2003 AMC 12A 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

20032003 个正偶数的和与前 20032003 个正奇数的和相差多少?

What is the difference between the sum of the first 20032003 even counting numbers and the sum of the first 20032003 odd counting numbers?

00

11

22

20032003

40064006

知识点:求和配对与分组
难度评级:890
小提示:

把每个偶数与它前面的那个奇数配对。

Pair each even number with the odd number just below it

大提示:

每一对都相差 11,共有 20032003 对。

Each of the 20032003 pairs differs by 11

解答:

kk 个正偶数是 2k2k,第 kk 个正奇数是 2k12k-1,二者相差 11

20032003 对的差相加,得到 20031=20032003 \cdot 1 = 2003

所以正确答案是 D

The kkth even counting number is 2k2k and the kkth odd counting number is 2k1,2k-1, which differ by 1.1.

Summing this difference over all 20032003 pairs gives 20031=2003.2003 \cdot 1 = 2003.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

2.

Rockham 足球联盟的成员购买袜子和 T 恤。一双袜子 $4\$4,每件 T 恤比一双袜子贵 $5\$5。每位成员主场比赛需要一双袜子和一件 T 恤,客场比赛也需要一双袜子和一件 T 恤。若总费用为 $2366\$2366,联盟有多少名成员?

Members of the Rockham Soccer League buy socks and T-shirts. Socks cost $4\$4 per pair and each T-shirt costs $5\$5 more than a pair of socks. Each member needs one pair of socks and a shirt for home games and another pair of socks and a shirt for away games. If the total cost is $2366,\$2366, how many members are in the League?

7777

9191

143143

182182

286286

知识点:钱币一次方程
难度评级:1020
小提示:

一件 T 恤价格为 $4+$5=$9\$4+\$5=\$9

A T-shirt costs $4+$5=$9\$4+\$5=\$9

大提示:

每位成员买两双袜子和两件 T 恤。

Each member buys two pairs of socks and two shirts

解答:

一件 T 恤价格为 4+5=94+5=9 美元。

每位成员需要两双袜子和两件 T 恤,费用为 2(4)+2(9)=262(4)+2(9)=26 美元。

因此成员人数为 2366÷26=912366 \div 26 = 91

所以正确答案是 B

A T-shirt costs 4+5=94+5=9 dollars.

Each member needs two pairs of socks and two shirts, costing 2(4)+2(9)=262(4)+2(9)=26 dollars.

The number of members is 2366÷26=91.2366 \div 26 = 91.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

3.

一个实心长方体盒子的尺寸为 1515 cm、1010 cm、88 cm。从这个盒子的每个角切去一个棱长 33 cm 的立方体后得到一个新的实心体。原体积的百分之多少被切去?

A solid box is 1515 cm by 1010 cm by 88 cm. A new solid is formed by removing a cube 33 cm on a side from each corner of this box. What percent of the original volume is removed?

4.54.5

99

1212

1818

2424

知识点:体积百分数
难度评级:1130
小提示:

长方体有 88 个角。

The box has 88 corners

大提示:

每个被切去的立方体体积为 333^3

Each removed cube has volume 333^3

解答:

原体积为 15108=120015 \cdot 10 \cdot 8 = 1200

切去八个角立方体,每个体积为 33=273^3 = 27,总共切去 827=2168 \cdot 27 = 216

切去的比例为 2161200=0.18\dfrac{216}{1200} = 0.18,即 18%18\%

所以正确答案是 D

The original volume is 15108=1200.15 \cdot 10 \cdot 8 = 1200.

Eight corner cubes are removed, each of volume 33=27,3^3 = 27, totaling 827=216.8 \cdot 27 = 216.

The fraction removed is 2161200=0.18,\dfrac{216}{1200} = 0.18, which is 18%.18\%.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

4.

Mary 从家沿上坡路步行 11 km 到学校需要 3030 分钟,但沿同一路线从学校回家只需 1010 分钟。她往返全程的平均速度是多少 km/hr?

It takes Mary 3030 minutes to walk uphill 11 km from her home to school, but it takes her only 1010 minutes to walk from school to home along the same route. What is her average speed, in km/hr, for the round trip?

33

3.1253.125

3.53.5

44

4.54.5

难度评级:1130
小提示:

平均速度等于总路程除以总时间。

Average speed is total distance divided by total time

大提示:

总时间是 30+10=4030+10=40 分钟,也就是 =23=\dfrac23 小时

The total time is 30+10=4030+10=40 minutes =23=\dfrac23 hour

解答:

Mary 总共走 22 km,用时 30+10=4030+10=40 分钟,即 23\dfrac23 小时。

平均速度为 2÷23=32 \div \dfrac23 = 3 km/hr。

所以正确答案是 A

Mary walks a total of 22 km in 30+10=4030+10=40 minutes, which is 23\dfrac23 hour.

Her average speed is 2÷23=32 \div \dfrac23 = 3 km/hr.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

5.

两个 55 位数 AMC10\overline{AMC10}AMC12\overline{AMC12} 的和为 123422123422。求 A+M+CA + M + C

The sum of the two 55-digit numbers AMC10\overline{AMC10} and AMC12\overline{AMC12} is 123422.123422. What is A+M+C?A + M + C?

