=2aAM=2a,且 θ=AMB\theta=\angle AMB

Let MM be the midpoint of BC,BC, AM=2a,AM=2a, and θ=AMB\theta=\angle AMB

大提示:

分别在 ABM\triangle ABMAMC\triangle AMC 中使用余弦定理(角为 θ\theta180θ180^\circ-\theta),再相加。

Apply the Law of Cosines to ABM\triangle ABM and AMC\triangle AMC (angles θ\theta and 180θ180^\circ-\theta) and add

解答:

MMBCBC 的中点,令 AM=2aAM=2a,并设 θ=AMB\theta=\angle AMB,于是 AMC=180θ\angle AMC=180^\circ-\theta。因 BM=CM=aBM=CM=a,故 BC=2aBC=2a。在 ABM\triangle ABMAMC\triangle AMC 中用余弦定理,得到 a2+4a24a2cosθ=1a^2+4a^2-4a^2\cos\theta=1\text{,}a2+4a2+4a2cosθ=4a^2+4a^2+4a^2\cos\theta=4\text{。}

两式相加得 10a2=510a^2=5,所以 a=22a=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2},从而 BC=2a=2BC=2a=\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 C

Let MM be the midpoint of BC,BC, set AM=2a,AM=2a, and let θ=AMB,\theta=\angle AMB, so AMC=180θ.\angle AMC=180^\circ-\theta. With BM=CM=a,BM=CM=a, so that BC=2a,BC=2a, the Law of Cosines in ABM\triangle ABM and AMC\triangle AMC gives a2+4a24a2cosθ=1,a^2+4a^2-4a^2\cos\theta=1, a2+4a2+4a2cosθ=4.a^2+4a^2+4a^2\cos\theta=4.

Adding, 10a2=5,10a^2=5, so a=22a=\dfrac{\sqrt2}{2} and BC=2a=2.BC=2a=\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

24.

面积为 20022002 的凸四边形 ABCDABCD 内有一点 PP,满足 PA=24PA=24PB=32PB=32PC=28PC=28、且 PD=45PD=45。求 ABCDABCD 的周长。

A convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD with area 20022002 contains a point PP in its interior such that PA=24,PA=24, PB=32,PB=32, PC=28,PC=28, and PD=45.PD=45. Find the perimeter of ABCD.ABCD.

420024\sqrt{2002}

284652\sqrt{8465}

2(48+2002)2\left(48+\sqrt{2002}\right)

286332\sqrt{8633}

4(36+113)4\left(36+\sqrt{113}\right)

难度评级:2150
小提示:

对角线长为 d1,d2d_1,d_2 的四边形,面积最多为 12d1d2\tfrac12 d_1 d_2,等号在对角线垂直时成立。

For a quadrilateral with diagonals d1,d2,d_1,d_2, the area is at most 12d1d2,\tfrac12 d_1 d_2, with equality when the diagonals are perpendicular

大提示:

此处 12(PA+PC)(PB+PD)\tfrac12(PA+PC)(PB+PD) =2002=2002,迫使对角线垂直并在 PP 相交;用勾股定理求各边。

Here 12(PA+PC)(PB+PD)\tfrac12(PA+PC)(PB+PD) =2002=2002 forces perpendicular diagonals meeting at PP; find each side with the Pythagorean theorem

解答:

任意四边形的面积不超过 12d1d2\tfrac12\,d_1 d_2,其中 d1,d2d_1,d_2 为对角线长;等号恰在对角线垂直时成立。这里 2002=Area12ACBD12(PA+PC)(PB+PD)=125277=2002 \begin{gathered} 2002=\text{Area} \\ {}\le \tfrac12\,AC\cdot BD \\ {}\le \tfrac12(PA+PC)(PB+PD) \\ {}= \tfrac12\cdot52\cdot77 \\ {}= 2002 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此等号成立,两条对角线垂直并在 PP 相交。于是 AB=242+322=40,BC=282+322=4113 \begin{aligned} AB &= \sqrt{24^2+32^2}=40, \\ BC &= \sqrt{28^2+32^2}=4\sqrt{113} \end{aligned}\text{,}CD=282+452=53,DA=452+242=51 \begin{aligned} CD &= \sqrt{28^2+45^2}=53, \\ DA &= \sqrt{45^2+24^2}=51 \end{aligned}\text{。}

