1970 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

1+1+1\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\sqrt1}} 的四次方是:

The fourth power of 1+1+1\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\sqrt1}} is:

2+3\sqrt2+\sqrt3

12(7+35)\tfrac12(7+3\sqrt5)

1+231+2\sqrt3

33

3+223+2\sqrt2

知识点:根式指数代数变形
难度评级:1740
小提示:

从最内层根式开始,由内向外化简

Simplify from the innermost radical outward

大提示:

最内层根式化为 11 后,将 1+2\sqrt{1+\sqrt2} 连续平方两次

After the innermost radical becomes 1,1, square 1+2\sqrt{1+\sqrt2} twice

解答:

最内层根式为 1=1\sqrt1=1,所以所给的数是 1+2\sqrt{1+\sqrt2}。它的四次方为 (1+2)2=1+22+2=3+22 \begin{aligned} (1+\sqrt2)^2&=1+2\sqrt2+2\\ &=3+2\sqrt2 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

The innermost radical is 1=1,\sqrt1=1, so the given number is 1+2.\sqrt{1+\sqrt2}. Its fourth power is (1+2)2=1+22+2=3+22. \begin{aligned} (1+\sqrt2)^2&=1+2\sqrt2+2\\ &=3+2\sqrt2. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

2.

一个正方形和一个圆的周长相等。圆的面积与正方形面积之比是:

A square and a circle have equal perimeters. The ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the square is:

4π\frac{4}{\pi}

π2\frac{\pi}{\sqrt2}

41\frac{4}{1}

2π\frac{\sqrt2}{\pi}

π4\frac{\pi}{4}

难度评级:1560
小提示:

设它们共同的周长为 pp

Let the common perimeter be pp

大提示:

pp 分别表示圆的半径和正方形的边长,再将两个面积相除

Express the circle radius and square side in terms of pp, then divide their areas

解答:

若共同的周长为 pp,则圆的半径为 p2π\frac{p}{2\pi},正方形的边长为 p4\frac{p}{4}。因此 π(p2π)2(p4)2=p24πp216=4π \frac{\pi\left(\frac{p}{2\pi}\right)^2}{\left(\frac p4\right)^2} =\frac{\frac{p^2}{4\pi}}{\frac{p^2}{16}}=\frac4\pi\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

If the common perimeter is p,p, then the circle has radius p2π\frac{p}{2\pi} and the square has side p4.\frac{p}{4}. Therefore π(p2π)2(p4)2=p24πp216=4π. \frac{\pi\left(\frac{p}{2\pi}\right)^2}{\left(\frac p4\right)^2} =\frac{\frac{p^2}{4\pi}}{\frac{p^2}{16}}=\frac4\pi.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

3.

x=1+2px=1+2^p,且 y=1+2py=1+2^{-p},则用 xx 表示 yy 为:

If x=1+2px=1+2^p and y=1+2p,y=1+2^{-p}, then yy in terms of xx is:

x+1x1\dfrac{x+1}{x-1}

x+2x1\dfrac{x+2}{x-1}

xx1\dfrac{x}{x-1}

2x2-x

x1x\dfrac{x-1}{x}

难度评级:1360
小提示:

由第一个方程解出 2p2^p

Solve the first equation for 2p2^p

大提示:

利用 2p=12p2^{-p}=\frac{1}{2^p},并化简 1+1x11+\frac{1}{x-1}

Use 2p=12p2^{-p}=\frac{1}{2^p} and simplify 1+1x11+\frac{1}{x-1}

解答:

x=1+2px=1+2^p2p=x12^p=x-1,所以 y=1+2p=1+1x1=xx1 \begin{aligned} y&=1+2^{-p}\\ &=1+\frac1{x-1}=\frac{x}{x-1} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

From x=1+2px=1+2^p we get 2p=x1,2^p=x-1, so y=1+2p=1+1x1=xx1. \begin{aligned} y&=1+2^{-p}\\ &=1+\frac1{x-1}=\frac{x}{x-1}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

4.

SS 为所有可表示成三个连续整数的平方和的数所组成的集合。则有:

Let SS be the set of all numbers which are the sum of the squares of three consecutive integers. Then we can say that:

SS 中没有元素能被 22 整除

No member of SS is divisible by 22

SS 中没有元素能被 33 整除,但有元素能被 1111 整除

No member of SS is divisible by 33 but some member is divisible by 1111

SS 中没有元素能被 3355 整除

No member of SS is divisible by 33 or by 55

SS 中没有元素能被 3377 整除

No member of SS is divisible by 33 or by 77

以上都不对

None of these

难度评级:1760
小提示:

将三个整数写成 n1,n,n+1n-1,n,n+1

Write the integers as n1,n,n+1n-1,n,n+1

大提示:

它们的平方和是 3n2+23n^2+2;先对模 33 考察,再检验一个模 1111 的余数

Their squared sum is 3n2+2;3n^2+2; examine it modulo 33 and test a residue modulo 1111

解答:

这个和为 (n1)2+n2+(n+1)2=3n2+2 \begin{gathered} (n-1)^2+n^2+(n+1)^2\\ =3n^2+2 \end{gathered}\text{。}它总是同余于 2(mod3)2\pmod3,所以 SS 中没有元素能被 33 整除。另一方面,取 n=5n=5 时得到 3(25)+2=773(25)+2=77,它能被 1111 整除。

因此,正确答案是 B

The sum is (n1)2+n2+(n+1)2=3n2+2. \begin{gathered} (n-1)^2+n^2+(n+1)^2\\ =3n^2+2. \end{gathered} It is always congruent to 2(mod3),2\pmod3, so no member of SS is divisible by 3.3. On the other hand, taking n=5n=5 gives 3(25)+2=77,3(25)+2=77, which is divisible by 11.11.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

5.

f(x)=x4+x2x+1f(x)=\dfrac{x^4+x^2}{x+1},其中 i=1i=\sqrt{-1},则 f(i)f(i) 等于:

If f(x)=x4+x2x+1,f(x)=\dfrac{x^4+x^2}{x+1}, then f(i),f(i), where i=1,i=\sqrt{-1}, is equal to:

1+i1+i

11

1-1

00

1i-1-i

知识点:复数指数函数
难度评级:1560
小提示:

利用 i2=1i^2=-1i4=1i^4=1

Use i2=1i^2=-1 and i4=1i^4=1

大提示:

分子为零,而分母不为零

The numerator vanishes while the denominator does not

解答:

因为 i2=1i^2=-1,且 i4=1i^4=1,所以 f(i)=i4+i2i+1=11i+1=0 f(i)=\frac{i^4+i^2}{i+1}=\frac{1-1}{i+1}=0\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Because i2=1i^2=-1 and i4=1,i^4=1, f(i)=i4+i2i+1=11i+1=0. f(i)=\frac{i^4+i^2}{i+1}=\frac{1-1}{i+1}=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

6.

xx 取实数时,x2+8xx^2+8x 的最小值是:

The smallest value of x2+8xx^2+8x for real values of xx is:

16.25-16.25

16-16

15-15

8-8

以上都不对

None of these

难度评级:1360
小提示:

配方

Complete the square

大提示:

将式子改写成 (x+4)216(x+4)^2-16

Rewrite the expression as (x+4)216(x+4)^2-16

解答:

配方可得 x2+8x=(x+4)216 x^2+8x=(x+4)^2-16\text{。}因为 (x+4)20(x+4)^2\ge0,所以当 x=4x=-4 时取得最小值 16-16

因此,正确答案是 B

Completing the square gives x2+8x=(x+4)216. x^2+8x=(x+4)^2-16. Since (x+4)20,(x+4)^2\ge0, the minimum occurs at x=4x=-4 and equals 16.-16.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

7.