1010

1111

1212

1313

1414

知识点:位值数字谜
难度评级:1200
小提示:

AMC10=100AMC+10\overline{AMC10}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+10

AMC10=100AMC+10\overline{AMC10}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+10

大提示:

这两个数前三位相同,都是 AMC\overline{AMC}

The two numbers share the same leading three digits AMC\overline{AMC}

解答:

AMC10=100AMC+10\overline{AMC10}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+10,且 AMC12=100AMC+12\overline{AMC12}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+12

它们的和为 200AMC+22=123422200\cdot\overline{AMC}+22=123422,所以 AMC=617\overline{AMC}=617

因此 A+M+C=6+1+7=14A+M+C=6+1+7=14

所以正确答案是 E

Write AMC10=100AMC+10\overline{AMC10}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+10 and AMC12=100AMC+12.\overline{AMC12}=100\cdot\overline{AMC}+12.

Their sum is 200AMC+22=123422,200\cdot\overline{AMC}+22=123422, so AMC=617.\overline{AMC}=617.

Then A+M+C=6+1+7=14.A+M+C=6+1+7=14.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

6.

对所有实数 xxyy,定义 xyx\heartsuit yxy|x - y|。下列哪一个命题正确?

Define xyx\heartsuit y to be xy|x - y| for all real numbers xx and y.y. Which of the following statements is not true?

对所有 xxyyxy=yxx\heartsuit y = y\heartsuit x

xy=yxx\heartsuit y = y\heartsuit x for all xx and yy

对所有 xxyy2(xy)=(2x)(2y)2(x\heartsuit y) = (2x)\heartsuit(2y)

2(xy)=(2x)(2y)2(x\heartsuit y) = (2x)\heartsuit(2y) for all xx and yy

对所有 xxx0=xx\heartsuit 0 = x

x0=xx\heartsuit 0 = x for all xx

对所有 xxxx=0x\heartsuit x = 0

xx=0x\heartsuit x = 0 for all xx

xyx \neq yxy>0x\heartsuit y \gt 0

xy>0x\heartsuit y \gt 0 if xyx \neq y

知识点:绝对值反例
难度评级:1200
小提示:

x0=xx\heartsuit 0=|x|

x0=xx\heartsuit 0=|x|

大提示:

试一个负的 xx

Test a negative value of xx

解答:

因为 x0=x0=xx\heartsuit 0=|x-0|=|x|,选项 C 断言对所有 xx 都有 x=x|x|=x,但当 x<0x\lt0 时并不成立。例如,(1)0=11(-1)\heartsuit 0 = 1 \neq -1

其他命题都直接来自绝对值的性质。

所以正确答案是 C

Since x0=x0=x,x\heartsuit 0=|x-0|=|x|, statement (C) claims x=x|x|=x for all x,x, which fails when x<0.x\lt0. For example, (1)0=11.(-1)\heartsuit 0 = 1 \neq -1.

Every other statement follows directly from properties of the absolute value.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

7.

有多少个周长为 77、边长为整数且互不全等的三角形?

How many non-congruent triangles with perimeter 77 have integer side lengths?

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1270
小提示:

最长边必须小于周长的一半。

The longest side must be less than half the perimeter

大提示:

最长边至多为 33

The longest side is at most 33

解答:

设边长为 abca\le b\le c,且 a+b+c=7a+b+c=7。三角形不等式要求 c<a+bc\lt a+b,所以 c<3.5c\lt3.5,从而 c=3c=3

此时 a+b=4a+b=4,且 ab3a\le b\le3 得到 1-3-31\text{-}3\text{-}32-2-32\text{-}2\text{-}3 两种三角形。

所以正确答案是 B

Let the sides be abca\le b\le c with a+b+c=7.a+b+c=7. The triangle inequality requires c<a+b,c\lt a+b, so c<3.5,c\lt3.5, forcing c=3.c=3.

Then a+b=4a+b=4 with ab3,a\le b\le3, giving the triangles 1-3-31\text{-}3\text{-}3 and 2-2-3.2\text{-}2\text{-}3.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

8.

随机选取 6060 的一个正因数,该因数小于 77 的概率是多少?

What is the probability that a randomly drawn positive factor of 6060 is less than 7?7?

110\dfrac{1}{10}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

难度评级:1270
小提示:

60=223560=2^2\cdot3\cdot5,所以它有 (2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=12(2{+}1)(1{+}1)(1{+}1)=12 个因数。

60=223560=2^2\cdot3\cdot5 has (2+1)(1+1)(1+1)=12(2{+}1)(1{+}1)(1{+}1)=12 factors

大提示:

数出从 1166 的因数。

Count the factors from 11 through 66

解答:

60601212 个正因数为 1,2,3,4,5,61,2,3,4,5,6,以及 10,12,15,20,30,6010,12,15,20,30,60

其中小于 77 的有六个:1,2,3,4,5,61,2,3,4,5,6,所以概率为 612=12\dfrac{6}{12}=\dfrac12

所以正确答案是 E

The number 6060 has 1212 positive factors: 1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6, 10,12,15,20,30,60.10,12,15,20,30,60.

Six of them are less than 7,7, namely 1,2,3,4,5,6,1,2,3,4,5,6, so the probability is 612=12.\dfrac{6}{12}=\dfrac12.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

9.

xyxy 平面中的点集 SS 关于原点、两条坐标轴以及直线 y=xy = x 都对称。若 (2,3)(2, 3)SS 中,则 SS 中最少有多少个点?

A set SS of points in the xyxy-plane is symmetric about the origin, both coordinate axes, and the line y=x.y = x. If (2,3)(2, 3) is in S,S, what is the smallest number of points in S?S?