周长为 144+4113=4(36+113)144+4\sqrt{113}=4\left(36+\sqrt{113}\right)

所以正确答案是 E

For any quadrilateral, the area is at most 12d1d2\tfrac12\,d_1 d_2 where d1,d2d_1,d_2 are the diagonals, with equality exactly when they are perpendicular. Here 2002=Area12ACBD12(PA+PC)(PB+PD)=125277=2002. \begin{gathered} 2002=\text{Area} \\ {}\le \tfrac12\,AC\cdot BD \\ {}\le \tfrac12(PA+PC)(PB+PD) \\ {}= \tfrac12\cdot52\cdot77 \\ {}= 2002. \end{gathered}

Equality forces the diagonals to be perpendicular and to intersect at P.P. Then AB=242+322=40,BC=282+322=4113, \begin{aligned} AB &= \sqrt{24^2+32^2}=40, \\ BC &= \sqrt{28^2+32^2}=4\sqrt{113}, \end{aligned} CD=282+452=53,DA=452+242=51. \begin{aligned} CD &= \sqrt{28^2+45^2}=53, \\ DA &= \sqrt{45^2+24^2}=51. \end{aligned}

The perimeter is 144+4113=4(36+113).144+4\sqrt{113}=4\left(36+\sqrt{113}\right).

Thus, the correct answer is E.

25.

f(x)=x2+6x+1f(x)=x^2+6x+1,并设 RR 表示坐标平面中满足 f(x)+f(y)0f(x)+f(y)\le0f(x)f(y)0f(x)-f(y)\le0 的点 (x,y)(x,y) 的集合。RR 的面积最接近

Let f(x)=x2+6x+1,f(x)=x^2+6x+1, and let RR denote the set of points (x,y)(x,y) in the coordinate plane such that f(x)+f(y)0f(x)+f(y)\le0 and f(x)f(y)0.f(x)-f(y)\le0. The area of RR is closest to

2121

2222

2323

2424

2525

知识点:配方法面积
难度评级:2260
小提示:

配方可得 f(x)+f(y)f(x)+f(y) =(x+3)2+(y+3)216=(x+3)^2+(y+3)^2-16

Complete the square: f(x)+f(y)f(x)+f(y) =(x+3)2+(y+3)216=(x+3)^2+(y+3)^2-16

大提示:

第一个条件给出半径为 44 的圆盘;第二个条件 (xy)(x+y+6)0(x-y)(x+y+6)\le0 保留其中一半。

The first condition is a disk of radius 44; the second, (xy)(x+y+6)0,(x-y)(x+y+6)\le0, keeps half of it

解答:

配方得 f(x)+f(y)=(x+3)2+(y+3)216 \begin{gathered} f(x)+f(y) \\ {}=(x+3)^2+(y+3)^2-16\text{,} \end{gathered} 所以第一个条件表示以 (3,3)(-3,-3) 为圆心、半径为 44 的圆盘。

f(x)f(y)=(xy)(x+y+6) \begin{gathered} f(x)-f(y) \\ {}=(x-y)(x+y+6)\text{,} \end{gathered} 因此第二个条件 (xy)(x+y+6)0(x-y)(x+y+6)\le0 表示由过 (3,3)(-3,-3)、斜率分别为 111-1 的两条垂直直线所确定的两个半平面。这些直线把圆盘分成两半。

因此 RR 的面积为 12π42=8π25.13\tfrac12\pi\cdot4^2=8\pi\approx25.13,最接近 2525

所以正确答案是 E

Completing the square, f(x)+f(y)=(x+3)2+(y+3)216, \begin{gathered} f(x)+f(y) \\ {}=(x+3)^2+(y+3)^2-16, \end{gathered} so the first condition is the disk of radius 44 centered at (3,3).(-3,-3).

Also f(x)f(y)=(xy)(x+y+6), \begin{gathered} f(x)-f(y) \\ {}=(x-y)(x+y+6), \end{gathered} so the second condition (xy)(x+y+6)0(x-y)(x+y+6)\le0 describes two half-planes bounded by the perpendicular lines through (3,3)(-3,-3) of slopes 11 and 1.-1. These cut the disk into two equal halves.

Thus RR has area 12π42=8π25.13,\tfrac12\pi\cdot4^2=8\pi\approx25.13, which is closest to 25.25.

Thus, the correct answer is E.