在边长为 ss 的正方形 ABCDABCD 内,分别以 AABB 为圆心、以 ss 为半径画四分之一圆弧。两条圆弧在正方形内部交于点 XX。点 XX 到边 CDCD 的距离是多少?

Inside square ABCDABCD with side s,s, quarter-circle arcs with radii ss and centers at AA and BB are drawn. These arcs intersect at a point XX inside the square. How far is XX from side CD?CD?

12s(3+4)\tfrac12s(\sqrt3+4)

12s3\tfrac12s\sqrt3

12s(1+3)\tfrac12s(1+\sqrt3)

12s(31)\tfrac12s(\sqrt3-1)

12s(23)\tfrac12s(2-\sqrt3)

难度评级:1980
小提示:

两条连接到 XX 的半径与边 ABAB 构成一个等边三角形

The two radii to XX and side ABAB form an equilateral triangle

大提示:

XXABAB 的高为 s32\frac{s\sqrt3}{2};用正方形的高减去它

The altitude from XX to ABAB is s32\frac{s\sqrt3}{2}; subtract it from the square’s height

解答:

因为 AX=BX=AB=sAX=BX=AB=s,所以三角形 ABXABX 是等边三角形。因此 XXABAB 的垂直距离为 s32\frac{s\sqrt3}{2}。平行边 ABABCDCD 之间的距离为 ss,所以所求距离为 ss32=s2(23) s-\frac{s\sqrt3}{2}=\frac s2(2-\sqrt3)\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Since AX=BX=AB=s,AX=BX=AB=s, triangle ABXABX is equilateral. Thus the perpendicular distance from XX to ABAB is s32.\frac{s\sqrt3}{2}. The distance between the parallel sides ABAB and CDCD is s,s, so the requested distance is ss32=s2(23). s-\frac{s\sqrt3}{2}=\frac s2(2-\sqrt3).

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

8.

a=log8225a=\log_8 225,且 b=log215b=\log_2 15,则:

If a=log8225a=\log_8 225 and b=log215,b=\log_2 15, then:

a=b2a=\frac{b}{2}

a=2b3a=\frac{2b}{3}

a=ba=b

b=a2b=\frac{a}{2}

a=3b2a=\frac{3b}{2}

难度评级:1710
小提示:

225225 写成 15215^2,将 88 写成 232^3

Rewrite 225225 as 15215^2 and 88 as 232^3

大提示:

将两个对数都换成以 22 为底

Convert both logarithms to base 22

解答:

利用 225=152225=15^28=238=2^3,可得 a=log2(152)log2(23)=2log2153=2b3 \begin{aligned} a&=\frac{\log_2(15^2)}{\log_2(2^3)}\\ &=\frac{2\log_2 15}{3}=\frac{2b}{3} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

Using 225=152225=15^2 and 8=23,8=2^3, a=log2(152)log2(23)=2log2153=2b3. \begin{aligned} a&=\frac{\log_2(15^2)}{\log_2(2^3)}\\ &=\frac{2\log_2 15}{3}=\frac{2b}{3}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

9.

PPQQ 在线段 ABAB 上,且都位于 ABAB 中点的同一侧。点 PPABAB2:32:3 分割,点 QQABAB3:43:4 分割。若 PQ=2PQ=2,则线段 ABAB 的长度是:

Points PP and QQ are on line segment AB,AB, and both points are on the same side of the midpoint of AB.AB. Point PP divides ABAB in the ratio 2:3,2:3, and QQ divides ABAB in the ratio 3:4.3:4. If PQ=2,PQ=2, then the length of segment ABAB is:

1212

2828

7070

7575

105105

难度评级:1610
小提示:

APAPAQAQ 分别表示为 ABAB 的一部分

Express APAP and AQAQ as fractions of ABAB

大提示:

利用 AP=2AB5AP=\frac{2AB}{5}AQ=3AB7AQ=\frac{3AB}{7},再作差

Use AP=2AB5AP=\frac{2AB}{5} and AQ=3AB7AQ=\frac{3AB}{7}, then subtract

解答:

由分割比可得 AP=25AB,AQ=37AB AP=\frac25AB,\qquad AQ=\frac37AB\text{。}因为两点位于中点的同一侧,所以 PQ=AQAP=(3725)AB=135AB \begin{aligned} PQ&=AQ-AP\\ &=\left(\frac37-\frac25\right)AB\\ &=\frac1{35}AB \end{aligned}\text{。}PQ=2PQ=2AB=70AB=70

因此,正确答案是 C

The division ratios give AP=25AB,AQ=37AB. AP=\frac25AB,\qquad AQ=\frac37AB. Because the two points are on the same side of the midpoint, PQ=AQAP=(3725)AB=135AB. \begin{aligned} PQ&=AQ-AP\\ &=\left(\frac37-\frac25\right)AB\\ &=\frac1{35}AB. \end{aligned} Since PQ=2,PQ=2, we obtain AB=70.AB=70.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

10.

F=0.4818181F=0.4818181\ldots 是数字 8811 循环出现的无限循环小数。将 FF 写成最简分数后,分母比分子大:

Let F=0.4818181F=0.4818181\ldots be an infinite repeating decimal with the digits 88 and 11 repeating. When FF is written as a fraction in lowest terms, the denominator exceeds the numerator by:

1313

1414

2929

5757

126126

难度评级:1590
小提示:

将开头的 0.40.4 与后面的循环部分分开

Separate the initial 0.40.4 from the repeating tail

大提示:

循环部分为 0.081(1+0.01+0.012+)0.081(1+0.01+0.01^2+\cdots)

The tail is 0.081(1+0.01+0.012+)0.081(1+0.01+0.01^2+\cdots)

解答:

我们有 F=0.4+0.081(1+0.01+)=25+0.0810.99=25+9110=53110 \begin{aligned} F&=0.4+0.081(1+0.01+\cdots)\\ &=\frac25+\frac{0.081}{0.99}\\ &=\frac25+\frac9{110}\\ &=\frac{53}{110} \end{aligned}\text{。}分母比分子大 11053=57110-53=57

因此,正确答案是 D

We have F=0.4+0.081(1+0.01+)=25+0.0810.99=25+9110=53110. \begin{aligned} F&=0.4+0.081(1+0.01+\cdots)\\ &=\frac25+\frac{0.081}{0.99}\\ &=\frac25+\frac9{110}\\ &=\frac{53}{110}. \end{aligned} The denominator exceeds the numerator by 11053=57.110-53=57.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

11.