11

22

44

88

1616

知识点:变换对称性
难度评级:1350
小提示:

(2,3)(2,3) 关于 y=xy=x 反射,得到 (3,2)(3,2)

Reflecting (2,3)(2,3) over y=xy=x gives (3,2)(3,2)

大提示:

这些对称性会产生所有符号选择和坐标交换。

The symmetries produce every sign choice and coordinate swap

解答:

关于 y=xy=x 反射得到 (3,2)(3,2),再关于坐标轴反射得到所有 (±2,±3)(\pm2,\pm3)(±3,±2)(\pm3,\pm2)

共有 88 个点,并且这个集合已经关于原点、两条坐标轴和 y=xy=x 对称。

所以正确答案是 D

Reflecting across y=xy=x gives (3,2),(3,2), and reflecting across the axes gives all points (±2,±3)(\pm2,\pm3) and (±3,±2).(\pm3,\pm2).

There are 88 such points, and this set is already symmetric about the origin, both axes, and y=x.y=x.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

10.

Al、Bert 和 Carl 在学校抽奖中赢得一堆万圣节糖果,按 3:2:13 : 2 : 1 的比例分给他们。由于混乱,他们在不同时间来领奖,并且每个人都以为自己是第一个到的。如果每个人都拿走他认为自己应得的份额,那么有多少比例的糖果无人领取?

Al, Bert, and Carl are the winners of a school drawing for a pile of Halloween candy, which they are to divide in a ratio of 3:2:1,3 : 2 : 1, respectively. Due to some confusion they come at different times to claim their prizes, and each assumes he is the first to arrive. If each takes what he believes to be his correct share of candy, what fraction of the candy goes unclaimed?

118\dfrac{1}{18}

16\dfrac{1}{6}

29\dfrac{2}{9}

518\dfrac{5}{18}

512\dfrac{5}{12}

知识点:分数比与比例
难度评级:1440
小提示:

三人的份额分别是整堆的 12,13,16\dfrac12,\dfrac13,\dfrac16

The three shares are 12,13,16\dfrac12,\dfrac13,\dfrac16 of the whole

大提示:

每个人都会留下当时糖果的固定比例,所以顺序不影响结果。

Each person leaves a fixed fraction of whatever candy is present, so the order does not matter

解答:

三人的份额分别是 12,13,16\dfrac12,\dfrac13,\dfrac16

每个人都以为自己是第一个到的,所以在各自到达时,Al 留下当时糖果的 12\dfrac12,Bert 留下 23\dfrac23,Carl 留下 56\dfrac56

无论三人按什么顺序到达,无人领取的比例都是 122356=518\dfrac12\cdot\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac56=\dfrac{5}{18}

所以正确答案是 D

The shares are 12,13,16\dfrac12,\dfrac13,\dfrac16 of the pile.

Each person assumes he is first, so Al leaves 12,\dfrac12, Bert leaves 23,\dfrac23, and Carl leaves 56\dfrac56 of the candy present when he arrives.

The unclaimed fraction is 122356=518,\dfrac12\cdot\dfrac23\cdot\dfrac56=\dfrac{5}{18}, regardless of the order.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

11.

一个正方形和一个等边三角形周长相同。设 AA 为正方形外接圆的面积,BB 为三角形外接圆的面积。求 AB\frac{A}{B}

A square and an equilateral triangle have the same perimeter. Let AA be the area of the circle circumscribed about the square and BB be the area of the circle circumscribed about the triangle. Find AB.\frac{A}{B}.

916\dfrac{9}{16}

34\dfrac{3}{4}

2732\dfrac{27}{32}

368\dfrac{3\sqrt{6}}{8}

11

难度评级:1500
小提示:

选一个方便的共同周长,例如 1212

Choose a convenient common perimeter, such as 1212

大提示:

正方形的外接圆半径是对角线的一半;等边三角形的外接圆半径是 边长3\dfrac{\text{边长}}{\sqrt3}

A square’s circumradius is half its diagonal; an equilateral triangle’s is side3\dfrac{\text{side}}{\sqrt3}

解答:

令共同周长为 1212,则正方形边长为 33,三角形边长为 44

正方形的外接圆半径为 322\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{2},所以 A=π(322)2=9π2A=\pi\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{2}\right)^2=\dfrac{9\pi}{2}

三角形的外接圆半径为 43\dfrac{4}{\sqrt3},所以 B=π(43)2=16π3B=\pi\left(\dfrac{4}{\sqrt3}\right)^2=\dfrac{16\pi}{3}

于是 AB=92163=2732\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\frac{9}{2}}{\frac{16}{3}}=\dfrac{27}{32}

所以正确答案是 C

Let the common perimeter be 12,12, so the square has side 33 and the triangle has side 4.4.

The square’s circumradius is 322,\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{2}, so A=π(322)2=9π2.A=\pi\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt2}{2}\right)^2=\dfrac{9\pi}{2}.

The triangle’s circumradius is 43,\dfrac{4}{\sqrt3}, so B=π(43)2=16π3.B=\pi\left(\dfrac{4}{\sqrt3}\right)^2=\dfrac{16\pi}{3}.

Then AB=92163=2732.\dfrac{A}{B}=\dfrac{\frac{9}{2}}{\frac{16}{3}}=\dfrac{27}{32}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

12.

Sally 有五张红卡,编号为 1155,以及四张蓝卡,编号为 3366。她把卡片叠成颜色交替的顺序,并且每张红卡上的数都能整除相邻蓝卡上的数。中间三张卡片上的数之和是多少?

Sally has five red cards numbered 11 through 55 and four blue cards numbered 33 through 6.6. She stacks the cards so that the colors alternate and so that the number on each red card divides evenly into the number on each neighboring blue card. What is the sum of the numbers on the middle three cards?

