1969 AMC 12 详解

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所有题目均经美国数学协会(MAA)官方合法授权使用。

1.

xx 同时加到分数 ab\frac{a}{b} 的分子和分母上,其中 aba\ne bb0b\ne0,所得分数变为 cd\frac{c}{d}。则 xx 等于:

When xx is added to both the numerator and the denominator of the fraction ab,\frac{a}{b}, ab,a\ne b, b0,b\ne0, the value of the fraction is changed to cd.\frac{c}{d}. Then xx equals:

1cd\dfrac1{c-d}

adbccd\dfrac{ad-bc}{c-d}

adbcc+d\dfrac{ad-bc}{c+d}

bcadcd\dfrac{bc-ad}{c-d}

bcadc+d\dfrac{bc-ad}{c+d}

知识点:分式方程代数变形分数
难度评级:1340
小提示:

将变化写成 a+xb+x=cd\frac{a+x}{b+x}=\frac{c}{d}

Translate the change into a+xb+x=cd\frac{a+x}{b+x}=\frac{c}{d}

大提示:

交叉相乘,并合并含 xx 的项

Cross-multiply and collect the terms containing xx

解答:

a+xb+x=cd \frac{a+x}{b+x}=\frac cd ad+dx=bc+cxad+dx=bc+cx。因此 x(dc)=bcadx(d-c)=bc-ad,所以 x=bcaddc=adbccd x=\frac{bc-ad}{d-c}=\frac{ad-bc}{c-d}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

From a+xb+x=cd \frac{a+x}{b+x}=\frac cd we obtain ad+dx=bc+cx.ad+dx=bc+cx. Hence x(dc)=bcad,x(d-c)=bc-ad, so x=bcaddc=adbccd. x=\frac{bc-ad}{d-c}=\frac{ad-bc}{c-d}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

2.

若某商品以 xx 美元售出,则按成本计算亏损 15%15\%。但若同一商品以 yy 美元售出,则按成本计算获利 15%15\%。比值 y:xy:x 为:

If an item is sold for xx dollars, there is a loss of 15%15\% based on the cost. If, however, the same item is sold for yy dollars, there is a profit of 15%15\% based on the cost. The ratio y:xy:x is:

23:1723:17

17y:2317y:23

23x:1723x:17

取决于成本

dependent upon the cost

以上均不是

none of these

难度评级:1180
小提示:

设成本为 CC

Let the cost be CC

大提示:

写出 x=0.85Cx=0.85Cy=1.15Cy=1.15C,再求其比值

Write x=0.85Cx=0.85C and y=1.15C,y=1.15C, then form the ratio

解答:

若成本为 CC,则 x=0.85Cx=0.85Cy=1.15Cy=1.15C。因此 y:x=1.15C:0.85C=115:85=23:17 \begin{aligned} y:x&=1.15C:0.85C\\ &=115:85=23:17 \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 A

If the cost is C,C, then x=0.85Cx=0.85C and y=1.15C.y=1.15C. Therefore y:x=1.15C:0.85C=115:85=23:17. \begin{aligned} y:x&=1.15C:0.85C\\ &=115:85=23:17. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

3.

NN22 进制表示为 1100011000,则紧邻 NN 之前的整数用 22 进制表示为:

If N,N, written in base 2,2, is 11000,11000, the integer immediately preceding N,N, written in base 2,2, is:

1000110001

1001010010

1001110011

1011010110

1011110111

难度评级:1180
小提示:

从这个二进制数中减去 11

Subtract 11 from the binary number

大提示:

借位要穿过末尾的三个零

Borrow through the three trailing zeros

解答:

11000211000_2 中减去 11,需要依次向三个末尾的零借位。因此 11000212=101112 11000_2-1_2=10111_2\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 E

Subtracting 11 from 11000211000_2 requires borrowing through the three trailing zeros. Thus 11000212=101112. 11000_2-1_2=10111_2.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

4.

