2007 AMC 10B 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

Isabella 的房子有 33 间卧室。每间卧室长 1212 英尺,宽 1010 英尺,高 88 英尺。Isabella 必须粉刷所有卧室的墙。每间卧室中不需要粉刷的门洞和窗户占 6060 平方英尺。需要粉刷多少平方英尺的墙?

Isabella’s house has 33 bedrooms. Each bedroom is 1212 feet long, 1010 feet wide, and 88 feet high. Isabella must paint the walls of all the bedrooms. Doorways and windows, which will not be painted, occupy 6060 square feet in each bedroom. How many square feet of walls must be painted?

678678

768768

786786

867867

876876

知识点:表面积周长
难度评级:720
小提示:

每间卧室有四面墙;用周长和高度求总墙面面积。

Each bedroom has four walls; find the total wall area from the perimeter and the height

大提示:

用房间周长乘以高度,再减去 6060

Multiply the room’s perimeter by its height, then subtract 6060

解答:

一间卧室的墙面面积为 2(12+10)8=448=3522(12+10)\cdot 8 = 44\cdot 8 = 352 平方英尺。减去门洞和窗户的 6060 平方英尺,每间卧室需粉刷 35260=292352-60=292 平方英尺。

33 间卧室,所以共需粉刷 3292=8763\cdot 292 = 876 平方英尺。

所以正确答案是 E

The walls of one bedroom have area 2(12+10)8=448=3522(12+10)\cdot 8 = 44\cdot 8 = 352 square feet. Subtracting the 6060 square feet of doorways and windows leaves 35260=292352-60=292 square feet per bedroom.

With 33 bedrooms, the total is 3292=8763\cdot 292 = 876 square feet.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

2.

定义运算 \starab=(a+b)ba\star b = (a+b)b。求 (35)(53)(3\star 5)-(5\star 3) 的值。

Define the operation \star by ab=(a+b)b.a\star b = (a+b)b. What is (35)(53)?(3\star 5)-(5\star 3)?

16-16

8-8

00

88

1616

难度评级:870
小提示:

分别计算 353\star 5535\star 3

Compute 353\star 5 and 535\star 3 separately

大提示:

35=(3+5)53\star 5=(3+5)\cdot 5,且 53=(5+3)35\star 3=(5+3)\cdot 3

35=(3+5)53\star 5=(3+5)\cdot 5 and 53=(5+3)35\star 3=(5+3)\cdot 3

解答:

因为 35=(3+5)5=403\star 5=(3+5)\cdot 5=40,且 53=(5+3)3=245\star 3=(5+3)\cdot 3=24,所以差为 4024=1640-24=16

所以正确答案是 E

Since 35=(3+5)5=403\star 5=(3+5)\cdot 5=40 and 53=(5+3)3=24,5\star 3=(5+3)\cdot 3=24, the difference is 4024=16.40-24=16.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

3.

一名大学生周末开小型车回家 120120 英里,平均每加仑行驶 3030 英里。返程时他开父母的 SUV,平均每加仑只行驶 2020 英里。往返全程平均每加仑行驶多少英里?

A college student drove his compact car 120120 miles home for the weekend and averaged 3030 miles per gallon. On the return trip the student drove his parents’ SUV and averaged only 2020 miles per gallon. What was the average gas mileage, in miles per gallon, for the round trip?

2222

2424

2525

2626

2828

难度评级:980
小提示:

平均燃油效率是总距离除以总耗油量,不是两个数值的普通平均。

Average mileage is total distance divided by total gallons, not the average of the two rates

大提示:

先求两段路各用了多少加仑,再用 240240 除以总加仑数。

Find the gallons used each way, then divide 240240 by their sum

解答:

回家用了 12030=4\frac{120}{30}=4 加仑,返程用了 12020=6\frac{120}{20}=6 加仑,共用 1010 加仑,行驶 240240 英里。

平均为 24010=24\frac{240}{10} = 24 英里/加仑。

所以正确答案是 B

The student used 12030=4\frac{120}{30}=4 gallons driving home and 12020=6\frac{120}{20}=6 gallons returning, for 1010 gallons over 240240 miles.

The average is 24010=24\frac{240}{10} = 24 miles per gallon.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

4.

OOABC\triangle ABC 外接圆的圆心,如图,BOC=120\angle BOC = 120^\circ,且 AOB=140\angle AOB = 140^\circABC\angle ABC 的度数是多少?

The point OO is the center of the circle circumscribed about ABC,\triangle ABC, with BOC=120\angle BOC = 120^\circ and AOB=140,\angle AOB = 140^\circ, as shown. What is the degree measure of ABC?\angle ABC?

3535

4040

4545

5050

6060

难度评级:1030
小提示:

所有半径相等,所以三角形 AOB,BOC,COAAOB, BOC, COA 都是等腰三角形。

Each radius is equal, so each of the triangles AOB,BOC,COAAOB, BOC, COA is isosceles

大提示:

ABC=ABO+OBC\angle ABC=\angle ABO+\angle OBC,两部分都是等腰三角形的底角。

ABC=ABO+OBC,\angle ABC=\angle ABO+\angle OBC, where each part is a base angle of an isosceles triangle

解答:

因为 OA=OB=OCOA=OB=OC,三角形 AOB,BOCAOB, BOCCOACOA 都是等腰三角形。底角给出 ABO=1801402=20\angle ABO=\dfrac{180^\circ-140^\circ}{2}=20^\circOBC=1801202=30\angle OBC=\dfrac{180^\circ-120^\circ}{2}=30^\circ

因此 ABC=20+30=50\angle ABC=20^\circ+30^\circ=50^\circ

所以正确答案是 D

Since OA=OB=OC,OA=OB=OC, triangles AOB,BOC,AOB, BOC, and COACOA are isosceles. The base angles give ABO=1801402=20\angle ABO=\dfrac{180^\circ-140^\circ}{2}=20^\circ and OBC=1801202=30.\angle OBC=\dfrac{180^\circ-120^\circ}{2}=30^\circ.