88

99

1010

1111

1212

难度评级:1500
小提示:

在蓝色数字 3-63\text{-}6 中,红色 44 只能整除 44,红色 55 只能整除 55

Among the blue numbers 3-6,3\text{-}6, the red 44 divides only 44 and the red 55 divides only 55

大提示:

从被迫出现的两端 R4,B4R4,B4B5,R5B5,R5 向中间推。

Work inward from the forced ends R4,B4R4,B4 and B5,R5B5,R5

解答:

3,4,5,63,4,5,6 中,44 只能整除 4455 只能整除 55,所以两端必须是 R4,B4,,B5,R5R4,B4,\dots,B5,R5

又因为 22 只能整除 4466,所以下一张是 R2,B6R2,B6;而 33 只能整除 3366,完整顺序为 R4R4B4B4R2R2B6B6R3R3B3B3R1R1B5B5R5R5

中间三张是 6,3,36,3,3,和为 1212

所以正确答案是 E

Since 44 divides only 44 and 55 divides only 55 among 3,4,5,6,3,4,5,6, the two ends must be R4,B4,,B5,R5.R4,B4,\dots,B5,R5.

Because 22 divides only 44 and 6,6, the next card is R2,B6,R2,B6, and since 33 divides only 33 and 6,6, the full stack is R4,R4, B4,B4, R2,R2, B6,B6, R3,R3, B3,B3, R1,R1, B5,B5, R5.R5.

The middle three cards are 6,3,3,6,3,3, which sum to 12.12.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

13.

图中实线围成的多边形由 44 个全等正方形边对边连接而成。再把一个全等正方形接到图中标出的九个位置之一的某条边上。九种所得多边形中,有多少种可以折成一个缺少一个面的立方体?

The polygon enclosed by the solid lines in the figure consists of 44 congruent squares joined edge-to-edge. One more congruent square is attached to an edge at one of the nine positions indicated. How many of the nine resulting polygons can be folded to form a cube with one face missing?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1530
小提示:

缺少一个面的立方体需要 55 个正方形。

A cube with one face missing needs 55 squares

大提示:

先把四个正方形的部分围着立方体折起,再检查附加正方形是否落在仍未覆盖的面上。

Fold the four-square piece partway around a cube, then check which attached square lands on a still-open face

解答:

缺少一个面的立方体有 55 个面,所以第五个正方形必须折到四正方形拼块尚未占据的面上。追踪每个连接位置折到的面可知,位置 1122,和 33 会折到已占据的面并与之重叠。位置 4455667788,和 99 都会折到未占据的面。因此九个位置中有 66 个可行。

所以正确答案是 E

A cube missing one face has 55 faces, so the fifth square must fold onto a face not already occupied by the four-square piece. Tracing the face reached by each attachment, positions 1,1, 2,2, and 33 fold onto a face already occupied and overlap it. Each of positions 4,4, 5,5, 6,6, 7,7, 8,8, and 99 folds onto an unoccupied face. Therefore 66 of the nine positions work.

Thus, the correct answer is E.

14.

KKLLMMNN 位于正方形 ABCDABCD 所在平面内,使得 AKBAKBBLCBLCCMDCMDDNADNA 都是等边三角形。若 ABCDABCD 的面积为 1616,求 KLMNKLMN 的面积。

Points K,K, L,L, M,M, and NN lie in the plane of the square ABCDABCD so that AKB,AKB, BLC,BLC, CMD,CMD, and DNADNA are equilateral triangles. If ABCDABCD has an area of 16,16, find the area of KLMN.KLMN.

3232

16+16316 + 16\sqrt{3}

4848

32+16332 + 16\sqrt{3}

6464

难度评级:1570
小提示:

由图形的旋转对称性可知,KLMNKLMN 是正方形。

KLMNKLMN is a square by the rotational symmetry of the figure

大提示:

它的对角线 KMKM 等于原正方形边长加上两个三角形高 232\sqrt3

Its diagonal KMKM equals the square’s side plus twice the triangle height 232\sqrt3

解答:

正方形 ABCDABCD 边长为 44。由 9090^\circ 旋转对称性可知,KLMNKLMN 也是正方形。

每个边长为 44 的等边三角形高为 232\sqrt3,所以对角线 KM=4+2(23)=4+43KM=4+2(2\sqrt3)=4+4\sqrt3

对角线为 dd 的正方形面积是 12d2\dfrac12 d^2,因此 [KLMN]=12(4+43)2[KLMN]=\dfrac12(4+4\sqrt3)^2 =32+163=32+16\sqrt3

所以正确答案是 D

The square ABCDABCD has side 4.4. By the 9090^\circ rotational symmetry, KLMNKLMN is also a square.

Each equilateral triangle on a side of length 44 has height 23,2\sqrt3, so the diagonal KM=4+2(23)=4+43.KM=4+2(2\sqrt3)=4+4\sqrt3.

A square with diagonal dd has area 12d2,\dfrac12 d^2, so [KLMN]=12(4+43)2[KLMN]=\dfrac12(4+4\sqrt3)^2 =32+163.=32+16\sqrt3.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

15.

如图,一个直径为 11 的半圆位于一个直径为 22 的半圆上方。小半圆内部且大半圆外部的阴影区域称为月牙形。求这个月牙形的面积。

A semicircle of diameter 11 sits at the top of a semicircle of diameter 2,2, as shown. The shaded area inside the smaller semicircle and outside the larger semicircle is called a lune. Determine the area of this lune.

