2008 AMC 10A 详解
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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。
1.
一位面包店老板在上午 打开甜甜圈机器。到上午 ,机器已完成当天工作的三分之一。甜甜圈机器将在什么时候完成这项工作?
A bakery owner turns on his doughnut machine at am. At am the machine has completed one third of the day’s job. At what time will the doughnut machine complete the job?
下午
pm
下午
pm
下午
pm
下午
pm
下午
pm
小提示:
先求完成三分之一工作需要多少分钟。
Find how long one third of the job takes, in minutes
大提示:
全部工作需要三倍时间,从上午 开始计算。
The whole job takes three times as long, measured from the am start
解答:
从上午 到上午 是 小时 分钟,即 分钟,这完成了三分之一的工作。
因此整项工作需要 分钟,也就是 小时。
上午 之后八小时是下午 。
所以正确答案是 D。
From am to am is hours and minutes, or minutes, to finish one third of the job.
The entire job therefore takes minutes, or hours.
Eight hours after am is pm.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
2.
一个正方形画在一个矩形内。矩形宽与正方形边长之比为 。矩形长与宽之比为 。正方形的面积占矩形面积的百分之多少?
A square is drawn inside a rectangle. The ratio of the width of the rectangle to a side of the square is The ratio of the rectangle’s length to its width is What percent of the rectangle’s area is inside the square?
小提示:
设正方形边长为 ,用 表示矩形的尺寸。
Let the square have side and express the rectangle’s dimensions in terms of
大提示:
矩形宽为 ,长为 ;将它的面积与 比较。
The rectangle is wide and long; compare its area to
解答:
设正方形边长为 ,则正方形面积为 。
矩形宽为 ,长为 ,面积为 。
正方形占矩形面积的比例为 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let the side of the square be so its area is
The width of the rectangle is and its length is giving an area of
The fraction inside the square is
Thus, the correct answer is A.
3.
对正整数 ,令 表示 的所有正因数之和,但不包括 本身。例如,,且 。求 的值。
For the positive integer let denote the sum of all the positive divisors of with the exception of itself. For example, and What is
小提示:
是 的所有正因数之和,但不包括 本身。
is the sum of the divisors of other than
大提示:
先计算 ;结果会再次代入同一个运算。
Compute first; the result feeds back into the same operation
解答:
的正因数中,不包括 本身的有 和 ,所以 。
再次对 应用这个运算仍得到 ,因此 。
一个数若等于其真因数之和,称为完全数,而 是最小的完全数。
所以正确答案是 A。
The positive divisors of other than are and so
Since applying the operation to again returns we get
(A number equal to the sum of its proper divisors is called a perfect number, and is the smallest.)
Thus, the correct answer is A.
4.
假设 根香蕉中的 与 个橙子价值相同。那么 根香蕉中的 与多少个橙子价值相同?
Suppose that of bananas are worth as much as oranges. How many oranges are worth as much as of bananas?
小提示:
求一根香蕉相当于多少个橙子。
Find the worth of a single banana in oranges
大提示:
根香蕉的 是 根香蕉,它们相当于 个橙子。
of is bananas, and these equal oranges
解答:
因为 根香蕉的 是 根香蕉,价值等于 个橙子,所以一根香蕉相当于 个橙子。
根香蕉的 是 根香蕉,价值为 个橙子。
所以正确答案是 C。
Since of bananas is bananas worth oranges, one banana is worth oranges.
Now of bananas is bananas, worth oranges.
Thus, the correct answer is C.
5.
下列哪一项等于乘积
Which of the following is equal to the product
小提示:
写出前几个因子,寻找约分规律。
Write out the first few factors and look for cancellation
大提示:
每个分子都会与下一个分母约掉,最后剩下 。
Each numerator cancels the next denominator, leaving
解答:
除第一个分母外,每个分母都与前一个分数的分子约掉,因此整个乘积逐项约消为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Every denominator except the first cancels with the numerator of the previous fraction, so the whole product telescopes to
Thus, the correct answer is B.
6.
一名铁人三项运动员参加一场比赛,其中游泳、骑车和跑步三段距离相同。他游泳速度为每小时 千米,骑车速度为每小时 千米,跑步速度为每小时 千米。以下哪一项最接近他整场比赛的平均速度(单位为千米每小时)?
A triathlete competes in a triathlon in which the swimming, biking, and running segments are all of the same length. The triathlete swims at a rate of kilometers per hour, bikes at a rate of kilometers per hour, and runs at a rate of kilometers per hour. Which of the following is closest to the triathlete’s average speed, in kilometers per hour, for the entire race?