Therefore ABC=20+30=50.\angle ABC=20^\circ+30^\circ=50^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

5.

在某个地方,所有 Arogs 都是 Brafs,所有 Crups 都是 Brafs,所有 Dramps 都是 Arogs,所有 Crups 都是 Dramps。以下哪一项由这些事实推出?

In a certain land, all Arogs are Brafs, all Crups are Brafs, all Dramps are Arogs, and all Crups are Dramps. Which of the following statements is implied by these facts?

所有 Dramps 都是 Brafs 且都是 Crups。

All Dramps are Brafs and are Crups.

所有 Brafs 都是 Crups 且都是 Dramps。

All Brafs are Crups and are Dramps.

所有 Arogs 都是 Crups 且都是 Dramps。

All Arogs are Crups and are Dramps.

所有 Crups 都是 Arogs 且都是 Brafs。

All Crups are Arogs and are Brafs.

所有 Arogs 都是 Dramps,且有些 Arogs 可能不是 Crups。

All Arogs are Dramps and some Arogs may not be Crups.

知识点:逻辑推理
难度评级:1020
小提示:

将每个事实写成类别之间的蕴含关系。

Write each fact as an implication between the categories

大提示:

沿着链 CDABC\Rightarrow D\Rightarrow A\Rightarrow B 推理。

Follow the chain CDABC\Rightarrow D\Rightarrow A\Rightarrow B

解答:

将陈述写成蕴含关系:Crup 蕴含 Dramp,Dramp 蕴含 Arog,Arog 蕴含 Braf,即 CDABC\Rightarrow D\Rightarrow A\Rightarrow B

所以每个 Crup 都是 Dramp、Arog 和 Braf;选项中唯一必然成立的是:所有 Crups 都是 Arogs 和 Brafs。

所以正确答案是 D

Writing the statements as implications, being a Crup implies being a Dramp, a Dramp implies being an Arog, and an Arog implies being a Braf: CDAB.C\Rightarrow D\Rightarrow A\Rightarrow B.

So every Crup is a Dramp, an Arog, and a Braf. The only listed statement guaranteed true is that all Crups are Arogs and Brafs.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

6.

20072007 年 AMC 1010 的计分规则为:每答对一题得 66 分,每答错一题得 00 分,每道未答题得 1.51.5 分。Sarah 看完 2525 道题后决定尝试前 2222 题,只留下最后 33 题不答。为了至少得到 100100 分,她前 2222 题中至少要答对多少题?

The 20072007 AMC 1010 will be scored by awarding 66 points for each correct response, 00 points for each incorrect response, and 1.51.5 points for each problem left unanswered. After looking over the 2525 problems, Sarah has decided to attempt the first 2222 and leave only the last 33 unanswered. How many of the first 2222 problems must she solve correctly in order to score at least 100100 points?

1313

1414

1515

1616

1717

难度评级:1120
小提示:

未答题也会贡献分数。

The unanswered problems still contribute points

大提示:

先减去 33 道空题的分数,再用剩下需要的分数除以 66

Subtract the points from the 33 blanks, then divide the remaining needed points by 66

解答:

三道空题给 31.5=4.53\cdot 1.5 = 4.5 分,所以 Sarah 需要从前 2222 题得到 1004.5=95.5100-4.5=95.5 分。

因为 95.56\frac{95.5}{6} 介于 15151616 之间,她至少要答对 1616 题,此时总分为 100.5100.5

所以正确答案是 D

The three blank problems give 31.5=4.53\cdot 1.5 = 4.5 points, so Sarah needs 1004.5=95.5100-4.5=95.5 points from the first 22.22.

Since 95.56\frac{95.5}{6} lies between 1515 and 16,16, she must answer at least 1616 correctly, which would give a score of 100.5.100.5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

7.

凸五边形 ABCDEABCDE 的所有边长相等,且 A=B=90\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circE\angle E 的度数是多少?

All sides of the convex pentagon ABCDEABCDE are of equal length, and A=B=90.\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circ. What is the degree measure of E?\angle E?

9090

108108

120120

144144

150150

难度评级:1190
小提示:

相邻两个直角和相等边长构成图形中的一个正方形部分。

Two right angles at adjacent vertices make part of the figure a square

大提示:

ABCEABCE 是正方形,CDE\triangle CDE 是等边三角形。

ABCEABCE is a square and CDE\triangle CDE is equilateral

解答:

因为 AB=BC=EAAB=BC=EAA=B=90\angle A=\angle B=90^\circ,四边形 ABCEABCE 是正方形,所以 AEC=90\angle AEC=90^\circ

余下的边满足 CD=DE=ECCD=DE=EC,所以 CDE\triangle CDE 是等边三角形,CED=60\angle CED=60^\circ

因此 E=AEC\angle E=\angle AEC +CED=90+\angle CED=90^\circ +60=150+60^\circ=150^\circ

所以正确答案是 E

Because AB=BC=EAAB=BC=EA and A=B=90,\angle A=\angle B=90^\circ, quadrilateral ABCEABCE is a square, so AEC=90.\angle AEC=90^\circ.

The remaining sides satisfy CD=DE=EC,CD=DE=EC, so CDE\triangle CDE is equilateral and CED=60.\angle CED=60^\circ.