16π34\dfrac{1}{6}\pi - \dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4}

34112π\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} - \dfrac{1}{12}\pi

34124π\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} - \dfrac{1}{24}\pi

34+124π\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} + \dfrac{1}{24}\pi

34+112π\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{4} + \dfrac{1}{12}\pi

难度评级:1630
小提示:

小半圆的直径是大圆中长为 11 的弦,对应半径为 11 的圆中的 6060^\circ 圆弧。

The small diameter is a chord of length 11 in the large radius-11 circle, spanning a 6060^\circ arc

大提示:

月牙面积 ==(等边三角形 ++ 小半圆)- 大圆的 6060^\circ 扇形。

Lune == (equilateral triangle ++ small semicircle) - the 6060^\circ sector of the large circle

解答:

小半圆的直径是大圆半径 11 中长为 11 的弦,所以它在圆心处张成 6060^\circ

由该弦和小圆弧围成的区域等于一个面积 34\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} 的等边三角形加上小半圆面积 12π(12)2=π8\dfrac12\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{8}

减去大圆的 6060^\circ 扇形面积 16π(1)2=π6\dfrac16\pi(1)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{6},得月牙面积 34+π8π6=34π24\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}+\dfrac{\pi}{8}-\dfrac{\pi}{6}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}-\dfrac{\pi}{24}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 C

The small semicircle’s diameter is a chord of length 11 in the large circle of radius 1,1, so it subtends a 6060^\circ angle at the center.

The region bounded by that chord and the small arc is an equilateral triangle of area 34\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4} topped by the small semicircle of area 12π(12)2=π8.\dfrac12\pi\left(\dfrac12\right)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{8}.

Subtracting the 6060^\circ sector of the large circle, 16π(1)2=π6,\dfrac16\pi(1)^2=\dfrac{\pi}{6}, gives the lune area 34+π8π6=34π24.\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}+\dfrac{\pi}{8}-\dfrac{\pi}{6}=\dfrac{\sqrt3}{4}-\dfrac{\pi}{24}.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

16.

在等边三角形 ABCABC 内随机选一点 PPABP\triangle ABP 的面积大于 ACP\triangle ACPBCP\triangle BCP 的面积的概率是多少?

A point PP is chosen at random in the interior of equilateral triangle ABC.ABC. What is the probability that ABP\triangle ABP has a greater area than each of ACP\triangle ACP and BCP?\triangle BCP?

16\dfrac{1}{6}

14\dfrac{1}{4}

13\dfrac{1}{3}

12\dfrac{1}{2}

23\dfrac{2}{3}

难度评级:1660
小提示:

三个小三角形的底边相等,所以面积只取决于 PP 到各边的距离。

The three triangles share equal bases, so their areas depend only on PP’s distances to the sides

大提示:

由三重对称性,每一边对应的三角形成为最大者的概率相同。

By the threefold symmetry each side yields the largest triangle equally often

解答:

ABP\triangle ABPACP\triangle ACPBCP\triangle BCP 的底边都是等边三角形的边,长度相同,所以它们的面积分别与 PP 到对应边的距离成正比。

由等边三角形的三重对称性,ABP\triangle ABP 成为最大面积三角形的概率与另外两个相同,因此概率为 13\dfrac13

所以正确答案是 C

The triangles ABP,\triangle ABP, ACP,\triangle ACP, and BCP\triangle BCP have equal bases (the sides of the equilateral triangle), so their areas are proportional to the distances from PP to those sides.

By the threefold symmetry of the equilateral triangle, ABP\triangle ABP is the largest with the same probability as each of the other two, so that probability is 13.\dfrac13.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

17.

正方形 ABCDABCD 的边长为 44MMCD\overline{CD} 的中点。以 MM 为圆心、半径为 22 的圆与以 AA 为圆心、半径为 44 的圆相交于点 PPDD。点 PPAD\overline{AD} 的距离是多少?

Square ABCDABCD has sides of length 4,4, and MM is the midpoint of CD.\overline{CD}. A circle with radius 22 and center MM intersects a circle with radius 44 and center AA at points PP and D.D. What is the distance from PP to AD?\overline{AD}?

33

165\dfrac{16}{5}

134\dfrac{13}{4}

232\sqrt{3}

72\dfrac{7}{2}

知识点:坐标几何
难度评级:1730
小提示:

DD 放在原点,令 AAyy-轴上,CCxx-轴上。

Put DD at the origin with AA on the yy-axis and CC on the xx-axis

大提示:

PPAD\overline{AD} 的距离就是 PPxx-坐标。

The distance from PP to AD\overline{AD} is the xx-coordinate of PP

解答:

D=(0,0)D=(0,0)C=(4,0)C=(4,0)A=(0,4)A=(0,4)。以 M=(2,0)M=(2,0) 为圆心的圆为 (x2)2+y2=4(x-2)^2+y^2=4,以 AA 为圆心的圆为 x2+(y4)2=16x^2+(y-4)^2=16

解这两个方程,得到交点 P=(165,85)P=\left(\dfrac{16}{5},\dfrac85\right)

因为 AD\overline{AD}yy-轴上,点 PPAD\overline{AD} 的距离就是它的 xx-坐标,即 165\dfrac{16}{5}

所以正确答案是 B

Place D=(0,0),D=(0,0), C=(4,0),C=(4,0), and A=(0,4).A=(0,4). The circle centered at M=(2,0)M=(2,0) is (x2)2+y2=4,(x-2)^2+y^2=4, and the circle centered at AA is x2+(y4)2=16.x^2+(y-4)^2=16.

Solving these equations gives the intersection P=(165,85).P=\left(\dfrac{16}{5},\dfrac85\right).