小提示:
设每段长为 ,把三段所用时间相加。
Let each segment have length and add the three travel times
大提示:
平均速度是总距离 除以总时间。
Average speed is the total distance divided by the total time
解答:
设每段长为 。总距离为 ,总时间为 小时。
平均速度为 ,最接近 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let each segment have length The total time is hours for the distance
The average speed is which is closest to
Thus, the correct answer is D.
7.
8.
Heather 比较两家商店中一台新电脑的价格。A 店在标价基础上打 折后再返还 ,B 店在相同标价基础上打 折但没有返还。Heather 在 A 店购买比在 B 店购买节省 。这台电脑的标价是多少美元?
Heather compares the price of a new computer at two different stores. Store A offers off the sticker price followed by a rebate, and store B offers off the same sticker price with no rebate. Heather saves by buying the computer at store A instead of store B. What is the sticker price of the computer, in dollars?
小提示:
设标价为 ,写出两家商店的最终价格。
Let be the sticker price and write each store’s final price
大提示:
A 店价格为 ,B 店价格为 ,且 A 店便宜 。
Store A costs and store B costs with A cheaper by
解答:
设标价为 。Heather 在 A 店支付 ,在 B 店支付 。
因为 A 店便宜 ,解得 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 A。
Let be the sticker price. Heather pays at store A and at store B.
Since store A is cheaper, which gives so
Thus, the correct answer is A.
9.
假设
是整数。下列关于 的哪一项一定为真?
Suppose that
is an integer. Which of the following statements must be true about
它是负数。
It is negative.
它是偶数,但不一定是 的倍数。
It is even, but not necessarily a multiple of
它是 的倍数,但不一定是偶数。
It is a multiple of but not necessarily even.
它是 的倍数,但不一定是 的倍数。
It is a multiple of but not necessarily a multiple of
它是 的倍数。
It is a multiple of
小提示:
将 通分。
Combine over a common denominator
大提示:
表达式化简为 ;判断它为整数时对 有什么要求。
The expression simplifies to decide what that being an integer forces about
解答:
通分得 。
要使 为整数, 必须是偶数。
例如 ,这说明 不必是 的倍数,也排除了其他陈述。
所以正确答案是 B。
Combining over a common denominator,
For to be an integer, must be even.
The example shows that need not be a multiple of and rules out the other statements.
Thus, the correct answer is B.
10.
面积为 的正方形 的每条边都被平分,并用这些中点作顶点构造一个较小正方形 。对 重复同样过程,构造更小的正方形 。 的面积是多少?
Each of the sides of a square with area is bisected, and a smaller square is constructed using the bisection points as vertices. The same process is carried out on to construct an even smaller square What is the area of
小提示:
的边长为 ;用中点求出 的边长。
The side of is use the midpoints to find the side of
大提示:
连接正方形各边中点得到的新正方形面积是原来的一半。
Connecting midpoints of a square gives a new square with half the area
解答:
的边长为 。由勾股定理, 的边长为 ,所以面积为 。
同理, 的面积是 的一半,即 。
所以正确答案是 E。
The side of is By the Pythagorean theorem, the side of is so its area is
By the same reasoning, has half the area of namely
Thus, the correct answer is E.
11.
Steve 和 LeRoy 在离岸 英里处钓鱼时,船开始漏水,水以每分钟 加仑的恒定速度进入。若进水超过 加仑,船就会沉。Steve 开始以每小时 英里的恒定速度向岸边划船,同时 LeRoy 往外舀水。若他们要在不沉船的情况下到达岸边,LeRoy 最慢要以每分钟多少加仑的速度舀水?
While Steve and LeRoy are fishing mile from shore, their boat springs a leak, and water comes in at a constant rate of gallons per minute. The boat will sink if it takes in more than gallons of water. Steve starts rowing toward the shore at a constant rate of miles per hour while LeRoy bails water out of the boat. What is the slowest rate, in gallons per minute, at which LeRoy can bail if they are to reach the shore without sinking?
小提示:
求 Steve 划一英里需要多少分钟。
Find how many minutes Steve needs to row one mile
大提示:
这段时间内会进入 加仑水,但船最多只能承受 加仑。
In that time gallons enter, but the boat can hold only
解答:
以每小时 英里的速度,Steve 划 英里需要 分钟。这段时间会有 加仑水进入。
为了不超过 加仑,LeRoy 必须在 分钟内舀出 加仑,即每分钟 加仑。
所以正确答案是 D。
At miles per hour, Steve rows mile in minutes. During that time gallons enter.