Therefore E=AEC\angle E=\angle AEC +CED=90+\angle CED=90^\circ +60=150.+60^\circ=150^\circ.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

8.

在这场 AMC 1010 编写会议结束返程时,竞赛主席注意到他的机场停车收据上的数字形如 bbcacbbcac,其中 0a<b<c90\le a\lt b\lt c\le 9,且 bbaacc 的平均数。有多少个不同的五位数满足所有这些性质?

On the trip home from the meeting where this AMC 1010 was constructed, the Contest Chair noted that his airport parking receipt had digits of the form bbcac,bbcac, where 0a<b<c9,0\le a\lt b\lt c\le 9, and bb was the average of aa and c.c. How many different five-digit numbers satisfy all these properties?

1212

1616

1818

2020

2424

难度评级:1290
小提示:

条件 b=a+c2b=\dfrac{a+c}{2} 迫使 aacc 奇偶性相同。

The condition b=a+c2b=\dfrac{a+c}{2} forces aa and cc to have the same parity

大提示:

分别在偶数数字和奇数数字中数出 a<ca\lt c 的配对;每对都唯一确定 bb

Count pairs a<ca\lt c among the even digits and among the odd digits; each pair fixes bb

解答:

一旦选定 aaccb=a+c2b=\dfrac{a+c}{2} 就确定,且 a<b<ca\lt b\lt c 自动成立。为了使 bb 为整数,aacc 必须同奇偶。

{0,2,4,6,8}\{0,2,4,6,8\} 中选两个,有 (52)=10\binom{5}{2}=10 对;从 {1,3,5,7,9}\{1,3,5,7,9\} 中选两个,又有 1010 对。

因此共有 2020 个符合条件的五位数。

所以正确答案是 D

Once aa and cc are chosen, b=a+c2b=\dfrac{a+c}{2} is determined, and a<b<ca\lt b\lt c holds automatically. For bb to be an integer, aa and cc must share parity.

Choosing two even digits from {0,2,4,6,8}\{0,2,4,6,8\} gives (52)=10\binom{5}{2}=10 pairs, and choosing two odd digits from {1,3,5,7,9}\{1,3,5,7,9\} gives another 10.10.

This yields 2020 valid numbers.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

9.

一个密码编码规则如下:某个字母在给定消息中第一次出现时,替换成字母表中向右 11 位的字母(规定 A 在 Z 的右边一位)。同一个字母第二次出现时,替换成向右 1+21+2 位的字母;第三次出现时,替换成向右 1+2+31+2+3 位的字母;依此类推。

例如,用这种编码,单词“banana”变为“cbodqg”。在消息“Lee’s sis is a Mississippi miss, Chriss!”中,最后一个字母 s 会被替换成什么字母?

A cryptographic code is designed as follows. The first time a letter appears in a given message it is replaced by the letter that is 11 place to its right in the alphabet (assuming that the letter A is one place to the right of the letter Z). The second time this same letter appears in the given message, it is replaced by the letter that is 1+21+2 places to the right, the third time it is replaced by the letter that is 1+2+31+2+3 places to the right, and so on. For example, with this code the word “banana” becomes “cbodqg”. What letter will replace the last letter s in the message

“Lee’s sis is a Mississippi miss, Chriss!”?

gg

hh

oo

ss

tt

难度评级:1370
小提示:

数出整条消息中字母 s 出现了多少次。

Count how many times the letter s appears in the whole message

大提示:

总位移为 1+2++121+2+\cdots+12,然后对 2626 取余。

The total shift is 1+2++12,1+2+\cdots+12, then reduce that modulo 2626

解答:

最后一个 s 是消息中字母 s 的第 1212 次出现,所以它向右移动 1+2++12=12132=781+2+\cdots+12=\dfrac{12\cdot 13}{2}=78 位。

因为 78=32678=3\cdot 26 是字母表长度 2626 的倍数,所以移动后回到同一个字母 s。

所以正确答案是 D

The final s is the 1212th appearance of the letter s in the message, so it is shifted 1+2++12=12132=781+2+\cdots+12=\dfrac{12\cdot 13}{2}=78 places to the right.

Since 78=32678=3\cdot 26 is a multiple of the alphabet length 26,26, the shift returns to the same letter, s.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

平面上有两点 BBCC。设 SS 为平面上所有点 AA 的集合,使得 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积为 11。下列哪一项描述了 SS

Two points BB and CC are in a plane. Let SS be the set of all points AA in the plane for which ABC\triangle ABC has area 1.1. Which of the following describes S?S?

两条平行线

two parallel lines

一条抛物线

a parabola

一个圆

a circle

一条线段

a line segment

两个点

two points

难度评级:1270
小提示:

固定 BCBC 为底;面积决定点 AA 到底边的高。

Fix BCBC as the base; the area determines the height from AA

大提示:

到直线 BCBC 距离固定的所有点位于两条平行线上。

All points at a fixed distance from line BCBC lie on two parallel lines

解答:

BCBC 为底,面积为 12(BC)d\dfrac12(BC)d,其中 ddAA 到直线 BCBC 的距离。面积等于 11 当且仅当 d=2BCd=\dfrac{2}{BC}

到直线 BCBC 距离固定的点形成两条平行于 BCBC 的直线,分居两侧。

所以正确答案是 A

Taking BCBC as the base, the area is 12(BC)d,\dfrac12(BC)d, where dd is the distance from AA to line BC.BC. The area equals 11 exactly when d=2BC.d=\dfrac{2}{BC}.