Since AD\overline{AD} lies on the yy-axis, the distance from PP to AD\overline{AD} is its xx-coordinate, 165.\dfrac{16}{5}.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

18.

nn 是一个 55 位数,qqrr 分别是 nn 除以 100100 的商和余数。有多少个 nn 使 q+rq + r 能被 1111 整除?

Let nn be a 55-digit number, and let qq and rr be the quotient and remainder, respectively, when nn is divided by 100.100. For how many values of nn is q+rq + r divisible by 11?11?

81808180

81818181

81828182

90009000

90909090

知识点:模运算倍数
难度评级:1800
小提示:

n=100q+r=(q+r)+99qn=100q+r=(q+r)+99q

n=100q+r=(q+r)+99qn=100q+r=(q+r)+99q

大提示:

因为 99991111 的倍数,q+rn(mod11)q+r\equiv n\pmod{11}

Since 9999 is a multiple of 11,11, q+rn(mod11)q+r\equiv n\pmod{11}

解答:

n=100q+r=(q+r)+99qn=100q+r=(q+r)+99q,且 9999 能被 1111 整除,所以 q+rn(mod11)q+r\equiv n\pmod{11}

因此 (q+r)(q+r)1111 的倍数,当且仅当 nn1111 的倍数。

55 位数中,1111 的倍数个数为 9999911\left\lfloor\dfrac{99999}{11}\right\rfloor 999911-\left\lfloor\dfrac{9999}{11}\right\rfloor =9090909=8181=9090-909=8181

所以正确答案是 B

Since n=100q+r=(q+r)+99qn=100q+r=(q+r)+99q and 9999 is divisible by 11,11, we have q+rn(mod11).q+r\equiv n\pmod{11}.

So (q+r)(q+r) is a multiple of 1111 exactly when nn is a multiple of 11.11.

Among the 55-digit numbers, the count of multiples of 1111 is 9999911\left\lfloor\dfrac{99999}{11}\right\rfloor 999911-\left\lfloor\dfrac{9999}{11}\right\rfloor =9090909=8181.=9090-909=8181.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

19.

方程为 y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c 的抛物线关于 xx-轴反射。原抛物线和反射后的抛物线分别向相反方向水平平移五个单位,成为 y=f(x)y = f(x)y=g(x)y = g(x) 的图像。下列哪一项描述了 y=(f+g)(x)y = (f + g)(x) 的图像?

A parabola with equation y=ax2+bx+cy = ax^2 + bx + c is reflected about the xx-axis. The parabola and its reflection are translated horizontally five units in opposite directions to become the graphs of y=f(x)y = f(x) and y=g(x),y = g(x), respectively. Which of the following describes the graph of y=(f+g)(x)?y = (f + g)(x)?

一条与 xx-轴相切的抛物线

a parabola tangent to the xx-axis

一条不与 xx-轴相切的抛物线

a parabola not tangent to the xx-axis

一条水平直线

a horizontal line

一条非水平直线

a non-horizontal line

一个三次函数的图像

the graph of a cubic function

难度评级:1840
小提示:

把抛物线写成 a(xh)2+ka(x-h)^2+k;它的反射为 a(xh)2k-a(x-h)^2-k

Write the parabola as a(xh)2+k;a(x-h)^2+k; its reflection is a(xh)2k-a(x-h)^2-k

大提示:

做相反的 ±5\pm5 平移后,把 ffgg 相加,观察平方项抵消。

After the opposite ±5\pm5 shifts, add ff and gg and watch the squared terms cancel

解答:

把抛物线写成顶点式 y=a(xh)2+ky=a(x-h)^2+k。关于 xx 轴反射后,方程为 y=a(xh)2ky=-a(x-h)^2-k

向相反方向平移后,可写成 f(x)=a(xh+5)2+kf(x)=a(x-h+5)^2+kg(x)=a(xh5)2kg(x)=-a(x-h-5)^2-k

两式相加后平方项抵消,得到 (f+g)(x)=20a(xh)(f+g)(x)=20a(x-h)。因为 a0a\neq0,它是一条非水平直线。

所以正确答案是 D

Write the parabola in vertex form y=a(xh)2+k.y=a(x-h)^2+k. Its reflection about the xx-axis is y=a(xh)2k.y=-a(x-h)^2-k.

Shifting in opposite directions gives f(x)=a(xh+5)2+kf(x)=a(x-h+5)^2+k and g(x)=a(xh5)2k.g(x)=-a(x-h-5)^2-k.

Adding, the squared terms cancel and (f+g)(x)=20a(xh),(f+g)(x)=20a(x-h), which is a non-horizontal line since a0.a\neq0.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

20.

55 个 A、55 个 B、55 个 C 组成的 1515 个字母排列中,前 55 个字母没有 A,中间 55 个字母没有 B,最后 55 个字母没有 C 的排列有多少个?

