1985 AMC 12 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
2.
在一款街机游戏中,“怪物”是图中半径为 厘米的圆的阴影扇形。缺失部分(嘴巴)的圆心角为 。怪物的周长是多少厘米?
In an arcade game, the “monster” is the shaded sector of a circle of radius cm, as shown in the figure. The missing piece (the mouth) has central angle What is the perimeter of the monster in cm?
小提示:
剩余圆弧所对的圆心角为
The remaining circular arc has central angle
大提示:
将该圆弧的长度与两条露出的半径相加
Add the length of that arc to the two exposed radii
解答:
曲线部分是单位圆周长的 ,所以其长度为 。嘴巴的两条直边都是半径,总长为 。因此周长为 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The curved part is of a unit circle, so its length is The two straight sides of the mouth are radii of total length Hence the perimeter is
Thus the correct answer is E.
3.
在直角 中,两条直角边分别为 和 。画出两段圆弧:一段以 为圆心、半径为 ,另一段以 为圆心、半径为 。它们分别与斜边交于 和 。则 的长度为
In right with legs and arcs of circles are drawn, one with center and radius the other with center and radius They intersect the hypotenuse in and Then has length
小提示:
先求 - 直角三角形的斜边
First find the hypotenuse of the --right triangle
大提示:
以 为基准,确定两个圆弧交点的位置
Measure the positions of both arc intersections from
解答:
斜边长为 。由于 ,点 距 为 。又因为 ,所以 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The hypotenuse has length Since point is units from Also so Therefore
Thus the correct answer is D.
4.
一个大袋子里装有一美分、十美分和二十五美分硬币。十美分硬币的数量是一美分硬币的两倍,二十五美分硬币的数量是十美分硬币的三倍。袋中可能装有的钱数是
A large bag of coins contains pennies, dimes and quarters. There are twice as many dimes as pennies and three times as many quarters as dimes. An amount of money which could be in the bag is
小提示:
设一美分硬币的数量为
Let the number of pennies be
大提示:
用 的倍数表示硬币总价值(单位:美分)
Express the total value in cents as a multiple of
解答:
若有 枚一美分硬币,则有 枚十美分硬币和 枚二十五美分硬币。总价值为 美分。所列美元数中, 美分是可能的。
所以正确答案是 C。
If there are pennies, there are dimes and quarters. Their total value is cents. Of the listed dollar amounts, cents is possible.
Thus the correct answer is C.
5.
应从下列和式中删去哪些项 才能使剩余各项之和等于 ?
Which terms must be removed from the sum if the sum of the remaining terms is to equal
和
and
和
and
和
and
和
and
和
and
小提示:
计算完整和式比 多出多少
Compute how much larger the full sum is than
大提示:
用公分母 比较各个候选数对
Use a common denominator of to compare the candidate pairs
解答:
完整和式为 因此,删去的两项之和必须为 。由于 ,应删去这两项。
所以正确答案是 E。
The full sum is The removed terms must therefore total Since those are the required terms.
Thus the correct answer is E.
6.
要从一个由男生和女生组成的班级中选一名学生代表班级。每名学生被选中的可能性相同,选中男生的概率是选中女生概率的 。男生人数与全班人数之比为
One student in a class of boys and girls is to be chosen to represent the class. Each student is equally likely to be chosen and the probability that a boy is chosen is of the probability that a girl is chosen. The ratio of the number of boys to the total number of boys and girls is
小提示:
每人被选中的可能性相同,所以选中各组的概率与该组人数成正比
Equal likelihood makes the selection probabilities proportional to the class counts
大提示:
男生与女生人数比为 ,全班共包含五个相等的份额
A boys-to-girls ratio of uses five equal parts in all
解答:
因为每名学生被选中的可能性相同,男生人数是女生人数的 。所以男生与女生人数之比为 ,男生占全班的 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Because every student is equally likely to be selected, the number of boys is of the number of girls. Thus the boys-to-girls ratio is and boys make up of the class.
Thus the correct answer is B.
7.
在某些计算机语言(如 APL)中,如果代数式没有括号,运算按从右到左的顺序结合。因此,在这些语言中, 与普通代数记号中的 含义相同。若用这样的语言计算 ,用普通代数记号表示其结果为
In some computer languages (such as APL), when there are no parentheses in an algebraic expression, the operations are grouped from right to left. Thus, in such languages means the same as in ordinary algebraic notation. If is evaluated in such a language, the result in ordinary algebraic notation would be
小提示:
从最右边的运算 开始
Begin with the rightmost operation,
大提示:
接着从 中减去该结果,最后才用 除以所得结果
Next subtract that result from and only then divide
解答:
从右边开始结合,先得到 。用 减去这一结果,得到 。最后用 除以该数,得到 。
所以正确答案是 E。
Grouping from the right first gives Subtracting this result from gives Finally, dividing by that quantity gives
Thus the correct answer is E.