The points at this fixed distance from line BCBC form two lines parallel to BC,BC, one on each side.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

11.

一个圆经过一个等腰三角形的三个顶点,该三角形两条边长为 33,底边长为 22。这个圆的面积是多少?

A circle passes through the three vertices of an isosceles triangle that has two sides of length 33 and a base of length 2.2. What is the area of this circle?

2π2\pi

52π\dfrac{5}{2}\pi

8132π\dfrac{81}{32}\pi

3π3\pi

72π\dfrac{7}{2}\pi

难度评级:1460
小提示:

使用外接圆半径公式 R=abc4KR=\dfrac{abc}{4K},其中 KK 是三角形面积。

Use the circumradius formula R=abc4K,R=\dfrac{abc}{4K}, where KK is the triangle’s area

大提示:

三边为 333322;由底和高求面积,再计算 RR

The sides are 3,3, 3,3, and 2;2; find the area from the base and height, then compute RR

解答:

三角形边长为 333322。它的面积为 1223212=22\dfrac12\cdot 2\cdot\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=2\sqrt2

外接圆半径为 R=abc4KR=\dfrac{abc}{4K} =332422=\dfrac{3\cdot 3\cdot 2}{4\cdot 2\sqrt2} =942=\dfrac{9}{4\sqrt2} =928=\dfrac{9\sqrt2}{8}

圆面积为 πR2=π81264=8132π\pi R^2=\pi\cdot\dfrac{81\cdot 2}{64}=\dfrac{81}{32}\pi

所以正确答案是 C

The triangle has sides 3,3, 3,3, and 2.2. Its area is 1223212=22.\dfrac12\cdot 2\cdot\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=2\sqrt2.

The circumradius is R=abc4KR=\dfrac{abc}{4K} =332422=\dfrac{3\cdot 3\cdot 2}{4\cdot 2\sqrt2} =942=\dfrac{9}{4\sqrt2} =928.=\dfrac{9\sqrt2}{8}.

The area of the circle is πR2=π81264=8132π.\pi R^2=\pi\cdot\dfrac{81\cdot 2}{64}=\dfrac{81}{32}\pi.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

Tom 的年龄为 TT 岁,也等于他三个孩子年龄之和。NN 年前,他的年龄是当时三个孩子年龄之和的两倍。TN\frac{T}{N} 是多少?

Tom’s age is TT years, which is also the sum of the ages of his three children. His age NN years ago was twice the sum of their ages then. What is TN?\frac{T}{N}?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1290
小提示:

TTNN 表示 NN 年前三个孩子的年龄和。

Express the children’s total age NN years ago in terms of TT and NN

大提示:

TN=2(T3N)T-N=2(T-3N)

TN=2(T3N)T-N=2(T-3N)

解答:

NN 年前 Tom 的年龄为 TNT-N,三个孩子年龄之和为 T3NT-3N

条件给出 TN=2(T3N)T-N=2(T-3N),所以 TN=2T6NT-N=2T-6N,化简为 5N=T5N=T

因此 TN=5\frac{T}{N}=5

所以正确答案是 D

NN years ago Tom’s age was TN,T-N, and the sum of his three children’s ages was T3N.T-3N.

The condition gives TN=2(T3N),T-N=2(T-3N), so TN=2T6N,T-N=2T-6N, which simplifies to 5N=T.5N=T.

Therefore TN=5.\frac{T}{N}=5.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

13.

两个半径为 22 的圆分别以 (2,0)(2,0)(0,2)(0,2) 为圆心。这两个圆内部交集的面积是多少?

Two circles of radius 22 are centered at (2,0)(2,0) and at (0,2).(0,2). What is the area of the intersection of the interiors of the two circles?

π2\pi-2

π2\dfrac{\pi}{2}

π33\dfrac{\pi\sqrt3}{3}

2(π2)2(\pi-2)

π\pi

难度评级:1580
小提示:

找出两个圆的交点。

Find the two points where the circles intersect

大提示:

交集的一半是一个四分之一圆减去一个直角边为 22 的等腰直角三角形。

Half the region is a quarter-circle minus an isosceles right triangle of leg 22

解答:

两个圆交于 (0,0)(0,0)(2,2)(2,2)

由对称性,交集的一半是从一个圆的四分之一圆中去掉直角边为 22 的等腰直角三角形。四分之一圆面积为 14π(2)2=π\dfrac14\pi(2)^2=\pi,三角形面积为 12(2)2=2\dfrac12(2)^2=2

所以交集面积为 2(π2)2(\pi-2)

所以正确答案是 D

The two circles intersect at (0,0)(0,0) and (2,2).(2,2).

By symmetry, half the intersection is formed by removing an isosceles right triangle of leg length 22 from a quarter of one circle. The quarter-circle has area 14π(2)2=π\dfrac14\pi(2)^2=\pi and the triangle has area 12(2)2=2.\dfrac12(2)^2=2.

Therefore the whole region has area 2(π2).2(\pi-2).

Thus, the correct answer is D.

14.

一些男生和女生正在洗车,为班级去中国旅行筹款。起初,小组中 40%40\% 是女生。不久后两名女生离开,两名男生加入,此时小组中 30%30\% 是女生。起初小组中有多少名女生?

Some boys and girls are having a car wash to raise money for a class trip to China. Initially 40%40\% of the group are girls. Shortly thereafter two girls leave and two boys arrive, and then 30%30\% of the group are girls. How many girls were initially in the group?