2x3hx+k2x^3-hx+k 的两个因式为 x+2x+2x1x-1,则 2h3k|2h-3k| 的值为:

If two factors of 2x3hx+k2x^3-hx+k are x+2x+2 and x1,x-1, the value of 2h3k|2h-3k| is:

44

33

22

11

00

难度评级:1590
小提示:

分别在 x=2x=-2x=1x=1 处应用因式定理

Apply the factor theorem at x=2x=-2 and x=1x=1

大提示:

解方程 16+2h+k=0-16+2h+k=02h+k=02-h+k=0

Solve 16+2h+k=0-16+2h+k=0 and 2h+k=02-h+k=0

解答:

由因式定理可得 16+2h+k=0,2h+k=0 \begin{aligned} -16+2h+k&=0,\\ 2-h+k&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}用第一个方程减去第二个方程,得到 3h=183h=18,所以 h=6h=6,进而 k=4k=4。因此 2h3k=1212=0 |2h-3k|=|12-12|=0\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

The factor theorem gives 16+2h+k=0,2h+k=0. \begin{aligned} -16+2h+k&=0,\\ 2-h+k&=0. \end{aligned} Subtracting the second equation from the first gives 3h=18,3h=18, so h=6h=6 and then k=4.k=4. Hence 2h3k=1212=0. |2h-3k|=|12-12|=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

12.

一个半径为 rr 的圆与矩形 ABCDABCD 的边 ABABADADCDCD 相切,并经过对角线 ACAC 的中点。用 rr 表示矩形的面积为:

A circle with radius rr is tangent to sides AB,AB, AD,AD, and CDCD of rectangle ABCDABCD and passes through the midpoint of diagonal AC.AC. The area of the rectangle, in terms of r,r, is:

4r24r^2

6r26r^2

8r28r^2

12r212r^2

20r220r^2

难度评级:2090
小提示:

圆与两条对边相切,所以矩形的一条边长为 2r2r

Tangency to the two opposite sides makes one side of the rectangle equal to 2r2r

大提示:

从第三个切点经过圆心的直线平分对角线,使相应的弦成为直径

The line from the third tangency point through the center bisects the diagonal, making the corresponding chord a diameter

解答:

圆与平行边 ABABCDCD 相切。两边之间的距离就是圆的直径,所以 AD=BC=2rAD=BC=2r。设 RRADAD 上的切点,QQ 为圆心,MMACAC 的中点。

直线 RQRQ 平行于 ABAB,并且位于 ABABCDCD 的正中间,所以 RRADAD 的中点,且该直线经过 MM。由于 MM 在圆上,且 R,Q,MR,Q,M 共线,所以 RM=2rRM=2r。因此 RMRM 是三角形 ADCADC 的中位线,从而 DC=2RM=4rDC=2RM=4r。所以面积为 (2r)(4r)=8r2 (2r)(4r)=8r^2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the circle be tangent to the parallel sides ABAB and CD.CD. Their separation is its diameter, so AD=BC=2r.AD=BC=2r. Let RR be the tangency point on AD,AD, let QQ be the center, and let MM be the midpoint of AC.AC.

The line RQRQ is parallel to ABAB and halfway between ABAB and CD,CD, so RR is the midpoint of ADAD and the line contains M.M. Since MM lies on the circle and R,Q,MR,Q,M are collinear, RM=2r.RM=2r. Thus RMRM is a midsegment of triangle ADC,ADC, so DC=2RM=4r.DC=2RM=4r. Therefore the area is (2r)(4r)=8r2. (2r)(4r)=8r^2.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

13.

对所有正数 aabb,定义二元运算 *ab=aba*b=a^b。则对任意正数 aabbccnn,恒有:

Given the binary operation * defined by ab=aba*b=a^b for all positive numbers aa and b.b. Then for all positive a,a, b,b, c,c, n,n, we have:

ab=baa*b=b*a

a(bc)=(ab)ca*(b*c)=(a*b)*c

a(bn)=(an)ba*(b^n)=(a*n)*b

(ab)n=a(bn)(a*b)^n=a*(bn)

以上都不对

None of these

难度评级:1710
小提示:

先根据定义替换每个 *,再比较等式两边

Replace every * using the definition before comparing the two sides

大提示:

对于选项 D,两边都化简成指数为 bnbn 的幂

For choice D, both sides simplify to a power with exponent bnbn

解答:

对于选项 D, (ab)n=(ab)n=abn,a(bn)=abn \begin{aligned} (a*b)^n&=(a^b)^n=a^{bn},\\ a*(bn)&=a^{bn} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此这个恒等式总是成立。其他选项会断言诸如 ab=baa^b=b^aabc=abca^{b^c}=a^{bc} 之类并非恒成立的等式。

因此,正确答案是 D

For choice D, (ab)n=(ab)n=abn,a(bn)=abn. \begin{aligned} (a*b)^n&=(a^b)^n=a^{bn},\\ a*(bn)&=a^{bn}. \end{aligned} Thus that identity always holds. The other choices would assert false general identities such as ab=baa^b=b^a or abc=abc.a^{b^c}=a^{bc}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

14.

考虑方程 x2+px+q=0x^2+px+q=0,其中 ppqq 均为正数。若此方程的两根相差 11,则 pp 等于:

Consider x2+px+q=0,x^2+px+q=0, where pp and qq are positive numbers. If the roots of this equation differ by 1,1, then pp equals:

4q+1\sqrt{4q+1}

q1q-1

4q+1-\sqrt{4q+1}

q+1q+1

4q1\sqrt{4q-1}

难度评级:1670
小提示:

用求根公式表示两根之差

Use the quadratic formula to express the difference of the roots

大提示:

两根之差的绝对值为 p24q\sqrt{p^2-4q}

The difference has magnitude p24q\sqrt{p^2-4q}

解答:

两根之差的绝对值为 p24q \sqrt{p^2-4q}\text{。}因此 p24q=1p^2-4q=1,所以 p2=4q+1p^2=4q+1。因为 pp 为正数,故 p=4q+1 p=\sqrt{4q+1}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

The two roots differ in absolute value by p24q. \sqrt{p^2-4q}. Hence p24q=1,p^2-4q=1, so p2=4q+1.p^2=4q+1. Since pp is positive, p=4q+1. p=\sqrt{4q+1}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

xyxy 平面内,过点 (3,4)(3,4) 与连接点 (4,5)(-4,5)(5,1)(5,-1) 的线段的两个三等分点分别作直线。其中一条直线的方程是:

Lines in the xyxy-plane are drawn through the point (3,4)(3,4) and the trisection points of the line segment joining the points (4,5)(-4,5) and (5,1).(5,-1). One of these lines has the equation:

3x2y1=03x-2y-1=0

4x5y+8=04x-5y+8=0

5x+2y23=05x+2y-23=0

x+7y31=0x+7y-31=0

x4y+13=0x-4y+13=0

难度评级:1620
小提示:

沿位移向量分别移动三分之一和三分之二,求出两个三等分点

Find the two trisection points by moving one-third and two-thirds of the displacement vector

大提示:

三等分点为 (1,3)(-1,3)(2,1)(2,1);求其中任一点与 (3,4)(3,4) 所确定的直线

The trisection points are (1,3)(-1,3) and (2,1)(2,1); find the line from either one to (3,4)(3,4)

解答:

(4,5)(-4,5)(5,1)(5,-1) 的位移为 (9,6)(9,-6)。因此两个三等分点为 (4,5)+13(9,6)=(1,3) (-4,5)+\tfrac13(9,-6)=(-1,3) (2,1)(2,1)。经过 (1,3)(-1,3)(3,4)(3,4) 的直线斜率为 14\frac{1}{4},所以 y4=14(x3) y-4=\frac14(x-3)\text{,}x4y+13=0x-4y+13=0

因此,正确答案是 E

The displacement from (4,5)(-4,5) to (5,1)(5,-1) is (9,6).(9,-6). The trisection points are therefore (4,5)+13(9,6)=(1,3) (-4,5)+\tfrac13(9,-6)=(-1,3) and (2,1).(2,1). The line through (1,3)(-1,3) and (3,4)(3,4) has slope 14,\frac{1}{4}, so y4=14(x3), y-4=\frac14(x-3), or x4y+13=0.x-4y+13=0.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

16.

