2021 AIME II Problem 10

Below is the professionally curated solution for Problem 10 of the 2021 AIME II, from LIVE by Po-Shen Loh. You can also try the full timed exam, view all 2021 AIME II solutions, or check the answer key.

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Concepts:sphere3D geometryPythagorean Theoremtrigonometry

Difficulty rating: 2990

10.

Two spheres with radii 3636 and one sphere with radius 1313 are each externally tangent to the other two spheres and to two different planes P\mathcal{P} and Q.\mathcal{Q}. The intersection of planes P\mathcal{P} and Q\mathcal{Q} is the line .\ell. The distance from line \ell to the point where the sphere with radius 1313 is tangent to plane P\mathcal{P} is mn,\frac{m}{n}, where mm and nn are relatively prime positive integers. Find m+n.m + n.

Solution:

A sphere of radius rr tangent to both planes has its center on the half-plane bisecting the dihedral angle. If the dihedral angle is 2θ,2\theta, the center is at distance rsinθ\frac{r}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. In the cross-section through the center perpendicular to ,\ell, the point of ,\ell, the center, and the tangent point on P\mathcal{P} form a right triangle with angle θ\theta at ,\ell, so the tangent point lies at distance rcosθsinθ\frac{r\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} from .\ell.

Measure positions along .\ell. The centers of the two radius-3636 spheres are both at distance 36sinθ\frac{36}{\sin\theta} from \ell and are 7272 apart, so they differ by 7272 along ,\ell, and by symmetry the radius-1313 center sits halfway between them along ,\ell, at distance 13sinθ\frac{13}{\sin\theta} from .\ell. External tangency makes its distance to each big center 49:49: (36sinθ13sinθ)2+362=492,\left(\frac{36}{\sin\theta} - \frac{13}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 + 36^2 = 49^2, so (23sinθ)2=492362=1105.\left(\frac{23}{\sin\theta}\right)^2 = 49^2 - 36^2 = 1105. Since 232+242=1105,23^2 + 24^2 = 1105, we get sinθ=231105\sin\theta = \frac{23}{\sqrt{1105}} and cosθ=241105.\cos\theta = \frac{24}{\sqrt{1105}}.

The required distance is 13cosθsinθ=132423=31223,\frac{13\cos\theta}{\sin\theta} = \frac{13 \cdot 24}{23} = \frac{312}{23}, which is in lowest terms, so m+n=312+23=335.m + n = 312 + 23 = 335.

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