44

66

88

1010

1212

难度评级:1330
小提示:

两人离开、两人加入后,小组总人数不变。

The group size does not change when two leave and two arrive

大提示:

离开的两名女生代表全组的 40%30%40\%-30\%

The two departing girls represent 40%30%40\%-30\% of the group

解答:

两名女生离开,两名男生加入,所以小组总人数不变。离开的两名女生代表全组的 40%30%=10%40\%-30\%=10\%

所以小组共有 2÷0.10=202\div 0.10=20 人,起初女生人数是 2020 人的 40%40\%,即 88

所以正确答案是 C

Two girls leave and two boys arrive, so the group size is unchanged. The two girls who left therefore represent 40%30%=10%40\%-30\%=10\% of the group.

Thus the group has 2÷0.10=202\div 0.10=20 people, and the original number of girls was 40%40\% of 20,20, or 8.8.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

15.

四边形 ABCDABCD 的角满足 A=2B=3C=4D\angle A = 2\angle B = 3\angle C = 4\angle D。将 A\angle A 的度数四舍五入到最接近的整数,是多少?

The angles of quadrilateral ABCDABCD satisfy A=2B=3C=4D.\angle A = 2\angle B = 3\angle C = 4\angle D. What is the degree measure of A,\angle A, rounded to the nearest whole number?

125125

144144

153153

173173

180180

难度评级:1370
小提示:

A\angle A 表示 B\angle BC\angle CD\angle D

Write B,\angle B, C,\angle C, and D\angle D in terms of A\angle A

大提示:

四个角的和为 360360^\circ

The four angles sum to 360360^\circ

解答:

x=Ax=\angle A。则 B=x2\angle B=\dfrac{x}{2}C=x3\angle C=\dfrac{x}{3}D=x4\angle D=\dfrac{x}{4}

四边形内角和为 360360^\circ,所以 x+x2+x3+x4=25x12=360x+\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{x}{3}+\dfrac{x}{4}=\dfrac{25x}{12}=360

因此 x=1236025=172.8173x=\dfrac{12\cdot 360}{25}=172.8\approx 173

所以正确答案是 D

Let x=A.x=\angle A. Then B=x2,\angle B=\dfrac{x}{2}, C=x3,\angle C=\dfrac{x}{3}, and D=x4.\angle D=\dfrac{x}{4}.

The angles sum to 360,360^\circ, so x+x2+x3+x4=25x12=360.x+\dfrac{x}{2}+\dfrac{x}{3}+\dfrac{x}{4}=\dfrac{25x}{12}=360.

Thus x=1236025=172.8173.x=\dfrac{12\cdot 360}{25}=172.8\approx 173.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

16.

一位老师给一个班考试,其中 10%10\% 的学生是低年级生,90%90\% 是高年级生。考试平均分为 8484。低年级生都得了同一个分数,高年级生平均分为 8383。每个低年级生得了多少分?

A teacher gave a test to a class in which 10%10\% of the students are juniors and 90%90\% are seniors. The average score on the test was 84.84. The juniors all received the same score, and the average score of the seniors was 83.83. What score did each of the juniors receive on the test?

8585

8888

9393

9494

9898

难度评级:1330
小提示:

取一个方便的班级人数,例如 1010 名学生。

Take a convenient class size, such as 1010 students

大提示:

若有一名低年级生和九名高年级生,则 1084=983+s10\cdot 84 = 9\cdot 83 + s

With one junior and nine seniors, 1084=983+s10\cdot 84 = 9\cdot 83 + s

解答:

假设班上有 1010 名学生:一名低年级生和九名高年级生。总分为 1084=84010\cdot 84=840

九名高年级生总分为 983=7479\cdot 83=747,所以低年级生的分数为 s=840747=93s=840-747=93

所以正确答案是 C

Suppose the class has 1010 students: one junior and nine seniors. The total of all scores is 1084=840.10\cdot 84=840.

The nine seniors total 983=747,9\cdot 83=747, so the junior’s score is s=840747=93.s=840-747=93.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

PP 在等边三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 内部。点 QQRRSS 分别是从 PPAB\overline{AB}BC\overline{BC}CA\overline{CA} 的垂足。已知 PQ=1PQ = 1PR=2PR = 2PS=3PS = 3ABAB 是多少?

Point PP is inside equilateral ABC.\triangle ABC. Points Q,Q, R,R, and SS are the feet of the perpendiculars from PP to AB,\overline{AB}, BC,\overline{BC}, and CA,\overline{CA}, respectively. Given that PQ=1,PQ = 1, PR=2,PR = 2, and PS=3,PS = 3, what is AB?AB?

44

333\sqrt3

66

434\sqrt3

99

难度评级:1640
小提示:

连接 PP 与三个顶点,将 ABC\triangle ABC 分成三个较小三角形。

Connect PP to the three vertices to split ABC\triangle ABC into three smaller triangles

大提示:

它们的面积为 s2,s,3s2\dfrac{s}{2},s,\dfrac{3s}{2};令和等于 34s2\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2

Their areas are s2,s,3s2\dfrac{s}{2},s,\dfrac{3s}{2}; set the sum equal to 34s2\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2

解答:

设边长为 ss。从 PP 作出的垂线是三角形 APBAPBBPCBPCCPACPA 的高,所以它们的面积分别为 s2\dfrac{s}{2}ss3s2\dfrac{3s}{2}

面积和等于 ABC\triangle ABC 的面积 34s2\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2,因此 3s=34s23s=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2

正解为 s=43s=4\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 D

Let the side length be s.s. The perpendiculars from PP are the heights of triangles APB,APB, BPC,BPC, and CPA,CPA, so their areas are s2,\dfrac{s}{2}, s,s, and 3s2.\dfrac{3s}{2}.