若函数 F(n)F(n) 满足 F(1)=F(2)=F(3)=1F(1)=F(2)=F(3)=1,并且当 n3n\ge3 时, F(n+1)=F(n)F(n1)+1F(n2) F(n+1)=\frac{F(n)F(n-1)+1}{F(n-2)} F(6)F(6) 等于:

If F(n)F(n) is a function such that F(1)=F(2)=F(3)=1,F(1)=F(2)=F(3)=1, and such that F(n+1)=F(n)F(n1)+1F(n2) F(n+1)=\frac{F(n)F(n-1)+1}{F(n-2)} for n3,n\ge3, then F(6)F(6) is equal to:

22

33

77

1111

2626

难度评级:1450
小提示:

F(4)F(4) 开始逐项计算

Compute the terms one at a time beginning with F(4)F(4)

大提示:

依次将 n=3,4,5n=3,4,5 代入递推式

Use the recurrence successively for n=3,4,5n=3,4,5

解答:

依次应用递推式,得到 F(4)=11+11=2,F(5)=21+11=3 \begin{aligned} F(4)&=\frac{1\cdot1+1}{1}=2,\\ F(5)&=\frac{2\cdot1+1}{1}=3 \end{aligned}\text{,}以及 F(6)=32+11=7 F(6)=\frac{3\cdot2+1}{1}=7\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

Applying the recurrence successively, F(4)=11+11=2,F(5)=21+11=3, \begin{aligned} F(4)&=\frac{1\cdot1+1}{1}=2,\\ F(5)&=\frac{2\cdot1+1}{1}=3, \end{aligned} and F(6)=32+11=7. F(6)=\frac{3\cdot2+1}{1}=7.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

17.

r>0r\gt0,则对所有满足 pq0pq\ne0pr>qrpr\gt qrppqq,必有:

If r>0,r\gt0, then for all pp and qq such that pq0pq\ne0 and pr>qr,pr\gt qr, we have:

p>q-p\gt-q

p>q-p\gt q

1>qp1\gt-\frac{q}{p}

1<qp1\lt \frac{q}{p}

以上都不对

None of these

难度评级:1850
小提示:

因为 r>0r\gt0,题设条件只能推出 p>qp\gt q

Because r>0,r\gt0, the hypothesis gives only p>qp\gt q

大提示:

分别取正数和负数的 p,qp,q,检验其余结论

Test the remaining claims with both positive and negative choices of p,qp,q

解答:

因为 r>0r\gt0,题设条件等价于 p>qp\gt q。于是 p<q-p\lt-q,所以 A 错误。取 (p,q)=(2,1)(p,q)=(2,1) 可知 B 和 D 错误。取 (p,q)=(1,2)(p,q)=(1,-2) 时,qp=2-\frac{q}{p}=2,所以 C 错误。因此 A 至 D 中没有一个结论在所有情况下都成立。

因此,正确答案是 E

Since r>0,r\gt0, the hypothesis is equivalent to p>q.p\gt q. Then p<q,-p\lt-q, so A is false. Taking (p,q)=(2,1)(p,q)=(2,1) makes B and D false. Taking (p,q)=(1,2)(p,q)=(1,-2) makes C false because qp=2.-\frac{q}{p}=2. Thus none of A-D follows in every case.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

18.

3+22322\sqrt{3+2\sqrt2}-\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2} 等于:

3+22322\sqrt{3+2\sqrt2}-\sqrt{3-2\sqrt2} is equal to:

22

232\sqrt3

424\sqrt2

6\sqrt6

222\sqrt2

难度评级:1740
小提示:

将每个被开方数识别为二项式的平方

Recognize each radicand as a squared binomial

大提示:

利用 3±22=(2±1)23\pm2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2\pm1)^2

Use 3±22=(2±1)23\pm2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2\pm1)^2

解答:

因为 3+22=(2+1)2,322=(21)2 \begin{gathered} 3+2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2+1)^2,\\ 3-2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2-1)^2 \end{gathered}\text{,}2+1\sqrt2+121\sqrt2-1 都为正数,所以这个差为 (2+1)(21)=2 (\sqrt2+1)-(\sqrt2-1)=2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Since 3+22=(2+1)2,322=(21)2, \begin{gathered} 3+2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2+1)^2,\\ 3-2\sqrt2=(\sqrt2-1)^2, \end{gathered} and both 2+1\sqrt2+1 and 21\sqrt2-1 are positive, the difference is (2+1)(21)=2. (\sqrt2+1)-(\sqrt2-1)=2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

19.

一个公比为 rr、满足 r<1|r|\lt1 的无穷等比级数的和为 1515,而该级数各项平方的和为 4545。该级数的首项是:

The sum of an infinite geometric series with common ratio rr such that r<1|r|\lt1 is 15,15, and the sum of the squares of the terms of this series is 45.45. The first term of the series is:

1212

1010

55

33

22

难度评级:1990
小提示:

设首项为 aa,根据两个无穷和分别列方程

If the first term is a,a, write one equation for each infinite sum

大提示:

利用 a1r=15\frac{a}{1-r}=15a21r2=45\frac{a^2}{1-r^2}=45,再约去因式 1r1-r

Use a1r=15\frac{a}{1-r}=15 and a21r2=45\frac{a^2}{1-r^2}=45, then cancel a factor of 1r1-r

解答:

设首项为 aa。则 a1r=15,a21r2=45 \frac{a}{1-r}=15,\qquad \frac{a^2}{1-r^2}=45\text{。}因为 1r2=(1r)(1+r)1-r^2=(1-r)(1+r),用第二个方程除以第一个方程,得到 a1+r=3\frac{a}{1+r}=3。因此 a=15(1r)=3(1+r) a=15(1-r)=3(1+r)\text{。}解得 r=23r=\frac{2}{3},且 a=5a=5

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the first term be a.a. Then a1r=15,a21r2=45. \frac{a}{1-r}=15,\qquad \frac{a^2}{1-r^2}=45. Since 1r2=(1r)(1+r),1-r^2=(1-r)(1+r), dividing the second equation by the first gives a1+r=3.\frac{a}{1+r}=3. Thus a=15(1r)=3(1+r). a=15(1-r)=3(1+r). Solving gives r=23r=\frac{2}{3} and a=5.a=5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

20.