To stay under gallons, LeRoy must bail gallons in minutes, or gallons per minute.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
12.
在一堆红、蓝、绿三色弹珠中,红弹珠比蓝弹珠多 ,绿弹珠比红弹珠多 。设红弹珠有 个。这堆弹珠总数是多少?
In a collection of red, blue, and green marbles, there are more red marbles than blue marbles, and there are more green marbles than red marbles. Suppose that there are red marbles. What is the total number of marbles in the collection?
13.
Doug 粉刷一个房间需要 小时。Dave 粉刷同一个房间需要 小时。Doug 和 Dave 一起粉刷这个房间,并午餐休息一小时。设 为他们一起完成工作所需的总时间(小时),包括午餐。 满足下列哪个方程?
Doug can paint a room in hours. Dave can paint the same room in hours. Doug and Dave paint the room together and take a one-hour break for lunch. Let be the total time, in hours, required for them to complete the job working together, including lunch. Which of the following equations is satisfied by
小提示:
他们一起每工作一小时粉刷 个房间。
Together they paint of the room each working hour
大提示:
因为午餐休息一小时,他们实际工作 小时。
They actually work for hours because of the one-hour lunch break
解答:
Doug 和 Dave 一起每小时粉刷 个房间。
由于休息一小时,他们实际只工作 小时,而这段时间必须完成整个房间:
所以正确答案是 D。
Working together, Doug and Dave paint of the room per hour.
Because they break for one hour, they work for only hours, and this must complete the whole room:
Thus, the correct answer is D.
14.
老式电视屏幕的宽高比为 。也就是说,宽与高之比为 。许多电影的宽高比不是 ,所以有时会以“宽银幕黑边”方式在电视屏幕上播放,也就是把屏幕顶部和底部等高的条带变暗,如图所示。假设一部电影的宽高比为 ,并在一台对角线为 英寸的老式电视上播放。每条变暗条带的高度是多少英寸?
Older television screens have an aspect ratio of That is, the ratio of the width to the height is The aspect ratio of many movies is not so they are sometimes shown on a television screen by “letterboxing” — darkening strips of equal height at the top and bottom of the screen, as shown. Suppose a movie has an aspect ratio of and is shown on an older television screen with a -inch diagonal. What is the height, in inches, of each darkened strip?
小提示:
屏幕的高、宽和对角线满足 。
The screen’s sides satisfy
大提示:
点亮区域的宽高比为 ,所以它的高是屏幕宽的一半。
The lit region has aspect ratio so its height is half the screen width
解答:
因为屏幕为 ,对角线为 英寸,所以 ,得到高 ,宽 。
点亮的 区域使用完整宽度 ,高度为 。
两条黑边平分剩余高度,所以每条高度为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Since the screen is with a -inch diagonal, giving height and width
The lit region has the full width and height
The two strips share the remaining height, so each has height
Thus, the correct answer is D.
15.
昨天 Han 比 Ian 多开 小时,平均速度比 Ian 快每小时 英里。Jan 比 Ian 多开 小时,平均速度比 Ian 快每小时 英里。Han 比 Ian 多开了 英里。Jan 比 Ian 多开了多少英里?
Yesterday Han drove hour longer than Ian at an average speed miles per hour faster than Ian. Jan drove hours longer than Ian at an average speed miles per hour faster than Ian. Han drove miles more than Ian. How many more miles did Jan drive than Ian?
小提示:
设 Ian 开了 小时,速度为每小时 英里。
Let Ian drive hours at miles per hour
大提示:
展开 ,得到 。
Expanding gives
解答:
设 Ian 开了 小时,速度为每小时 英里,则路程为 。
Han 比 Ian 多开的距离为 ,所以 。
Jan 比 Ian 多开的距离为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Let Ian drive hours at rate covering miles.
Han drove so
Jan drove miles more than Ian.
Thus, the correct answer is D.
16.
点 和 在圆心为 的圆上,且 。第二个圆内切于第一个圆,并且同时与 和 相切。小圆面积与大圆面积之比是多少?
Points and lie on a circle centered at and A second circle is internally tangent to the first and tangent to both and What is the ratio of the area of the smaller circle to that of the larger circle?