Their sum equals the area of ABC,\triangle ABC, which is also 34s2.\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2. Hence 3s=34s2.3s=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}s^2.

The positive solution is s=43.s=4\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

18.

如图,一个半径为 11 的圆被 44 个半径为 rr 的圆围住。rr 是多少?

A circle of radius 11 is surrounded by 44 circles of radius rr as shown. What is r?r?

2\sqrt2

1+21+\sqrt2

6\sqrt6

33

2+22+\sqrt2

难度评级:1680
小提示:

连接四个外圆的圆心,形成一个正方形。

Connect the centers of the four outer circles to form a square

大提示:

这个正方形边长为 2r2r,对角线为 2+2r2+2r

The square has side 2r2r and diagonal 2+2r2+2r

解答:

连接四个外圆的圆心形成正方形。相邻外圆相切,所以每条边长为 2r2r

正方形对角线经过中心圆的圆心,长度为 1+r+r+1=2+2r1+r+r+1=2+2r。边长为 2r2r 的正方形对角线为 2r22r\sqrt2,所以 2(2r)2=(2+2r)22(2r)^2=(2+2r)^2

展开得 1+2r+r2=2r21+2r+r^2=2r^2,即 r22r1=0r^2-2r-1=0。正根为 r=1+2r=1+\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 B

Connect the centers of the four outer circles to form a square. Adjacent outer circles are tangent, so each side has length 2r.2r.

The diagonal of the square passes through the center of the central circle, giving length 1+r+r+1=2+2r.1+r+r+1=2+2r. Since a square with side 2r2r has diagonal 2r2,2r\sqrt2, we get 2(2r)2=(2+2r)2.2(2r)^2=(2+2r)^2.

Expanding gives 1+2r+r2=2r2,1+2r+r^2=2r^2, so r22r1=0.r^2-2r-1=0. The positive root is r=1+2.r=1+\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

如图所示的转盘旋转两次,指针指向的随机数字被记录。第一个数字除以 44,第二个数字除以 55。第一个余数指定棋盘的一列,第二个余数指定一行。这个数对指定到阴影方格的概率是多少?

The wheel shown is spun twice, and the randomly determined numbers opposite the pointer are recorded. The first number is divided by 4,4, and the second number is divided by 5.5. The first remainder designates a column, and the second remainder designates a row on the checkerboard shown. What is the probability that the pair of numbers designates a shaded square?

13\dfrac{1}{3}

49\dfrac{4}{9}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

59\dfrac{5}{9}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1490
小提示:

方格为阴影当且仅当两个余数奇偶性相同。

A square is shaded exactly when the two remainders have the same parity

大提示:

求每个余数为偶数的概率,再合并同为偶数和同为奇数两种情况。

Find the probability each remainder is even, then combine the both-even and both-odd cases

解答:

阴影方格对应两个余数同奇或同偶。第一个余数为偶数(来自数字 2266)的概率为 13\dfrac13,为奇数的概率为 23\dfrac23

第二个余数为偶数的概率为 12\dfrac12,为奇数的概率为 12\dfrac12

它们奇偶性相同的概率为 1312+2312=12\dfrac13\cdot\dfrac12+\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac12=\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 C

The shaded squares are those where the two remainders are both odd or both even. The first remainder is even (from the numbers 22 and 66) with probability 13\dfrac13 and odd with probability 23.\dfrac23.

The second remainder is even with probability 12\dfrac12 and odd with probability 12.\dfrac12.

The probability that they share parity is 1312+2312=12.\dfrac13\cdot\dfrac12+\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac12=\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

20.

2525 个正方形方块排成一个 5×55\times 5 的正方形。从中选出 33 个方块,且任意两个不在同一行或同一列,有多少种不同选择?

A set of 2525 square blocks is arranged into a 5×55\times 5 square. How many different combinations of 33 blocks can be selected from that set so that no two are in the same row or column?

100100

125125

600600

23002300

36003600

难度评级:1700
小提示:

先选择使用哪 33 行和哪 33 列。

Choose which 33 rows and which 33 columns are used

大提示:

选好 33 行和 33 列后,方块对应这些行和列之间的一个匹配。

After picking 33 rows and 33 columns, the blocks correspond to a matching between them

解答:

选择 55 行中的 33 行有 (53)=10\binom{5}{3}=10 种,选择 55 列中的 33 列也有 (53)=10\binom{5}{3}=10 种。

三个选出的方块必须占据不同的行和列,所以它们是在三行与三列之间建立一个匹配,共有 3!=63!=6 种。

总数为 10106=60010\cdot 10\cdot 6=600

所以正确答案是 C

Choose 33 of the 55 rows in (53)=10\binom{5}{3}=10 ways and 33 of the 55 columns in (53)=10\binom{5}{3}=10 ways.

The three chosen blocks must occupy distinct rows and columns, so they form a matching between the three rows and three columns, which can be done in 3!=63!=6 ways.

The total is 10106=600.10\cdot 10\cdot 6=600.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

21.

直角三角形 ABC\triangle ABC 中,AB=3AB=3BC=4BC=4AC=5AC=5。正方形 XYZWXYZW 内接于 ABC\triangle ABC,其中 XXYYAC\overline{AC} 上,WWAB\overline{AB} 上,ZZBC\overline{BC} 上。正方形的边长是多少?

Right ABC\triangle ABC has AB=3,AB=3, BC=4,BC=4, and AC=5.AC=5. Square XYZWXYZW is inscribed in ABC\triangle ABC with XX and YY on AC,\overline{AC}, WW on AB,\overline{AB}, and ZZ on BC.\overline{BC}. What is the side length of the square?