直线 HKHKBCBC 位于同一平面内。MM 是线段 BCBC 的中点,且 BHBHCKCK 都垂直于 HKHK。则:

Lines HKHK and BCBC lie in a plane. MM is the midpoint of line segment BC,BC, and BHBH and CKCK are perpendicular to HK.HK. Then we:

总有 MH=MKMH=MK

always have MH=MKMH=MK

总有 MH>BKMH\gt BK

always have MH>BKMH\gt BK

有时 MH=MKMH=MK,但并非总是如此

sometimes have MH=MKMH=MK but not always

总有 MH>MBMH\gt MB

always have MH>MBMH\gt MB

总有 BH<BCBH\lt BC

always have BH<BCBH\lt BC

难度评级:1790
小提示:

HKHK 放在 xx 轴上

Put HKHK on the xx-axis

大提示:

H=(h,0)H=(h,0)B=(h,u)B=(h,u)K=(k,0)K=(k,0)C=(k,v)C=(k,v);比较从它们中点出发的距离平方

Use H=(h,0),H=(h,0), B=(h,u),B=(h,u), K=(k,0),K=(k,0), and C=(k,v)C=(k,v); compare squared distances from their midpoint

解答:

选取坐标 H=(h,0),B=(h,u),K=(k,0),C=(k,v) \begin{gathered} H=(h,0),\quad B=(h,u),\\ K=(k,0),\quad C=(k,v) \end{gathered}\text{。}M=(h+k2,u+v2) M=\left(\frac{h+k}{2},\frac{u+v}{2}\right)\text{。}MMHHKK 的水平位移互为相反数,而竖直位移相等。因此 MH2=MK2MH^2=MK^2,所以总有 MH=MKMH=MK

因此,正确答案是 A

Choose coordinates H=(h,0),B=(h,u),K=(k,0),C=(k,v). \begin{gathered} H=(h,0),\quad B=(h,u),\\ K=(k,0),\quad C=(k,v). \end{gathered} Then M=(h+k2,u+v2). M=\left(\frac{h+k}{2},\frac{u+v}{2}\right). The horizontal displacements from MM to HH and KK are opposites, while the vertical displacements are equal. Therefore MH2=MK2,MH^2=MK^2, so MH=MKMH=MK always.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

21.

一辆汽车去程时,仪表盘显示行驶了 450450 英里。装上雪地轮胎后沿同一路线返程,仪表盘显示行驶了 440440 英里。若原车轮半径为 1515 英寸,求车轮半径增加了多少英寸,精确到百分位。

On an auto trip, the distance read from the instrument panel was 450450 miles. With snow tires on for the return trip over the same route, the reading was 440440 miles. Find, to the nearest hundredth of an inch, the increase in radius of the wheels if the original radius was 1515 inches.

0.330.33

0.340.34

0.350.35

0.380.38

0.660.66

难度评级:1650
小提示:

实际距离固定时,里程表读数与车轮半径成反比

For a fixed true distance, the odometer reading is inversely proportional to wheel radius

大提示:

若两个半径为 r1,r2r_1,r_2,则利用 450r1=440r2450r_1=440r_2

If the radii are r1,r2,r_1,r_2, use 450r1=440r2450r_1=440r_2

解答:

实际距离固定时,里程表读数与车轮转数成正比。因此 450r1=440r2,r2r1=4544 450r_1=440r_2, \qquad \frac{r_2}{r_1}=\frac{45}{44}\text{。}r1=15r_1=15 可知,增加的半径为 r2r1=15(45441)=15440.3409 \begin{aligned} r_2-r_1 &=15\left(\frac{45}{44}-1\right)\\ &=\frac{15}{44}\\ &\approx0.3409 \end{aligned}\text{。}精确到百分位是 0.340.34 英寸。

因此,正确答案是 B

For a fixed true distance, the odometer reading is proportional to the number of wheel revolutions. Thus 450r1=440r2,r2r1=4544. 450r_1=440r_2, \qquad \frac{r_2}{r_1}=\frac{45}{44}. With r1=15,r_1=15, the increase is r2r1=15(45441)=15440.3409. \begin{aligned} r_2-r_1 &=15\left(\frac{45}{44}-1\right)\\ &=\frac{15}{44}\\ &\approx0.3409. \end{aligned} To the nearest hundredth this is 0.340.34 inch.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

22.

若前 3n3n 个正整数之和比前 nn 个正整数之和多 150150,则前 4n4n 个正整数之和为:

If the sum of the first 3n3n positive integers is 150150 more than the sum of the first nn positive integers, then the sum of the first 4n4n positive integers is:

300300

350350

400400

450450

600600

难度评级:1590
小提示:

利用 1+2++m=m(m+1)21+2+\cdots+m=\frac{m(m+1)}{2}

Use 1+2++m=m(m+1)21+2+\cdots+m=\frac{m(m+1)}{2}

大提示:

题目所给的差化简为 4n2+n4n^2+n

The given difference simplifies to 4n2+n4n^2+n

解答:

Sm=m(m+1)2S_m=\frac{m(m+1)}{2}。则 2(S3nSn)=3n(3n+1)n(n+1)=8n2+2n \begin{aligned} 2(S_{3n}-S_n) &=3n(3n+1)\\ &\quad{}-n(n+1)\\ &=8n^2+2n \end{aligned}\text{。}由于 S3nSn=150S_{3n}-S_n=150,可得 4n2+n=1504n^2+n=150。因此 (n6)(4n+25)=0(n-6)(4n+25)=0,其正数解为 n=6n=6。所以 S4n=S24=24252=300 S_{4n}=S_{24}=\frac{24\cdot25}{2}=300\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

Let Sm=m(m+1)2.S_m=\frac{m(m+1)}{2}. Then 2(S3nSn)=3n(3n+1)n(n+1)=8n2+2n. \begin{aligned} 2(S_{3n}-S_n) &=3n(3n+1)\\ &\quad{}-n(n+1)\\ &=8n^2+2n. \end{aligned} Since S3nSn=150,S_{3n}-S_n=150, this gives 4n2+n=150.4n^2+n=150. Hence (n6)(4n+25)=0,(n-6)(4n+25)=0, and the positive solution is n=6.n=6. Therefore S4n=S24=24252=300. S_{4n}=S_{24}=\frac{24\cdot25}{2}=300.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

23.

10!10!(这里的 10101010 进制表示)写成 1212 进制时,末尾恰有 kk 个零。kk 的值为:

The number 10!10! (1010 is written in base 1010), when written in the base 1212 system, ends in exactly kk zeros. The value of kk is:

11

22

33

44

55

难度评级:1830
小提示:

一个 1212 进制末尾零对应一个因子 12=22312=2^2\cdot3

A trailing base-1212 zero contributes one factor of 12=22312=2^2\cdot3

大提示:

比较 10!10! 中质因数 2233 的指数

Compare the exponents of 22 and 33 in 10!10!

解答:

10!10! 中各质因数的指数为 v2(10!)=5+2+1=8,v3(10!)=3+1=4 \begin{gathered} v_2(10!)=5+2+1=8,\\ v_3(10!)=3+1=4 \end{gathered}\text{。}每个因子 12=22312=2^2\cdot3 需要两个因数 22 和一个因数 33。因此 1212 进制表示的末尾零个数为 min(82,4)=4 \min\left(\left\lfloor\frac82\right\rfloor,4\right)=4\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

The prime exponents in 10!10! are v2(10!)=5+2+1=8,v3(10!)=3+1=4. \begin{gathered} v_2(10!)=5+2+1=8,\\ v_3(10!)=3+1=4. \end{gathered} Each factor of 12=22312=2^2\cdot3 uses two factors of 22 and one of 3.3. Hence the number of trailing base-1212 zeros is min(82,4)=4. \min\left(\left\lfloor\frac82\right\rfloor,4\right)=4.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

24.