8.
设 、、、 为实数,其中 和 非零。方程 的解小于方程 的解,当且仅当
Let be real numbers with and nonzero. The solution to is less than the solution to if and only if
小提示:
分别写出两个方程的解,不要交叉相乘
Write each equation’s solution without cross-multiplying
大提示:
不等式两边乘以 时,不等号方向反转
Multiplying an inequality by reverses its direction
解答:
两个解分别为 和 。因此所给比较为 两边乘以 ,不等号方向反转,得到 ,等价于 。不能乘以符号未知的量 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The two solutions are and Thus the given comparison is Multiplying both sides by reverses the inequality and gives equivalently No multiplication by the unknown-sign quantity is valid.
Thus the correct answer is E.
9.
正奇数 、、、、 按图示规律排列成五列并继续延伸。从左数, 所在的列是第几列?
The odd positive integers, are arranged in five columns continuing with the pattern shown. Counting from the left, the column in which appears is the
第一列
first
第二列
second
第三列
third
第四列
fourth
第五列
fifth
小提示:
观察每个从左向右排列的行的首项
Look at the entries that begin each left-to-right row
大提示:
将 与附近的 的倍数联系起来
Relate to a nearby multiple of
解答:
每个从右向左排列的行的末项为 ,下一行从第二列的 开始。由于 ,它是这样一行的首项,位于第二列。
所以正确答案是 B。
The last number in each right-to-left row is and the next row begins with in the second column. Since it begins such a row and lies in the second column.
Thus the correct answer is B.
10.
任意一个圆与函数 的图像的交点数可以是
An arbitrary circle can intersect the graph of in
至多 个点
at most points
至多 个点
at most points
至多 个点
at most points
至多 个点
at most points
超过 个点
more than points
小提示:
考虑一个在原点与 轴相切的圆
Consider a circle tangent to the -axis at the origin
大提示:
半径非常大时,在许多个正弦波范围内,圆的下弧都靠近坐标轴
A very large radius keeps the lower arc close to the axis across many sine waves
解答:
取一个在原点与 轴相切、圆心位于坐标轴上方很高处的圆。随着半径增大,在任意长的区间内,它的下弧都保持为正且可以任意接近 轴。在 的每个正弧上,正弦曲线在两端为 ,而在中间远高于这段圆弧,从而产生两个交点。因此,选取足够大的半径便可得到超过 个交点。
所以正确答案是 E。
Take a circle tangent to the -axis at the origin with its center high above the axis. As its radius grows, its lower arc stays positive but arbitrarily close to the -axis over an arbitrarily long interval. On each positive arch of the sine curve is at the endpoints and rises well above this circular arc in between, producing two crossings. Choosing a sufficiently large radius therefore produces more than intersections.
Thus the correct answer is E.
11.
单词 CONTEST 的字母有多少种可区分的重新排列,使两个元音都排在最前面?(例如,OETCNST 是一种这样的排列,而 OTETSNC 不是。)
How many distinguishable rearrangements of the letters in CONTEST have both the vowels first? (For instance, OETCNST is one such arrangement, but OTETSNC is not.)
小提示:
将两个元音排列在前两个位置
Order the two vowels in the first two positions
大提示:
排列剩余五个字母,并注意重复的
Permute the remaining five letters while accounting for the repeated
解答:
元音 排在最前面共有 种顺序。剩余字母 有 种可区分排列,因为两个 相同。总数为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
The vowels can be ordered first in ways. The remaining letters can be arranged in distinguishable ways because the two ’s agree. The total is
Thus the correct answer is B.
12.
设 、、 为互不相同的素数,其中 不视为素数。以下哪一个是以 为因数的最小正完全立方数?
Let and be distinct prime numbers, where is not considered a prime. Which of the following is the smallest positive perfect cube having as a divisor?
小提示:
完全立方数中每个素因子的指数都是 的倍数
Every prime exponent in a perfect cube is a multiple of
大提示:
将指数 、、 分别增大到不小于它们的最小 的倍数
Raise the exponents and to the least larger multiples of
解答:
完全立方数的素因子指数都能被 整除。不小于 、、 的最小 的倍数依次为 、、。因此最小的完全立方数为 所以正确答案是 D。
A perfect cube has prime exponents divisible by The least multiples of that are at least and are and respectively. Thus the smallest possible cube is Therefore the correct answer is D.