32\dfrac{3}{2}

6037\dfrac{60}{37}

127\dfrac{12}{7}

2313\dfrac{23}{13}

22

难度评级:1720
小提示:

求从 BB 到斜边 ACAC 的高。

Find the altitude from BB to the hypotenuse ACAC

大提示:

利用整个三角形与正方形上方小三角形的相似关系。

Use the similarity between the whole triangle and the small triangle above the square

解答:

设正方形边长为 ss,从 BBACAC 的高为 hh。则 h=ABBCAC=345=125h=\dfrac{AB\cdot BC}{AC}=\dfrac{3\cdot 4}{5}=\dfrac{12}{5}

正方形上方的小三角形与 ABC\triangle ABC 相似,并以正方形上边为底,因此 hsh=sAC\dfrac{h-s}{h}=\dfrac{s}{AC},所以 s=AChAC+hs=\dfrac{AC\cdot h}{AC+h}

代入可得 s=51255+125=12375=6037s=\dfrac{5\cdot\frac{12}{5}}{5+\frac{12}{5}}=\dfrac{12}{\frac{37}{5}}=\dfrac{60}{37}

所以正确答案是 B

Let ss be the side of the square and hh the altitude from BB to AC.AC. Then h=ABBCAC=345=125.h=\dfrac{AB\cdot BC}{AC}=\dfrac{3\cdot 4}{5}=\dfrac{12}{5}.

The small triangle above the square is similar to ABC\triangle ABC with the square’s top side as its base, giving hsh=sAC,\dfrac{h-s}{h}=\dfrac{s}{AC}, so s=AChAC+h.s=\dfrac{AC\cdot h}{AC+h}.

Substituting, s=51255+125=12375=6037.s=\dfrac{5\cdot\frac{12}{5}}{5+\frac{12}{5}}=\dfrac{12}{\frac{37}{5}}=\dfrac{60}{37}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

22.

玩家从 1144 中选择一个数字。选好后,掷两个普通四面骰,每个骰子的面标有 1144。如果选中的数字恰好出现在一个骰子的底面,玩家赢得 $1\$1;如果它出现在两个骰子的底面,玩家赢得 $2\$2;如果它没有出现在任何骰子的底面,玩家损失 $1\$1。每次掷骰玩家的期望收益是多少美元?

A player chooses one of the numbers 11 through 4.4. After the choice has been made, two regular four-sided (tetrahedral) dice are rolled, with the sides of the dice numbered 11 through 4.4. If the number chosen appears on the bottom of exactly one die after it is rolled, then the player wins $1.\$1. If the number chosen appears on the bottom of both of the dice, then the player wins $2.\$2. If the number chosen does not appear on the bottom of either of the dice, the player loses $1.\$1. What is the expected return to the player, in dollars, for one roll of the dice?

18-\dfrac{1}{8}

116-\dfrac{1}{16}

00

116\dfrac{1}{16}

18\dfrac{1}{8}

难度评级:1780
小提示:

每个骰子底面独立地出现所选数字的概率为 14\dfrac14

Each die independently shows the chosen number on the bottom with probability 14\dfrac14

大提示:

分别用收益 1-1+1+1+2+2 乘以出现 001122 次的概率。

Weight the payoffs 1,-1, +1,+1, and +2+2 by the probabilities of 0,0, 1,1, and 22 matches

解答:

每个骰子底面出现所选数字的概率为 14\dfrac14。所以该数字出现 001122 次的概率分别为 P(0)=916, P(0)=\dfrac{9}{16},\ P(1)=616, P(1)=\dfrac{6}{16},\ P(2)=116P(2)=\dfrac{1}{16}

期望收益为 (1)916(-1)\cdot\dfrac{9}{16} +(1)616+(1)\cdot\dfrac{6}{16} +(2)116+(2)\cdot\dfrac{1}{16} =9+6+216=\dfrac{-9+6+2}{16} =116=-\dfrac{1}{16}

所以正确答案是 B

Each die shows the chosen number on the bottom with probability 14.\dfrac14. So the number appears 0,0, 1,1, or 22 times with probabilities P(0)=916, P(0)=\dfrac{9}{16},\ P(1)=616, P(1)=\dfrac{6}{16},\ P(2)=116.P(2)=\dfrac{1}{16}.

The expected return is (1)916(-1)\cdot\dfrac{9}{16} +(1)616+(1)\cdot\dfrac{6}{16} +(2)116+(2)\cdot\dfrac{1}{16} =9+6+216=\dfrac{-9+6+2}{16} =116.=-\dfrac{1}{16}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

23.

一个底面为正方形的棱锥被一个平行于底面、且距底面 22 个单位的平面切开。切下来的上方小棱锥的表面积是原棱锥表面积的一半。原棱锥的高是多少?

A pyramid with a square base is cut by a plane that is parallel to its base and is 22 units from the base. The surface area of the smaller pyramid that is cut from the top is half the surface area of the original pyramid. What is the altitude of the original pyramid?

22

2+22+\sqrt2

1+221+2\sqrt2

44

4+224+2\sqrt2

难度评级:1880
小提示:

小棱锥与原棱锥相似。

The smaller pyramid is similar to the original

大提示:

表面积之比是高之比的平方,所以 hh2=2\dfrac{h}{h-2}=\sqrt2

The ratio of surface areas is the square of the ratio of altitudes, so hh2=2\dfrac{h}{h-2}=\sqrt2

解答:

设原棱锥高为 hh,小棱锥高为 h2h-2

两个棱锥相似,所以表面积之比等于高之比的平方。小棱锥表面积为原来的一半,因此 (h2h)2=12\left(\dfrac{h-2}{h}\right)^2=\dfrac12,从而 hh2=2\dfrac{h}{h-2}=\sqrt2

于是 h=2(h2)h=\sqrt2(h-2),所以 h(21)=22h(\sqrt2-1)=2\sqrt2h=2221=4+22h=\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{\sqrt2-1}=4+2\sqrt2

所以正确答案是 E

Let hh be the altitude of the original pyramid; the smaller pyramid has altitude h2.h-2. The two pyramids are similar, so the ratio of their surface areas is the square of the ratio of their altitudes.