在整数有序对上定义二元运算 *(a,b)(c,d)=(ac,b+d)(a,b)*(c,d)=(a-c,b+d)。若 (3,2)(0,0)(3,2)*(0,0)(x,y)(3,2)(x,y)*(3,2) 表示相同的有序对,则 xx 等于:

Let a binary operation * on ordered pairs of integers be defined by (a,b)(c,d)=(ac,b+d).(a,b)*(c,d)=(a-c,b+d). Then, if (3,2)(0,0)(3,2)*(0,0) and (x,y)(3,2)(x,y)*(3,2) represent identical pairs, xx equals:

3-3

00

22

33

66

难度评级:1160
小提示:

直接计算两个有序对运算

Evaluate each ordered-pair operation directly

大提示:

令第一坐标 33x3x-3 相等

Equate the first coordinates 33 and x3x-3

解答:

第一个有序对为 (30,2+0)=(3,2)(3-0,2+0)=(3,2)。第二个为 (x3,y+2)(x-3,y+2)。第一坐标相等给出 x3=3x-3=3,所以 x=6x=6

因此,正确答案是 E

The first pair is (30,2+0)=(3,2).(3-0,2+0)=(3,2). The second is (x3,y+2).(x-3,y+2). Equality of the first coordinates gives x3=3,x-3=3, so x=6.x=6.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

5.

若一个数 NNN0N\ne0)减去其倒数的四倍等于给定实常数 RR,则对于该给定的 RR,所有可能的 NN 值之和为:

If a number N,N, N0,N\ne0, diminished by four times its reciprocal, equals a given real constant R,R, then, for this given R,R, the sum of all such possible values of NN is:

1R\dfrac1R

RR

44

14\dfrac14

R-R

难度评级:1400
小提示:

N4N=RN-\frac{4}{N}=R 改写成关于 NN 的二次方程

Rewrite N4N=RN-\frac{4}{N}=R as a quadratic in NN

大提示:

利用该二次方程的根之和

Use the sum of the roots of that quadratic

解答:

N4N=RN-\frac{4}{N}=R 乘以 NN,得到 N2RN4=0 N^2-RN-4=0\text{。}由韦达定理,两根之和为 RR。因为两根之积为 4-4,所以两根都非零。

因此,正确答案是 B

Multiplying N4N=RN-\frac{4}{N}=R by NN gives N2RN4=0. N^2-RN-4=0. The sum of its two roots is RR by Vieta’s formulas. Both roots are nonzero because their product is 4.-4.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

6.

两个同心圆之间圆环的面积为 1212π12\dfrac12\pi 平方英寸。大圆中与小圆相切的弦长(单位:英寸)为:

The area of the ring between two concentric circles is 1212π12\dfrac12\pi square inches. The length of a chord of the larger circle tangent to the smaller circle, in inches, is:

52\dfrac5{\sqrt2}

55

525\sqrt2

1010

10210\sqrt2

难度评级:1670
小提示:

若两个半径为 RRrr,则由面积可得 R2r2=252R^2-r^2=\frac{25}{2}

If the radii are RR and r,r, the area gives R2r2=252R^2-r^2=\frac{25}{2}

大提示:

相切弦的一半、小圆半径和大圆半径组成直角三角形

Half the tangent chord, the smaller radius, and the larger radius form a right triangle

解答:

设两个半径为 RRrr。由圆环面积可得 π(R2r2)=252π \pi(R^2-r^2)=\frac{25}{2}\pi\text{。}过切点的半径平分该弦。若弦长为 LL,则 (L2)2+r2=R2 \left(\frac L2\right)^2+r^2=R^2\text{。}因此 L=2R2r2L=2\sqrt{R^2-r^2},所以 L=2252=52L=2\sqrt{\frac{25}{2}}=5\sqrt2

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the radii be RR and r.r. The ring area gives π(R2r2)=252π. \pi(R^2-r^2)=\frac{25}{2}\pi. The radius to the tangent point bisects the chord. If its length is L,L, then (L2)2+r2=R2. \left(\frac L2\right)^2+r^2=R^2. Thus L=2R2r2,L=2\sqrt{R^2-r^2}, so L=2252=52.L=2\sqrt{\frac{25}{2}}=5\sqrt2.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

7.