How many 1515-letter arrangements of 55 A’s, 55 B’s, and 55 C’s have no A’s in the first 55 letters, no B’s in the next 55 letters, and no C’s in the last 55 letters?

k=05(5k)3\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^{5}\binom{5}{k}^3

35253^5 \cdot 2^5

2152^{15}

15!(5!)3\dfrac{15!}{(5!)^3}

3153^{15}

难度评级:1910
小提示:

在第一段(没有 A)中,设有 kk 个 B 和 5k5-k 个 C。

In the first block (no A’s), suppose there are kk B’s and 5k5-k C’s

大提示:

固定 kk 后,三段中的字母数都被确定,每段的位置选择数都是 (5k)\binom{5}{k}

Fixing kk determines the letter counts in all three blocks, each chosen with (5k)\binom{5}{k} placements

解答:

设第一段有 kk 个 B 和 5k5-k 个 C。剩下的 kk 个 C 必须放在第二段(因为第三段没有 C),于是第二段有 5k5-k 个 A。

那么第三段含有剩下的 kk 个 A 和 5k5-k 个 B。

对每个 kk,第一段中的 kk 个 B、第二段中的 kk 个 C、第三段中的 kk 个 A 的位置共有 (5k)3\binom{5}{k}^3 种选法,所以总数为 k=05(5k)3\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^{5}\binom{5}{k}^3

所以正确答案是 A

Suppose the first block holds kk B’s and 5k5-k C’s. The remaining kk C’s must go in the second block (since the third has no C’s), forcing 5k5-k A’s there.

Then the third block contains the remaining kk A’s and 5k5-k B’s.

For each k,k, the kk B’s in the first block, kk C’s in the second, and kk A’s in the third can be placed in (5k)3\binom{5}{k}^3 ways, so the total is k=05(5k)3.\displaystyle\sum_{k=0}^{5}\binom{5}{k}^3.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

21.

多项式 P(x)=x5+ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e \begin{aligned} &P(x) = x^5 + ax^4 + bx^3 \\ &\quad {}+ cx^2 + dx + e \end{aligned}

的图像有五个不同的 xx 截距,其中一个是 (0,0)(0, 0)。下列哪个系数不可能为零?

The graph of the polynomial P(x)=x5+ax4+bx3+cx2+dx+e \begin{aligned} &P(x) = x^5 + ax^4 + bx^3 \\ &\quad {}+ cx^2 + dx + e \end{aligned}

has five distinct xx-intercepts, one of which is at (0,0).(0, 0). Which of the following coefficients cannot be zero?

aa

bb

cc

dd

ee

难度评级:1990
小提示:

P(0)=0P(0)=0 迫使 e=0e=0

P(0)=0P(0)=0 forces e=0e=0

大提示:

提出因子 xx;剩下四次多项式的常数项是四个非零根的乘积。

Factor out x;x; the constant term of the remaining quartic is the product of the four nonzero roots

解答:

因为 (0,0)(0,0) 是截距,P(0)=e=0P(0)=e=0,所以 P(x)P(x) =x(x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d)=x\left(x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d\right)

其余四个截距都是非零且互不相同的根,而 dd 等于这四个非零根的乘积,因此不可能为零。

通过适当选择根,a,b,ca,b,c 都可能为零,但 d0d\neq0

所以正确答案是 D

Since (0,0)(0,0) is an intercept, P(0)=e=0,P(0)=e=0, so P(x)P(x) =x(x4+ax3+bx2+cx+d).=x\left(x^4+ax^3+bx^2+cx+d\right).

The four remaining intercepts are nonzero and distinct, and dd equals their product, which is therefore nonzero.

Any of a,b,ca,b,c can be zero for suitable choices of those roots, but d0.d\neq0.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

22.

物体 AABB 在坐标平面中同时移动,每一步长度为一。物体 AA(0,0)(0, 0) 出发,每步等概率向右或向上。物体 BB(5,7)(5, 7) 出发,每步等概率向左或向下。下列哪一个数最接近两个物体相遇的概率?

Objects AA and BB move simultaneously in the coordinate plane via a sequence of steps, each of length one. Object AA starts at (0,0)(0, 0) and each of its steps is either right or up, both equally likely. Object BB starts at (5,7)(5, 7) and each of its steps is either left or down, both equally likely. Which of the following is closest to the probability that the objects meet?

0.100.10

0.150.15

0.200.20

0.250.25

0.300.30

难度评级:2010
小提示:

它们只能在各走 66 步后、沿直线 x+y=6x+y=6 相遇。

They can meet only after each has taken 66 steps, along the line x+y=6x+y=6

大提示:

相遇路径对的数量等于连接两个起点的 (125)\binom{12}{5} 条单调路径,总路径对数为 2122^{12}

The number of meeting path-pairs equals (125)\binom{12}{5} out of 2122^{12} total pairs

解答:

两物体相距 1212 步,所以只能在每个物体各走 66 步后,在反对角线 x+y=6x+y=6 上相遇。

AA 的六步路径与 BB 反向看的六步路径配对,相遇路径对与从 (0,0)(0,0)(5,7)(5,7) 的单调路径一一对应,共 (125)\binom{12}{5} 条。

概率为 (125)212=79240960.19\dfrac{\binom{12}{5}}{2^{12}}=\dfrac{792}{4096}\approx0.19,最接近 0.200.20

所以正确答案是 C

The objects are 1212 steps apart, so they can only meet after each takes 66 steps, on the anti-diagonal x+y=6.x+y=6.

Pairing AA’s six-step path with BB’s reversed six-step path matches meeting pairs one-to-one with the (125)\binom{12}{5} monotone walks from (0,0)(0,0) to (5,7).(5,7).

The probability is (125)212=79240960.19,\dfrac{\binom{12}{5}}{2^{12}}=\dfrac{792}{4096}\approx0.19, which is closest to 0.20.0.20.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

23.

乘积 1!2!3!9!1! \cdot 2! \cdot 3! \cdots 9!\, 的因数中,有多少个是完全平方数?

How many perfect squares are divisors of the product 1!2!3!9!?1! \cdot 2! \cdot 3! \cdots 9!\,?