The smaller surface area is half the original, so (h2h)2=12,\left(\dfrac{h-2}{h}\right)^2=\dfrac12, giving hh2=2.\dfrac{h}{h-2}=\sqrt2.

Then h=2(h2),h=\sqrt2(h-2), so h(21)=22h(\sqrt2-1)=2\sqrt2 and h=2221=4+22.h=\dfrac{2\sqrt2}{\sqrt2-1}=4+2\sqrt2.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

24.

nn 表示最小的正整数,它能同时被 4499 整除,且 1010 进制表示只由数字 4499 组成,并且两种数字至少各出现一次。nn 的最后四位数字是什么?

Let nn denote the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both 44 and 9,9, and whose base-1010 representation consists of only 44’s and 99’s, with at least one of each. What are the last four digits of n?n?

44444444

44944494

49444944

94449444

99449944

难度评级:1980
小提示:

99 整除限制数字和;被 44 整除限制最后两位。

Divisibility by 99 constrains the digit sum; divisibility by 44 constrains the last two digits

大提示:

数字和迫使至少有九个 44,且最后两位必须都是 44

The digit sum forces at least nine 44’s, and the last two digits must both be 44

解答:

因为 nn 能被 99 整除,其数字和是 99 的倍数。若四这个数字出现 kk 次,九这个数字出现 mm 次,则数字和为 4k+9m4k+9m,所以 4k4k 能被 99 整除,迫使 kk 也能被 99 整除。因此 k9k\ge 9,并且至少有一个 99,这个数至少有十位。

要被 44 整除,最后两位必须组成 44 的倍数。在 4444494994949999 中,只有 4444 可行,所以 nn4444 结尾。

最小的这样十位数把唯一的 99 放在最低的可用数位上,得到 4,444,444,9444{,}444{,}444{,}944,最后四位是 49444944

所以正确答案是 C

Since nn is divisible by 9,9, its digit sum is a multiple of 9.9. With kk fours and mm nines, the digit sum is 4k+9m,4k+9m, so 4k4k is divisible by 9,9, forcing kk to be divisible by 9.9. Thus k9,k\ge 9, and with at least one 9,9, the number has at least ten digits.

For divisibility by 4,4, the last two digits must form a multiple of 4,4, and among 44,44, 49,49, 94,94, and 9999 only 4444 works, so nn ends in 44.44.

The smallest such ten-digit number places the single 99 in the lowest available position, giving 4,444,444,944.4{,}444{,}444{,}944. Its last four digits are 4944.4944.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

25.

有多少对正整数 (a,b)(a,b) 满足:aabb 没有大于 11 的公因数,并且

ab+14b9a\frac{a}{b}+\frac{14b}{9a}

是整数?

How many pairs of positive integers (a,b)(a,b) are there such that aa and bb have no common factors greater than 11 and

ab+14b9a\frac{a}{b}+\frac{14b}{9a}

is an integer?

44

66

99

1212

无穷多

infinitely many

难度评级:2170
小提示:

合并成一个分式 9a2+14b29ab\dfrac{9a^2+14b^2}{9ab},并使用 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a,b)=1

Combine into the single fraction 9a2+14b29ab\dfrac{9a^2+14b^2}{9ab} and use gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a,b)=1

大提示:

推出 1414 能被 aa 整除,且 99 能被 bb 整除,再测试有限个数对。

Deduce that 1414 is divisible by aa and 99 is divisible by b,b, then test the finitely many pairs

解答:

合并后,表达式为 9a2+14b29ab\dfrac{9a^2+14b^2}{9ab}。若它是整数,则 aa 必须整除 9a2+14b29a^2+14b^2,因此 14b214b^2 能被 aa 整除。由于 gcd(a,b)=1\gcd(a,b)=1,得 1414 能被 aa 整除。同理 9a29a^2 能被 bb 整除,所以 99 能被 bb 整除。

所以 a{1,2,7,14}a\in\{1,2,7,14\}b{1,3,9}b\in\{1,3,9\}。检查这些情况,只有 b=3b=3 时对每个允许的 aa 都得到整数。

有效数对为 (1,3)(1,3)(2,3)(2,3)(7,3)(7,3)(14,3)(14,3),共 44 对。

所以正确答案是 A

Combining, the expression is 9a2+14b29ab.\dfrac{9a^2+14b^2}{9ab}. For this to be an integer, aa must divide 9a2+14b2,9a^2+14b^2, hence 14b214b^2 is divisible by a.a. Since gcd(a,b)=1,\gcd(a,b)=1, we get that 1414 is divisible by a.a. Similarly, 9a29a^2 is divisible by b,b, so 99 is divisible by b.b.

So a{1,2,7,14}a\in\{1,2,7,14\} and b{1,3,9}.b\in\{1,3,9\}. Checking these, only b=3b=3 makes the expression an integer for each allowed a.a.

The valid pairs are (1,3),(1,3), (2,3),(2,3), (7,3),(7,3), and (14,3),(14,3), for a total of 4.4.

Thus, the correct answer is A.