一个等边三角形与一个正六边形的周长相等。若三角形的面积为 22,则六边形的面积为:

An equilateral triangle and a regular hexagon have equal perimeters. If the area of the triangle is 2,2, then the area of the hexagon is:

22

33

44

66

1212

难度评级:1400
小提示:

设六边形的边长为 ss;由周长相等可知三角形的边长为 2s2s

Let the hexagon side be ss; equal perimeters make the triangle side 2s2s

大提示:

三角形可分成四个边长为 ss 的小等边三角形,而六边形可分成六个

The triangle splits into four small equilateral triangles of side ss, while the hexagon splits into six

解答:

设六边形的边长为 ss。它的周长为 6s6s,所以等边三角形的边长为 2s2s。大三角形由 44 个边长为 ss 的等边三角形组成,而六边形由 66 个这样的三角形组成。因此它们的面积之比为 64=32\frac{6}{4}=\frac{3}{2}。由于三角形的面积为 22,所以六边形的面积为 33

因此,正确答案是 B

Let the hexagon side be s.s. Its perimeter is 6s,6s, so the equilateral triangle has side 2s.2s. The large triangle consists of 44 equilateral triangles of side s,s, while the hexagon consists of 6.6. Their area ratio is therefore 64=32.\frac{6}{4}=\frac{3}{2}. Since the triangle’s area is 2,2, the hexagon’s area is 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

25.

对每个实数 xx,令 x\lfloor x\rfloor 表示不大于 xx 的最大整数。若一等邮件的邮资为每盎司或不足一盎司均收六美分,则一封重 WW 盎司的信的一等邮资(单位为美分)总是:

For every real number x,x, let x\lfloor x\rfloor be the greatest integer which is less than or equal to x.x. If the postal rate for first class mail is six cents for every ounce or portion thereof, then the cost in cents of first-class postage on a letter weighing WW ounces is always:

6W6W

6W6\lfloor W\rfloor

6(W1)6(\lfloor W\rfloor-1)

6(W+1)6(\lfloor W\rfloor+1)

6W-6\lfloor-W\rfloor

难度评级:1850
小提示:

计费的盎司数是不小于 WW 的最小整数

The number of charged ounces is the least integer at least WW

大提示:

利用恒等式 W=W\lceil W\rceil=-\lfloor-W\rfloor

Use the identity W=W\lceil W\rceil=-\lfloor-W\rfloor

解答:

每盎司或不足一盎司均计费,意味着计费的盎司数为 W\lceil W\rceil。向下取整函数和向上取整函数满足 W=W \lceil W\rceil=-\lfloor-W\rfloor\text{。}因此邮资为 6W=6W 6\lceil W\rceil=-6\lfloor-W\rfloor\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Charging for every ounce or portion thereof means the number of charged ounces is W.\lceil W\rceil. The floor and ceiling functions satisfy W=W. \lceil W\rceil=-\lfloor-W\rfloor. Thus the cost is 6W=6W. 6\lceil W\rceil=-6\lfloor-W\rfloor.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

26.

xyxy 平面内,考虑图形 (x+y5)(2x3y+5)=0 (x+y-5)(2x-3y+5)=0 和图形 (xy+1)(3x+2y12)=0 (x-y+1)(3x+2y-12)=0\text{。}这两个图形有多少个不同的公共点?

The number of distinct points in the xyxy-plane common to the graphs of (x+y5)(2x3y+5)=0 (x+y-5)(2x-3y+5)=0 and (xy+1)(3x+2y12)=0 (x-y+1)(3x+2y-12)=0 is:

00

11

22

33

44

无穷多个

infinite

难度评级:1640
小提示:

每个乘积方程都表示两条直线的并集

Each product equation represents a union of two lines

大提示:

先检查每组两条直线的交点,再考虑四种配对

Check the intersection of the two lines in each pair before considering all four pairings

解答:

第一个图形是以下两条直线的并集:x+y=5,2x3y=5 x+y=5,\qquad 2x-3y=-5\text{,}这两条直线交于 (2,3)(2,3)。第二个图形是以下两条直线的并集:xy=1,3x+2y=12 x-y=-1,\qquad 3x+2y=12\text{,}它们也交于 (2,3)(2,3)。事实上,将 (2,3)(2,3) 代入可知,它满足四条直线的方程。由于四条直线的斜率各不相同,不会有其他点同时属于两个图形。因此恰有一个公共点。

因此,正确答案是 B

The first graph is the union of x+y=5,2x3y=5, x+y=5,\qquad 2x-3y=-5, and those two lines meet at (2,3).(2,3). The second graph is the union of xy=1,3x+2y=12, x-y=-1,\qquad 3x+2y=12, and these also meet at (2,3).(2,3). In fact, substituting (2,3)(2,3) satisfies all four line equations. Since the four lines have distinct slopes, no other point can belong to a line from each graph. There is exactly one common point.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

一个三角形的面积在数值上等于其周长。内切圆的半径是多少?

In a triangle, the area is numerically equal to the perimeter. What is the radius of the inscribed circle?

22

33

44

55

66

难度评级:1830
小提示:

用内切圆半径和半周长表示面积

Express the area in terms of the inradius and semiperimeter

大提示:

利用 K=rsK=rs 以及周长 =2s=2s

Use K=rsK=rs and perimeter =2s=2s

解答:

rr 为内切圆半径,ss 为半周长,则三角形的面积为 K=rsK=rs,周长为 2s2s。由题设等式可得 rs=2s rs=2s\text{。}因为 s>0s\gt0,所以 r=2r=2

因此,正确答案是 A

If rr is the inradius and ss the semiperimeter, the triangle’s area is K=rs.K=rs. Its perimeter is 2s.2s. The given equality yields rs=2s. rs=2s. Since s>0,s\gt0, we obtain r=2.r=2.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

28.

在三角形 ABCABC 中,从顶点 AA 出发的中线垂直于从顶点 BB 出发的中线。若边 ACACBCBC 的长度分别为 6677,则边 ABAB 的长度为:

In triangle ABC,ABC, the median from vertex AA is perpendicular to the median from vertex B.B. If the lengths of sides ACAC and BCBC are 66 and 7,7, respectively, then the length of side ABAB is:

17\sqrt{17}

44

4124\tfrac12

252\sqrt5

4144\tfrac14

难度评级:2300
小提示:

将重心置于原点,并设 A,BA,B 的位置向量为互相垂直的向量 u,vu,v

Place the centroid at the origin and let the position vectors of A,BA,B be perpendicular vectors u,vu,v

大提示:

C=uvC=-u-v,所以 AC2=2u+v2AC^2=|2u+v|^2,且 BC2=u+2v2BC^2=|u+2v|^2

Then C=uv,C=-u-v, so AC2=2u+v2AC^2=|2u+v|^2 and BC2=u+2v2BC^2=|u+2v|^2

解答:

将重心置于原点。设 AABB 的位置向量分别为 uuvv。两条中线分别沿 uuvv 的方向,所以 uv=0u\cdot v=0。由重心条件还可得 C=uvC=-u-v

U=u2U=|u|^2,且 V=v2V=|v|^2。则 AC2=2u+v2=4U+V=36 AC^2=|2u+v|^2=4U+V=36 以及 BC2=u+2v2=U+4V=49 \begin{aligned} BC^2&=|u+2v|^2\\ &=U+4V=49 \end{aligned}\text{。}将两个方程取适当倍数后相加,得到 U+V=17U+V=17。最后, AB2=uv2=U+V=17 AB^2=|u-v|^2=U+V=17\text{,}所以 AB=17AB=\sqrt{17}

因此,正确答案是 A

Place the centroid at the origin. Let the position vectors of AA and BB be uu and v.v. The two medians lie along uu and v,v, so uv=0.u\cdot v=0. Also the centroid condition gives C=uv.C=-u-v.