13.
木板上的钉子在水平和竖直方向都相距 个单位。如图,将一条橡皮筋套在 个钉子上,形成一个四边形。它的面积为多少平方单位?
Pegs are put in a board unit apart both horizontally and vertically. A rubber band is stretched over pegs as shown in the figure, forming a quadrilateral. Its area in square units is
小提示:
给四个顶点处的钉子赋予整数坐标
Assign integer coordinates to the four corner pegs
大提示:
对 、、、 使用鞋带公式
Use the shoelace formula on and
解答:
以左下角的钉子为 ,四边形按顺序的顶点为 、、、。鞋带公式给出 所以正确答案是 E。
With the lower-left peg as the quadrilateral’s vertices in order are and The shoelace formula gives Therefore the correct answer is E.
14.
一个凸多边形恰有三个内角为钝角。这样的多边形最多有多少条边?
Exactly three of the interior angles of a convex polygon are obtuse. What is the maximum number of sides of such a polygon?
小提示:
用 限定三个钝角,并用 限定其余每个内角
Bound the three obtuse angles by and every other angle by
大提示:
将该上界与内角和 比较
Compare that upper bound with the interior-angle sum
解答:
对于一个 边形,三个钝角之和小于 ,其余 个角之和至多为 。因此 化简得 。六边形可以达到,例如其内角为 、、、、、。所以最大边数为 。
因此正确答案是 C。
For an -gon, the three obtuse angles have total less than while the other angles have total at most Hence which simplifies to Six sides are attainable, for example with interior angles and Thus the maximum is
Therefore the correct answer is C.
15.
若正数 和 满足 ,且 ,则 的值为
If and are positive numbers such that and then the value of is
16.
17.
矩形 的对角线 被分成三个长度均为 的线段,分割线是互相平行的直线 和 。它们分别经过 和 ,且都垂直于 。 的面积四舍五入到小数点后一位为
Diagonal of rectangle is divided into three segments of length by parallel lines and that pass through and and are perpendicular to The area of rounded to one decimal place, is
小提示:
设矩形的两条边长为 ,则对角线长为
Let the rectangle’s side lengths be then its diagonal has length
大提示:
将竖直边和水平边投影到对角线上,得到 和
Project the vertical and horizontal sides onto the diagonal to obtain and
解答:
设 、、,且 。因为 ,有 。 在 上的投影长为 ,而第一段标记线段长为 ,所以 。同理, 的投影到达第二个分点,所以 ,且 。因此面积为 四舍五入后为 。
因此正确答案是 B。
Let and Since we have The projection of onto has length and the first marked segment has length so Similarly, the projection of reaches the second division point, so and Hence the area is which rounds to
Therefore the correct answer is B.
18.
六袋弹珠分别装有 、、、、 和 颗弹珠。其中一袋只装有破损弹珠,另外 袋没有破损弹珠。简拿走其中三袋,乔治从其余袋中拿走两袋,只留下装有破损弹珠的那一袋。若简得到的弹珠数是乔治的两倍,那么有多少颗破损弹珠?
Six bags of marbles contain and marbles, respectively. One bag contains chipped marbles only. The other bags contain no chipped marbles. Jane takes three of the bags and George takes two of the others. Only the bag of chipped marbles remains. If Jane gets twice as many marbles as George, how many chipped marbles are there?
小提示:
先求六袋弹珠总数,再减去破损弹珠那一袋
Add all six bag sizes, then remove the chipped bag
大提示:
简与乔治的弹珠数之比为 ,所以二人的总数能被 整除
Jane’s and George’s totals are in the ratio so their combined total is divisible by
解答:
六袋共有 颗弹珠。若破损弹珠袋中有 颗,则其余袋的总数是乔治所得数量的三倍,所以 能被 整除。选项中只有 满足这一条件。它确实可以实现:乔治取 ,简取 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The six bags total If the chipped bag contains marbles, then the other bags total three times George’s amount, so is divisible by Of the choices, only has this property. It is attainable: George can take while Jane takes
Thus the correct answer is D.
19.
考虑图像 和 ,其中 为正常数, 和 为实变量。两个图像有多少个交点?
Consider the graphs of and where is a positive constant and and are real variables. In how many points do the two graphs intersect?