若点 (1,y1)(1,y_1)(1,y2)(-1,y_2) 位于 y=ax2+bx+cy=ax^2+bx+c 的图像上,且 y1y2=6y_1-y_2=-6,则 bb 等于:

If the points (1,y1)(1,y_1) and (1,y2)(-1,y_2) lie on the graph of y=ax2+bx+c,y=ax^2+bx+c, and y1y2=6,y_1-y_2=-6, then bb equals:

3-3

00

33

ac\sqrt{ac}

a+c2\dfrac{a+c}{2}

难度评级:1240
小提示:

分别代入 x=1x=1x=1x=-1

Substitute x=1x=1 and x=1x=-1

大提示:

将所得两值相减;aa 项与 cc 项会相消

Subtract the two resulting values; the aa and cc terms cancel

解答:

y1=a+b+cy_1=a+b+cy2=ab+cy_2=a-b+c。因此 y1y2=2b=6y_1-y_2=2b=-6,所以 b=3b=-3

因此,正确答案是 A

We have y1=a+b+cy_1=a+b+c and y2=ab+c.y_2=a-b+c. Therefore y1y2=2b=6,y_1-y_2=2b=-6, so b=3.b=-3.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

8.

三角形 ABCABC 内接于一个圆。互不重叠的三条劣弧 ABABBCBCCACA 的度数依次为 x+75x+75^\circ2x+252x+25^\circ3x223x-22^\circ。则该三角形的一个内角度数为:

Triangle ABCABC is inscribed in a circle. The measures of the non-overlapping minor arcs AB,AB, BC,BC, and CACA are, respectively, x+75,x+75^\circ, 2x+25,2x+25^\circ, 3x22.3x-22^\circ. Then one interior angle of the triangle, in degrees, is:

571257\dfrac12

5959

6060

6161

122122

难度评级:1500
小提示:

三条互不重叠的弧之和为 360360^\circ

The three non-overlapping arcs sum to 360360^\circ

大提示:

每个圆周角的度数是其所对弧度数的一半

Each inscribed angle is half the measure of its intercepted arc

解答:

由弧度数之和得 6x+78=360,x=47 \begin{aligned} 6x+78&=360,\\ x&=47 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此三条弧的度数为 122122^\circ119119^\circ119119^\circ。所对弧为 122122^\circ 的圆周角为 6161^\circ

因此,正确答案是 D

The arc sum gives 6x+78=360,x=47. \begin{aligned} 6x+78&=360,\\ x&=47. \end{aligned} The arcs then measure 122,122^\circ, 119,119^\circ, and 119.119^\circ. The angle intercepting the 122122^\circ arc measures 61.61^\circ.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

9.

22 开始的五十二个连续正整数的算术平均数(普通平均数)为:

The arithmetic mean (ordinary average) of the fifty-two successive positive integers beginning with 22 is:

2727

271427\dfrac14

271227\dfrac12

2828

281228\dfrac12

难度评级:920
小提示:

求出数列中的第五十二个整数

Find the fifty-second integer in the list

大提示:

等差数列的平均数等于首项与末项的平均数

The mean of an arithmetic sequence is the average of its first and last terms

解答:

这些整数从 222+51=532+51=53。它们的平均数是首项与末项的平均数:2+532=552=2712 \frac{2+53}{2}=\frac{55}{2}=27\frac12\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 C

The integers run from 22 through 2+51=53.2+51=53. Their mean is the average of the first and last: 2+532=552=2712. \frac{2+53}{2}=\frac{55}{2}=27\frac12.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

10.