Let U=u2U=|u|^2 and V=v2.V=|v|^2. Then AC2=2u+v2=4U+V=36 AC^2=|2u+v|^2=4U+V=36 and BC2=u+2v2=U+4V=49. \begin{aligned} BC^2&=|u+2v|^2\\ &=U+4V=49. \end{aligned} Adding appropriate multiples gives U+V=17.U+V=17. Finally, AB2=uv2=U+V=17, AB^2=|u-v|^2=U+V=17, so AB=17.AB=\sqrt{17}.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

29.

现在是 10:0010{:}0011:0011{:}00 之间。六分钟后,手表的分针将恰好指向三分钟前时针所指位置的正对面。现在的准确时间是多少?

It is now between 10:0010{:}00 and 11:0011{:}00 o’clock, and six minutes from now, the minute hand of a watch will be exactly opposite the place where the hour hand was three minutes ago. What is the exact time now?

10:0551110{:}05\tfrac5{11}

10:071210{:}07\tfrac12

10:1010{:}10

10:1510{:}15

10:171210{:}17\tfrac12

知识点:时钟一次方程
难度评级:1890
小提示:

设现在是 10:0010{:}00 之后 xx 分钟

Let xx be the number of minutes after 10:0010{:}00 now

大提示:

以分钟刻度为单位,未来的分针位于 x+6x+6,而过去时针位置的对面位于 20+x31220+\frac{x-3}{12}

In minute-space units, the future minute hand is at x+6x+6, while the point opposite the past hour hand is at 20+x31220+\frac{x-3}{12}

解答:

设现在是 10:0010{:}00 之后 xx 分钟。六分钟后,分针从 1212 顺时针走过 x+6x+6 个分钟刻度。三分钟前,时针越过 1010 的位置 x312\frac{x-3}{12} 个分钟刻度,所以它的正对面位于 20+x312 20+\frac{x-3}{12} 即从 1212 起经过这么多个分钟刻度。因此 x+6=20+x312 x+6=20+\frac{x-3}{12}\text{。}解得 x=15x=15,所以时间是 10:1510{:}15

因此,正确答案是 D

Let xx be the number of minutes after 10:0010{:}00 now. Six minutes from now, the minute hand is x+6x+6 minute spaces clockwise from 12.12. Three minutes ago, the hour hand was x312\frac{x-3}{12} minute spaces past the 10,10, so the point opposite it was 20+x312 20+\frac{x-3}{12} minute spaces past 12.12. Hence x+6=20+x312. x+6=20+\frac{x-3}{12}. Solving gives x=15,x=15, so the time is 10:15.10{:}15.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

30.

在所附图形中,线段 ABABCDCD 平行,角 DD 的度数是角 BB 的两倍,线段 ADADCDCD 的长度分别为 aabb。则 ABAB 的长度等于:

In the accompanying figure, segments ABAB and CDCD are parallel, the measure of angle DD is twice that of angle B,B, and the measures of segments ADAD and CDCD are aa and b,b, respectively. Then the measure of ABAB is equal to:

12a+2b\tfrac12a+2b

32b+34a\tfrac32b+\tfrac34a

2ab2a-b

4b12a4b-\tfrac12a

a+ba+b

难度评级:2190
小提示:

平分角 DD,并设角平分线与 ABAB 交于 PP

Bisect angle DD and let the bisector meet ABAB at PP

大提示:

追角可知 APD\triangle APD 为等腰三角形,而 PBCDPBCD 为平行四边形

Angle chasing makes APD\triangle APD isosceles, while PBCDPBCD is a parallelogram

解答:

D\angle D 的角平分线与 ABAB 交于 PP。因为 D=2B\angle D=2\angle B,所以每一半都等于 B\angle B。又因为 ABCDAB\parallel CD,内错角 APD\angle APD 也等于 PDC\angle PDC。因此三角形 APDAPD 为等腰三角形,并且 AP=AD=a AP=AD=a\text{。}此外,PBCDPB\parallel CD,且 BCPDBC\parallel PD,所以 PBCDPBCD 是平行四边形。因此 PB=CD=bPB=CD=b。所以 AB=AP+PB=a+b AB=AP+PB=a+b\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Let the bisector of D\angle D meet ABAB at P.P. Because D=2B,\angle D=2\angle B, each half has measure B.\angle B. Since ABCD,AB\parallel CD, the alternate interior angle APD\angle APD also equals PDC.\angle PDC. Thus triangle APDAPD is isosceles and AP=AD=a. AP=AD=a. Also PBCDPB\parallel CD and BCPD,BC\parallel PD, so PBCDPBCD is a parallelogram. Hence PB=CD=b.PB=CD=b. Therefore AB=AP+PB=a+b. AB=AP+PB=a+b.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

31.

从所有数位和等于 4343 的五位数中随机选取一个数。这个数能被 1111 整除的概率是多少?

If a number is selected at random from the set of all five-digit numbers in which the sum of the digits is equal to 43,43, what is the probability that this number will be divisible by 11?11?

25\frac{2}{5}

15\frac{1}{5}

16\frac{1}{6}

111\frac{1}{11}

115\frac{1}{15}

难度评级:2300
小提示:

9999999999 出发;数位和为 4343 意味着总共减少 22

Start from 9999999999; a digit sum of 4343 means a total deficit of 22

大提示:

可能情况是出现一个 77 或两个 88;应用 1111 的交错和整除判别法

The possibilities are one 77 or two 88s; apply the divisibility-by-1111 alternating-sum test

解答:

五位数最大的数位和为 4545,所以数位和为 4343 的数相对于 9999999999 总共减少 22。一种情况是一个数位为 77,其余数位为 99,共有 55 个数;另一种情况是两个数位为 88,其余数位为 99,共有 (52)=10\binom52=10 个数。因此总共有 1515 个数。

利用 1111 的整除判别法,恰有 97999,99979,98989 97999,\qquad 99979,\qquad 98989 能被 1111 整除。因此概率为 315=15\frac{3}{15}=\frac{1}{5}

因此,正确答案是 B

The maximum five-digit digit sum is 45,45, so a sum of 4343 has total deficit 22 from 99999.99999. Either one digit is 77 and the others are 99, giving 55 numbers, or two digits are 88 and the others are 99, giving (52)=10\binom52=10 numbers. Thus there are 1515 numbers total.

Using the divisibility-by-1111 test, exactly 97999,99979,98989 97999,\qquad 99979,\qquad 98989 are divisible by 11.11. The probability is therefore 315=15.\frac{3}{15}=\frac{1}{5}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

32.