恰好 个
exactly
恰好 个
exactly
至少 个,但数量随正数 的取值而变
at least but the number varies for different positive values of
交点数为 ,至少对一个正数 的取值成立
for at least one positive value of
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
用 消去
Use to eliminate
大提示:
证明所得二次方程有两个互不相同的正 根
Show that the resulting quadratic has two distinct positive -roots
解答:
将 代入第二个方程,得到 其判别式为 。两根的积为正数 ,和为正数 ,所以两根互不相同且均为正。对每个根 ,方程 给出两个不同的 值。因此恰有四个交点。
所以正确答案是 A。
Substituting into the second equation gives Its discriminant is Its roots have positive product and positive sum so both roots are positive and distinct. For each root the equation gives two distinct values of Thus there are exactly four intersection points.
Therefore the correct answer is A.
20.
一个棱长为 个单位的木制正方体(其中 是整数,且其值 )表面全部涂黑。用平行于各面的切割,将它切成 个棱长为一个单位的小正方体。若恰有一个面涂黑的小正方体数量等于完全没有涂漆的小正方体数量,求 。
A wooden cube with edge length units (where is an integer ) is painted black all over. By slices parallel to its faces, the cube is cut into smaller cubes each of unit edge length. If the number of smaller cubes with just one face painted black is equal to the number of smaller cubes completely free of paint, what is
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
数出边长为 的内部正方体中的未涂漆小立方体
Count the unpainted cubes in the interior cube of side length
大提示:
在每个面上,恰有 个小正方体不接触棱
On each face, exactly cubes avoid the edges
解答:
完全未涂漆的小正方体有 个。六个面各贡献 个恰有一个面涂黑的小正方体,所以相等条件给出 因为 ,两边除以 ,得到 ,所以 。
因此正确答案是 D。
There are completely unpainted cubes. Each of the six faces contributes cubes with exactly one painted face, so equality gives Since division by gives hence
Therefore the correct answer is D.
21.
有多少个整数 满足方程
How many integers satisfy the equation
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
整数幂可以等于 :底数为 ;底数为 且指数为偶数;或非零底数的指数为
An integer power can equal when the base is when the base is with even exponent, or when a nonzero base has exponent
大提示:
分别求解这三种情形,并检验每个候选值
Solve those three cases separately and check every candidate
解答:
若底数为 ,则 ,得到 和 。若底数为 ,则 ;其中只有 使指数 为偶数。若指数为 ,则 ,此时底数为 ,所以也符合条件。因此四个解为 、、、。
所以正确答案是 C。
If the base is then giving and If the base is then only makes the exponent even. If the exponent is then and its base is so it also works. Thus the four solutions are and
Therefore the correct answer is C.
22.
在圆心为 的圆中, 是直径, 是一条弦,,且 。则 的长度为
In a circle with center is a diameter, is a chord, and Then the length of is
以上都不是
none of the above
小提示:
的弧 使
The arc makes
大提示:
利用所得的 -- 三角形比较 和
Use the resulting -- triangles to compare and
解答:
弧 给出 。由于 共线,且 共线,。再结合 ,三角形 是 -- 三角形。由于 ,得到 ,且 。
又因为 是直径,所以 。在 -- 三角形 中,斜边 ,所以 。因此 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Arc gives Since are collinear and are collinear, With triangle is a -- triangle. Because we get and
Also because is a diameter. In the -- triangle the hypotenuse is so Therefore
Thus the correct answer is D.
23.
若 其中 ,则以下哪一项不正确?
If where then which of the following is not correct?
小提示:
识别出 和 是两个非实的三次单位根
Recognize and as the two nonreal cube roots of unity
大提示:
它们的幂只取决于指数模 的余数
Their powers depend only on the exponent modulo
解答:
这两个数是两个非实的三次单位根,所以 该式等于 (当 不是 的倍数时),但等于 (当 是 的倍数时)。所列指数中只有 能被 整除,所以对应的等式是不正确的一项。
因此正确答案是 C。
The numbers are the two nonreal cube roots of unity, so This equals when is not divisible by but equals when is divisible by Of the listed exponents, only is divisible by so its displayed equation is the one that is not correct.
Therefore the correct answer is C.
24.
按如下方式选取一个非零数字:选中数字 的概率为 。选中数字 的概率恰为所选数字属于下列哪个集合的概率的 ?
A non-zero digit is chosen in such a way that the probability of choosing digit is The probability that the digit is chosen is exactly the probability that the digit chosen is in the set
小提示:
数字 的概率的两倍为
Twice the probability of digit is
大提示:
对连续数字集合的概率求和时,可将对数逐项消去
Sum the probabilities over a consecutive set by telescoping its logarithms
解答:
选中 的概率为 ,所以其两倍为 。对于从 到 的数字,概率和逐项消去: 因此该集合的概率恰为选中数字 的概率的两倍。
所以正确答案是 C。
The probability of is so twice that probability is For the digits through the sum telescopes: Therefore that set has exactly twice the probability of digit
Thus the correct answer is C.