504504

672672

864864

936936

10081008

难度评级:2110
小提示:

合并这些阶乘得到 23031355732^{30}\cdot3^{13}\cdot5^{5}\cdot7^{3}

Combine the factorials into 23031355732^{30}\cdot3^{13}\cdot5^{5}\cdot7^{3}

大提示:

平方因数中每个质数的指数都必须是偶数。

A square divisor uses an even exponent of each prime

解答:

该乘积为 1!2!9!=23031355731! \cdot 2! \cdots 9! = 2^{30}\cdot3^{13}\cdot5^{5}\cdot7^{3}\text{。}

一个平方因数形如 22a32b52c72d2^{2a}3^{2b}5^{2c}7^{2d},其中 0a150\le a\le150b60\le b\le60c20\le c\le2,且 0d10\le d\le1

选择数为 16732=67216\cdot7\cdot3\cdot2=672

所以正确答案是 B

The product is 1!2!9!=2303135573.1! \cdot 2! \cdots 9! = 2^{30}\cdot3^{13}\cdot5^{5}\cdot7^{3}.

A perfect-square divisor has the form 22a32b52c72d2^{2a}3^{2b}5^{2c}7^{2d} with 0a15,0\le a\le15, 0b6,0\le b\le6, 0c2,0\le c\le2, and 0d1.0\le d\le1.

The number of choices is 16732=672.16\cdot7\cdot3\cdot2=672.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

24.

ab>1a \ge b \gt 1loga(ab)+logb(ba)\log_a(\frac{a}{b}) + \log_b(\frac{b}{a}) 的最大可能值是多少?

If ab>1,a \ge b \gt 1, what is the largest possible value of loga(ab)+logb(ba)?\log_a(\frac{a}{b}) + \log_b(\frac{b}{a})?

2-2

00

22

33

44

难度评级:2170
小提示:

化简为 2logablogba2-\log_a b-\log_b a

Simplify to 2logablogba2-\log_a b-\log_b a

大提示:

c=logab>0c=\log_a b\gt0,使用 c+1c2c+\dfrac1c\ge2

With c=logab>0,c=\log_a b\gt0, use c+1c2c+\dfrac1c\ge2

解答:

展开得 logaab+logbba=(1logab)+(1logba)=2(logab+logba) \begin{aligned} &\log_a\dfrac ab+\log_b\dfrac ba \\ &\quad {}=(1-\log_a b)+(1-\log_b a) \\ &\quad {}=2-\left(\log_a b+\log_b a\right) \end{aligned}\text{。}

c=logab>0c=\log_a b\gt0。由 AM-GM,c+1c2c+\dfrac1c\ge2,所以原式至多为 00

c=1c=1,即 a=ba=b 时取等号,因此最大值为 00

所以正确答案是 B

Expand: logaab+logbba=(1logab)+(1logba)=2(logab+logba). \begin{aligned} &\log_a\dfrac ab+\log_b\dfrac ba \\ &\quad {}=(1-\log_a b)+(1-\log_b a) \\ &\quad {}=2-\left(\log_a b+\log_b a\right). \end{aligned}

Let c=logab>0.c=\log_a b\gt0. Since c+1c2c+\dfrac1c\ge2 by AM-GM, the expression is at most 0.0.

Equality holds when c=1,c=1, that is, when a=b,a=b, so the largest value is 0.0.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

25.

f(x)=ax2+bxf(x) = \sqrt{ax^2 + bx}。有多少个实数 aa 满足:至少存在一个正数 bb,使得 ff 的定义域和 ff 的值域是同一个集合?

Let f(x)=ax2+bx.f(x) = \sqrt{ax^2 + bx}. For how many real values of aa is there at least one positive value of bb for which the domain of ff and the range of ff are the same set?

00

11

22

33

无限多个

infinitely many

难度评级:2380
小提示:

a=0a=0,对任意 b>0b\gt0,定义域和值域都等于 [0,)[0,\infty)

If a=0,a=0, both the domain and range equal [0,)[0,\infty) for every b>0b\gt0

大提示:

a<0a\lt0,定义域为 [0,ba][0,-\frac{b}{a}]ff 的最大值为 b2a\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}}

For a<0a\lt0 the domain is [0,ba][0,-\frac{b}{a}] and the maximum of ff is b2a\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}}

解答:

a=0a=0f(x)=bxf(x)=\sqrt{bx} 的定义域和值域都是 [0,)[0,\infty),所以 a=0a=0 可行。

a>0a\gt0,定义域为 (,b/a][0,)({-}\infty,-b/a]\cup[0,\infty),而值域为 [0,)[0,\infty),二者不相同,因此没有这样的 bb

a<0a\lt0,定义域是 [0,ba][0,-\frac{b}{a}],值域是 [0,b2a]\left[0,\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}}\right]。令右端点相等,得 ba=b2a-\dfrac ba=\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}},所以 2a=a2\sqrt{-a}=-a,从而 a=4a=-4

因此共有 22aa 值,所以正确答案是 C

If a=0,a=0, then f(x)=bxf(x)=\sqrt{bx} has domain and range both [0,),[0,\infty), so a=0a=0 works.

If a>0,a\gt0, the domain is (,b/a][0,),({-}\infty,-b/a]\cup[0,\infty), while the range is [0,),[0,\infty), so no such bb exists.

If a<0,a\lt0, the domain is [0,ba][0,-\frac{b}{a}] and the range is [0,b2a].\left[0,\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}}\right]. Equating the right endpoints gives ba=b2a,-\dfrac ba=\dfrac{b}{2\sqrt{-a}}, so 2a=a,2\sqrt{-a}=-a, giving a=4.a=-4.

Thus there are 22 values of a,a, and the correct answer is C.