AABB 从圆形跑道上一对直径相对的点同时出发,以匀速沿相反方向绕跑道行进。他们在 BB 行进 100100 码后第一次相遇,并在 AA 距离完成一圈还有 6060 码时第二次相遇。则跑道的周长(单位为码)是:

AA and BB travel around a circular track at uniform speeds in opposite directions, starting from diametrically opposite points. If they start at the same time, meet first after BB has travelled 100100 yards, and meet a second time 6060 yards before AA completes one lap, then the circumference of the track in yards is:

400400

440440

480480

560560

880880

难度评级:2190
小提示:

设跑道周长为 2C2C,比较两次相遇时两人的路程之比

Let the circumference be 2C2C and compare the two runners’ traveled-distance ratios at each meeting

大提示:

第一次相遇时两人的路程为 C100C-100100100;第二次相遇时为 2C602C-60C+60C+60

At the first meeting their distances are C100C-100 and 100100; at the second they are 2C602C-60 and C+60C+60

解答:

设跑道周长为 2C2C。第一次相遇时,BB 已行进 100100 码,AA 已行进 C100C-100,所以他们的速度之比为 vAvB=C100100 \frac{v_A}{v_B}=\frac{C-100}{100}\text{。}第二次相遇时,AA 距离完成一圈还差 6060 码,所以它已行进 2C602C-60。此时两人的路程之和为 3C3C,所以 BB 已行进 C+60C+60。因此 C100100=2C60C+60 \frac{C-100}{100}=\frac{2C-60}{C+60}\text{。}交叉相乘可得 C=240C=240,所以跑道周长为 2C=4802C=480 码。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the circumference be 2C.2C. At the first meeting, BB has traveled 100100 yards and AA has traveled C100,C-100, so their speed ratio is vAvB=C100100. \frac{v_A}{v_B}=\frac{C-100}{100}. At the second meeting, AA is 6060 yards short of one lap, so it has traveled 2C60.2C-60. By then their combined distance is 3C,3C, so BB has traveled C+60.C+60. Hence C100100=2C60C+60. \frac{C-100}{100}=\frac{2C-60}{C+60}. Cross-multiplying gives C=240,C=240, so the circumference is 2C=4802C=480 yards.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

33.

求数列 11223344\ldots1000010000 中所有数的各个数位之和。

Find the sum of the digits of all the numerals in the sequence 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 4,4, ,\ldots, 10000.10000.

180,001180{,}001

154,756154{,}756

45,00145{,}001

154,755154{,}755

270,001270{,}001

难度评级:1890
小提示:

先求从 0000000099999999 的所有数位之和

First sum the digits from 00000000 through 99999999

大提示:

在四个数位中的每一个位置,每个数字都恰好出现 10001000

In each of the four positions, every digit appears exactly 10001000 times

解答:

将从 0099999999 的整数写成带前导零的四位数。在四个数位中的每一个位置,数字 0011\ldots99 都出现 10001000 次。因此所有数位的总和为 41000(0+1++9)=400045=180000 \begin{gathered} 4\cdot1000(0+1+\cdots+9)\\ =4000\cdot45\\ =180000 \end{gathered}\text{。}1000010000 取代 00 会增加 11,所以所求的和为 180001180001

因此,正确答案是 A

Write the integers from 00 through 99999999 using four digits with leading zeros. In each of the four positions, every digit 0,0, 1,1, ,\ldots, 99 appears 10001000 times. Thus their total digit sum is 41000(0+1++9)=400045=180000. \begin{gathered} 4\cdot1000(0+1+\cdots+9)\\ =4000\cdot45\\ =180000. \end{gathered} Replacing 00 by 1000010000 adds 1,1, so the requested sum is 180001.180001.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

34.

13,51113{,}51113,90313{,}90314,58914{,}589 后所得余数相同的最大整数是:

The greatest integer that will divide 13,511,13{,}511, 13,903,13{,}903, and 14,58914{,}589 and leave the same remainder is:

2828

4949

9898

大于 494977 的奇数倍

an odd multiple of 77 greater than 4949

大于 989877 的偶数倍

an even multiple of 77 greater than 9898

难度评级:1650
小提示:

余数相同意味着除数能整除每两个数之差

A common remainder means the divisor divides every pairwise difference

大提示:

139031351113903-13511145891390314589-13903 的最大公因数

Find the GCD of 139031351113903-13511 and 145891390314589-13903

解答:

一个除数除这三个数所得余数相同,当且仅当它能整除这些数之间的差。相邻两个差为 1390313511=392,1458913903=686 \begin{gathered} 13903-13511=392,\\ 14589-13903=686 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此最大的可能除数为 gcd(392,686)=gcd(392,294)=gcd(294,98)=98 \begin{gathered} \gcd(392,686)\\ =\gcd(392,294)\\ =\gcd(294,98)=98 \end{gathered}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

A divisor leaves the same remainder on all three numbers exactly when it divides their differences. The two successive differences are 1390313511=392,1458913903=686. \begin{gathered} 13903-13511=392,\\ 14589-13903=686. \end{gathered} Therefore the greatest possible divisor is gcd(392,686)=gcd(392,294)=gcd(294,98)=98. \begin{gathered} \gcd(392,686)\\ =\gcd(392,294)\\ =\gcd(294,98)=98. \end{gathered}

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

35.

一名退休员工领取的年度养老金与其服务年数的平方根成正比。若他多服务 aa 年,养老金将增加 pp 美元;若他多服务 bb 年(bab\ne a),养老金将比原年度养老金增加 qq 美元。用 aabbppqq 表示他的年度养老金。

A retiring employee receives an annual pension proportional to the square root of the number of years of his service. Had he served aa years more, his pension would have been pp dollars greater, whereas, had he served bb years more (bab\ne a), his pension would have been qq dollars greater than the original annual pension. Find his annual pension in terms of a,a, b,b, p,p, and q.q.

p2q22(ab)\dfrac{p^2-q^2}{2(a-b)}

(pq)22ab\dfrac{(p-q)^2}{2\sqrt{ab}}

ap2bq22(apbq)\dfrac{ap^2-bq^2}{2(ap-bq)}

aq2bp22(bpaq)\dfrac{aq^2-bp^2}{2(bp-aq)}

(ab)(pq)\sqrt{(a-b)(p-q)}

难度评级:2440
小提示:

设当前养老金为 X=knX=k\sqrt n,并写出两种假设情况下的养老金

Let the current pension be X=knX=k\sqrt n and write the two hypothetical pensions

大提示:

X+p=kn+aX+p=k\sqrt{n+a}X+q=kn+bX+q=k\sqrt{n+b} 分别平方,再消去 nnk2k^2

Square X+p=kn+aX+p=k\sqrt{n+a} and X+q=kn+bX+q=k\sqrt{n+b}, then eliminate both nn and k2k^2

解答:

设当前养老金为 X=knX=k\sqrt n。因为 X+p=kn+aX+p=k\sqrt{n+a},且 X+q=kn+bX+q=k\sqrt{n+b},分别平方并利用 X2=k2nX^2=k^2n,得到下面前两个方程。再将它们分别乘以 bbaa,相减后得到第三个方程:2pX+p2=k2a,2qX+q2=k2b,2X(bpaq)=aq2bp2 \begin{gathered} 2pX+p^2=k^2a,\\ 2qX+q^2=k^2b,\\ 2X(bp-aq)=aq^2-bp^2 \end{gathered}\text{。}因此 X=aq2bp22(bpaq)X=\dfrac{aq^2-bp^2}{2(bp-aq)}

因此,正确答案是 D

Let the current pension be X=kn.X=k\sqrt n. Since X+p=kn+aX+p=k\sqrt{n+a} and X+q=kn+b,X+q=k\sqrt{n+b}, squaring and using X2=k2nX^2=k^2n gives the first line below. Multiplying its equations by bb and a,a, respectively, and subtracting gives the second: 2pX+p2=k2a,2qX+q2=k2b,2X(bpaq)=aq2bp2. \begin{gathered} 2pX+p^2=k^2a,\\ 2qX+q^2=k^2b,\\ 2X(bp-aq)=aq^2-bp^2. \end{gathered} Hence X=aq2bp22(bpaq).X=\dfrac{aq^2-bp^2}{2(bp-aq)}.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.