25.
某长方体的体积为 ,总表面积为 ,且三个尺寸构成等比数列。该长方体所有棱长之和(单位:厘米)为
The volume of a certain rectangular solid is its total surface area is and its three dimensions are in geometric progression. The sum of the lengths in cm of all the edges of this solid is
小提示:
将三个尺寸写成
Write the three dimensions as
大提示:
先用体积求 ,再用表面积求
Use the volume to find then use the surface area to find
解答:
将三个尺寸写成 ,因为它们的乘积为 。表面积的一半等于三个两两乘积之和,所以 得到 。三个尺寸之和为 。每个尺寸在四条棱上出现,所以所有棱长之和为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Write the dimensions as since their product is Half the surface area is the sum of the three pairwise products, so giving The sum of the dimensions is Since each dimension occurs on four edges, the sum of all edge lengths is
Thus the correct answer is B.
26.
求最小正整数 ,使 为非零可约分数。
Find the least positive integer for which is a non-zero reducible fraction.
以上都不是
none of these
小提示:
和 的任何公因数也整除它们的一个适当线性组合
Any common divisor of and also divides a suitable linear combination
大提示:
计算
Compute
解答:
欧几里得算法给出 由于 是素数,该非零分数可约当且仅当 是 的非零倍数。最小的正数情形为 ,它不在前四个数值选项中。
所以正确答案是 E。
Euclid’s algorithm gives Since is prime, the nonzero fraction is reducible exactly when is a nonzero multiple of The least positive possibility is which is not among the four numerical choices.
Thus the correct answer is E.
27.
考虑数列 、、、,其定义为 一般地, 其中 。求最小的 ,使 为整数。
Consider a sequence defined by and in general for What is the smallest value of for which is an integer?
小提示:
令 ,并追踪 的指数
Let and track the exponent of
大提示:
证明 ,再检查前四项
Show that and examine the first four terms
解答:
令 。反复应用递推式得到 所以 。还需排除前三项。该数列严格递增。又因为 , 最后,。由于 ,有 ;而 给出 。所以 都不是整数,第一项整数是 。
因此正确答案是 C。
Let Repeated application of the recurrence gives so It remains to rule out the first three terms. The sequence is strictly increasing. Also so Finally Since we have while gives Thus are not integers, and the first integral term is
Therefore the correct answer is C.
28.
在 中,、,且 。求 。
In we have and What is
不能唯一确定
not uniquely determined
小提示:
用正弦定理写出
Use the sine law to write
大提示:
求出 后,使用 和
After finding use and
解答:
由正弦定理和三倍角公式, 因此 。由于 ,,从而 。又有 ,再次使用正弦定理,得到 所以正确答案是 B。
By the sine law and the triple-angle identity, Hence Since and therefore Also so another application of the sine law gives Thus the correct answer is B.
29.
在 进制表示中,整数 由连续 个数字八组成,整数 由连续 个数字五组成。 进制表示的整数 的各位数字之和是多少?
In their base representations, the integer consists of a sequence of eights and the integer consists of a sequence of fives. What is the sum of the digits of the base representation of the integer
小提示:
将由 个相同数字组成的数用 表示
Write a string of identical digits using
大提示:
去掉末尾的零后,将乘积表示为由 个四组成的数减去由 个八组成的数
After removing the terminal zero, express the product as a string of fours minus a string of eights
解答:
令 ,且 。则 、,而 以 结尾。去掉这个零不改变数字和,剩下 因此, 是由 个四组成的数减去由 个八组成的数。相减后得到 个四,再接一个 、 个五,最后接一个 。其数字和为 所以正确答案是 C。
Let and Then and ends in Removing that zero does not change the digit sum and leaves Thus is a string of fours minus a string of eights. The subtraction produces fours, then then fives, then Its digit sum is Therefore the correct answer is C.
30.
设 为小于或等于 的最大整数。则方程 的实数解个数为
Let be the greatest integer less than or equal to Then the number of real solutions to is
小提示:
令 ,并由方程解出
Set and solve the equation for
大提示:
施加 ,确定哪些整数 可行
Enforce to determine which integer values of work
解答:
令 。解必须为正,并满足 下界不等式等价于 所以 。上界不等式等价于 在 中,它恰对 成立。每个区间贡献一个根,所以共有四个实数解。
因此正确答案是 E。
Let A solution must be positive and satisfy The lower inequality is equivalent to so The upper inequality is equivalent to Among this holds exactly for Each interval contributes one root, so there are four real solutions.
Therefore the correct answer is E.