小提示:
小圆圆心在 的角平分线上。
The small circle’s center lies on the bisector of
大提示:
由 -- 三角形,小圆圆心到 的距离为 ,这个到 的距离也等于 。
The center is from by a -- triangle, and also from
解答:
设小圆和大圆半径分别为 和 。小圆圆心 在 的角平分线上,所以 与 的夹角为 。
从 到 的垂线长为 ,在所得 -- 三角形中,。
又因为 ,所以 ,得到 ,面积比为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the radii be and The small circle’s center lies on the bisector of so makes a angle with
The perpendicular from to has length and in the resulting -- triangle
Since we get so and the area ratio is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
17.
一个等边三角形边长为 。所有在三角形外部且到三角形某一点的距离不超过 的点所组成的区域面积是多少?
An equilateral triangle has side length What is the area of the region containing all points that are outside the triangle and not more than units from a point of the triangle?
小提示:
这个区域由沿三条边的三个矩形和三个顶点处的扇形组成。
The region is three rectangles along the sides plus three sectors at the corners
大提示:
三个顶点处的扇形各为 ,合起来是一个半径为 的整圆。
The three corner sectors are each and together they make one full circle of radius
解答:
沿三条边各有一个 的矩形,贡献面积 。
每个顶点处有一个半径为 、圆心角为 的扇形;三个扇形合成一个整圆,面积为 。
总面积为 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Along each of the three sides is a rectangle, contributing
At each vertex is a sector of radius the three together form a full circle of area
The total area is
Thus, the correct answer is B.
18.
一个直角三角形周长为 ,面积为 。它的斜边长是多少?
A right triangle has perimeter and area What is the length of its hypotenuse?
小提示:
设两条直角边为 ,斜边为 ,写出周长、面积和勾股关系。
Let the legs be and the hypotenuse and record perimeter, area, and Pythagorean relations
大提示:
将 平方,并使用 和 。
Square and use with
解答:
设两条直角边为 ,斜边为 。则 ,,且 。
将第二个等式平方,得到
这给出 ,所以 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Let the legs be and the hypotenuse Then and
Squaring the second equation,
This gives so
Thus, the correct answer is B.
19.
矩形 在平面内,且 、。矩形先绕 顺时针旋转 ,再绕第一次旋转后点 移到的位置顺时针旋转 。点 经过的路径长度是多少?
Rectangle lies in a plane with and The rectangle is rotated clockwise about then rotated clockwise about the point that moved to after the first rotation. What is the length of the path traveled by point
小提示:
每次旋转时,点 都走过一段四分之一圆弧。
Point traces one quarter-circle arc for each rotation
大提示:
第一次半径为 ;第二次半径为长为 的边。
The first radius is the second radius is the side of length
解答:
第一次旋转中, 绕 走四分之一圆,半径为 。弧长为 。
第二次旋转中, 绕 的新位置走四分之一圆,半径为 。弧长为 。
总路径长度为 。
所以正确答案是 C。
In the first rotation, moves on a quarter circle about with radius The arc length is
In the second rotation, moves on a quarter circle about the new position of with radius The arc length is
The total path length is
Thus, the correct answer is C.
20.
梯形 的底边为 和 ,对角线交于 。已知 、,且 的面积为 。梯形 的面积是多少?
Trapezoid has bases and and diagonals intersecting at Suppose that and the area of is What is the area of trapezoid
小提示:
三角形 和 相似,相似比为 。
Triangles and are similar with ratio
大提示:
和 面积相等;再由 按比例求其余三角形的面积。
and have equal areas; scale the others from
解答:
三角形 和 相似,比例为 。
因为 和 的底边 与 在同一直线上,且从 出发的高相同,所以 ,于是 。同理 。
另外 。总面积为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Triangles and are similar with ratio
Since and have bases and on the same line and share the same altitude from so Similarly
Also The total is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
21.
一个边长为 的立方体被一个平面切开,该平面经过一对相对顶点 和 ,以及不含 或 的两条相对棱的中点 和 ,如图所示。四边形 的面积是多少?
A cube with side length is sliced by a plane that passes through two diagonally opposite vertices and and the midpoints and of two opposite edges not containing or as shown. What is the area of quadrilateral
小提示:
的四条边都相等,所以它是菱形。
All four sides of are equal, so it is a rhombus
大提示:
它的对角线是空间对角线 和面对角线 。
Its diagonals are a space diagonal and a face diagonal
解答:
的每条边都连接立方体一个顶点和一条棱的中点,所以四边相等, 是菱形。
它的对角线为立方体空间对角线 和面对角线 。
菱形面积为对角线乘积的一半:。
所以正确答案是 A。
Each side of joins a vertex of the cube to the midpoint of an edge, so all four sides are equal and is a rhombus.
Its diagonals are the space diagonal and the face diagonal
The area of a rhombus is half the product of its diagonals:
Thus, the correct answer is A.
22.
Jacob 用如下过程写出一个数列。首先他选择第一项为 。为了生成下一项,他抛一枚公平硬币。若正面朝上,他将前一项加倍再减 。若反面朝上,他取前一项的一半再减 。Jacob 数列的第四项为整数的概率是多少?
Jacob uses the following procedure to write down a sequence of numbers. First he chooses the first term to be To generate each succeeding term, he flips a fair coin. If it comes up heads, he doubles the previous term and subtracts If it comes up tails, he takes half of the previous term and subtracts What is the probability that the fourth term in Jacob’s sequence is an integer?
小提示:
建立所有可能数列的树形图;每次抛硬币分成两个分支。
Build a tree of the possible sequences; each flip splits into two branches
大提示:
追踪哪些第四项为整数,注意奇数除以二后不再是整数。
Track which fourth terms are integers, remembering that halving an odd number breaks integrality
解答:
从 开始,第二项可能为 (正面)或 (反面)。
继续展开树形图,八个等可能的第四项为 。
其中 是整数,所以概率为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
Starting from the second terms are (heads) and (tails).
Continuing the tree, the eight equally likely fourth terms are
Of these, are integers, so the probability is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
23.
要从集合 中选择两个子集,使它们的并集为 ,且交集恰好包含两个元素。如果选择两个子集的顺序不重要,共有多少种方法?
Two subsets of the set are to be chosen so that their union is and their intersection contains exactly two elements. In how many ways can this be done, assuming that the order in which the subsets are chosen does not matter?
小提示:
先选择属于两个子集共有的两个元素。
First choose the two elements that belong to both subsets
大提示:
其余每个元素恰好进入一个子集;最后对无序子集对进行修正。
Each of the remaining elements goes to exactly one subset; then correct for the unordered pair
解答:
共有元素可用 种方式选择。
剩余 个元素必须恰好属于一个子集,有 种分配方式,所以有 个有序子集对。
因为两个子集的顺序不重要,除以 ,得到 。
所以正确答案是 B。
Choose the two common elements in ways.
Each of the remaining elements must lie in exactly one subset, giving assignments, for ordered pairs.
Since the order of the two subsets does not matter, divide by to get
Thus, the correct answer is B.
24.
令 。 的个位数字是多少?
Let What is the units digit of
小提示:
先求 的个位数字。
Find the units digit of first
大提示:
个位为 , 个位为 ;再求 来处理 。
ends in and ends in then determine to handle
解答:
的个位数字按 循环,所以 个位为 。另外 的个位为 。
因此 的个位为 ,所以 的个位为 。
又因为 和 都是 的倍数,所以 ,从而 的个位为 。
所以 的个位数字为 。
所以正确答案是 D。
The units digit of cycles so ends in Also ends in
Thus ends in so ends in
Both and are multiples of so which makes end in
The units digit of is
Thus, the correct answer is D.
25.
一张圆桌半径为 。桌上放着六个矩形餐垫。每个餐垫宽为 ,长为 ,如图所示。每个餐垫都有两个角在桌边上,这两个角是一条长为 的边的两个端点。此外,每个内侧角都与相邻餐垫的一个内侧角相接。 是多少?
A round table has radius Six rectangular place mats are placed on the table. Each place mat has width and length as shown. They are positioned so that each mat has two corners on the edge of the table, these two corners being end points of the same side of length Further, the mats are positioned so that the inner corners each touch an inner corner of an adjacent mat. What is
小提示:
取一个餐垫的外侧角为 ,令 为圆上与 关于直径相对的点,则 是斜边为 的直角三角形。
Take one mat with outer corners and let be the point of the circle opposite so is right-angled with hypotenuse
大提示:
内角相接处形成顶角 的等腰三角形,得到 。
The inner corners meet in isosceles triangles, giving
解答:
取一个餐垫的外侧角为 和 ,令 为圆上与 关于直径相对的点。于是 在 处为直角,斜边 。
相邻餐垫的内角相接,形成顶角为 、两腰为 的等腰三角形,其底边为 。再加上两个餐垫宽度,。
由勾股定理,化简为 。
取正根,
所以正确答案是 C。
Pick a mat with outer corners and and let be the point on the circle diametrically opposite Then is right-angled at with hypotenuse
The inner corners of adjacent mats meet in isosceles triangles with vertex angle and sides whose base is Together with the two mat widths,
By the Pythagorean theorem, which simplifies to
Taking the positive root,
Thus, the correct answer is C.