到一个圆以及该圆的两条平行切线距离均相等的点共有:

The number of points equidistant from a circle and two parallel tangents to the circle is:

00

22

33

44

无限多个

infinite

知识点:切线对称性
难度评级:1960
小提示:

到两条平行切线距离相等的点位于它们之间的中间平行线上

Points equidistant from the two parallel tangents lie on their midway parallel line

大提示:

在该直线上,比较到任一切线的距离与到圆的距离

On that line, compare distance to either tangent with distance to the circle

解答:

设圆心为 OO,半径为 rr。到两条平行切线距离相等的点必在它们的中线上,而该中线经过 OO。若该点到 OO 的距离为 tt,则它到任一切线的距离为 rr,到圆的距离为 tr\lvert t-r\rvert。因此 tr=r\lvert t-r\rvert=r,得到 t=0t=0t=2rt=2r。当 t=0t=0 时有一个点,当 t=2rt=2r 时有两个点,共 33 个。

因此,正确答案是 C

Let the circle have center OO and radius r.r. A point equidistant from the two parallel tangents must lie on their midline, which passes through O.O. If its distance from OO is t,t, its distance from either tangent is r,r, while its distance from the circle is tr.\lvert t-r\rvert. Thus tr=r,\lvert t-r\rvert=r, giving t=0t=0 or t=2r.t=2r. There is one point with t=0t=0 and two with t=2r,t=2r, for a total of 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

11.

xyxy 平面中给定点 P(1,2)P(-1,-2)Q(4,2)Q(4,2),取点 R(1,m)R(1,m) 使 PR+RQPR+RQ 最小。则 mm 等于:

Given points P(1,2)P(-1,-2) and Q(4,2)Q(4,2) in the xyxy-plane, point R(1,m)R(1,m) is taken so that PR+RQPR+RQ is a minimum. Then mm equals:

35-\dfrac35

25-\dfrac25

15-\dfrac15

15\dfrac15

15-\dfrac1515\dfrac15

either 15-\dfrac15 or 15\dfrac15

难度评级:1640
小提示:

PPRRQQ 共线时,三角不等式取等号

The triangle inequality is sharp when P,P, R,R, and QQ are collinear

大提示:

求直线 PQPQxx 坐标为 11 的点

Find the point on line PQPQ whose xx-coordinate is 11

解答:

由三角不等式,PR+RQPQPR+RQ\ge PQ,当 RR 在线段 PQPQ 上时取等号。PQPQ 的斜率为 2(2)4(1)=45\frac{2-(-2)}{4-(-1)}=\frac{4}{5}。从 x=1x=-1 移到 x=1x=1 时,yy 坐标增加 (45)(2)=85(\frac{4}{5})(2)=\frac{8}{5},所以 m=2+85=25 m=-2+\frac85=-\frac25\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 B

By the triangle inequality, PR+RQPQ,PR+RQ\ge PQ, with equality when RR lies on segment PQ.PQ. The slope of PQPQ is 2(2)4(1)=45.\frac{2-(-2)}{4-(-1)}=\frac{4}{5}. Moving from x=1x=-1 to x=1x=1 raises the yy-coordinate by (45)(2)=85,(\frac{4}{5})(2)=\frac{8}{5}, so m=2+85=25. m=-2+\frac85=-\frac25.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

12.

F=6x2+16x+3m6F=\dfrac{6x^2+16x+3m}{6} 是一个关于 xx 的一次式的平方。则 mm 的特定值位于:

Let F=6x2+16x+3m6F=\dfrac{6x^2+16x+3m}{6} be the square of an expression which is linear in x.x. Then mm has a particular value between:

3344 之间

33 and 44

4455 之间

44 and 55

5566 之间

55 and 66

4-43-3 之间

4-4 and 3-3

6-65-5 之间

6-6 and 5-5

难度评级:1580
小提示:

改写为 F=x2+83x+m2F=x^2+\frac83x+\frac m2

Rewrite F=x2+83x+m2F=x^2+\frac83x+\frac m2

大提示:

将常数项与一次项系数一半的平方相匹配

Match the constant term to the square of half the linear coefficient

解答:

F=x2+83x+m2 F=x^2+\frac83x+\frac m2\text{。}要使它成为平方,必须等于 (x+43)2(x+\frac{4}{3})^2,其常数项为 169\frac{16}{9}。因此 m2=169\frac{m}{2}=\frac{16}{9},所以 m=329m=\frac{32}{9},它位于 3344 之间。

因此,正确答案是 A

We have F=x2+83x+m2. F=x^2+\frac83x+\frac m2. For this to be a square, it must equal (x+43)2,(x+\frac{4}{3})^2, whose constant term is 169.\frac{16}{9}. Hence m2=169,\frac{m}{2}=\frac{16}{9}, so m=329,m=\frac{32}{9}, which lies between 33 and 4.4.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

13.

半径为 rr 的圆位于半径为 RR 的圆所围区域内。大圆所围面积是小圆外、大圆内区域面积的 ab\frac{a}{b} 倍。则 R:rR:r 等于:

A circle with radius rr is contained within the region bounded by a circle with radius R.R. The area bounded by the larger circle is ab\frac{a}{b} times the area of the region outside the smaller circle and inside the larger circle. Then R:rR:r equals:

a:b\sqrt a:\sqrt b

a:ab\sqrt a:\sqrt{a-b}

b:ab\sqrt b:\sqrt{a-b}

a:aba:\sqrt{a-b}

b:abb:\sqrt{a-b}

难度评级:1690
小提示:

写出 πR2=(ab)π(R2r2)\pi R^2=(\frac{a}{b})\pi(R^2-r^2)

Write πR2=(ab)π(R2r2)\pi R^2=(\frac{a}{b})\pi(R^2-r^2)

大提示:

先求比值 R2r2\frac{R^2}{r^2},再开平方

Solve for the ratio R2r2\frac{R^2}{r^2} before taking square roots

解答:

面积条件为 πR2=abπ(R2r2) \pi R^2=\frac ab\pi(R^2-r^2)\text{。}因此 bR2=aR2ar2bR^2=aR^2-ar^2,所以 ar2=(ab)R2ar^2=(a-b)R^2。从而 Rr=aab \frac Rr=\sqrt{\frac a{a-b}}\text{,}R:r=a:abR:r=\sqrt a:\sqrt{a-b}

因此,正确答案是 B

The area condition is πR2=abπ(R2r2). \pi R^2=\frac ab\pi(R^2-r^2). Thus bR2=aR2ar2,bR^2=aR^2-ar^2, so ar2=(ab)R2.ar^2=(a-b)R^2. Therefore Rr=aab, \frac Rr=\sqrt{\frac a{a-b}}, and R:r=a:ab.R:r=\sqrt a:\sqrt{a-b}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

14.

满足不等式 x24x21>0\dfrac{x^2-4}{x^2-1}\gt0 的全部 xx 值为所有满足下列条件的 xx

The complete set of xx-values satisfying the inequality x24x21>0\dfrac{x^2-4}{x^2-1}\gt0 is the set of all xx such that:

x>2x\gt2x<2x\lt-21<x<1-1\lt x\lt1

x>2x\gt2 or x<2x\lt-2 or 1<x<1-1\lt x\lt1

x>2x\gt2x<2x\lt-2

x>2x\gt2 or x<2x\lt-2

x>1x\gt1x<2x\lt-2

x>1x\gt1 or x<2x\lt-2

x>1x\gt1x<1x\lt-1

x>1x\gt1 or x<1x\lt-1

xx 是除 111-1 外的任意实数

xx is any real number except 11 or 1-1

难度评级:1780
小提示:

符号只可能在 2-21-11122 处改变

The sign can change only at 2,-2, 1,-1, 1,1, and 22

大提示:

在每个区间内取一点检验,并排除使式子为零或无定义的点

Test one point in each interval and exclude zeros and undefined points

解答:

将式子因式分解为 (x2)(x+2)(x1)(x+1) \frac{(x-2)(x+2)}{(x-1)(x+1)}\text{。}2-21-11122 处作符号表,可知它在 (,2)(1,1)(2,) (-\infty,-2)\cup(-1,1)\cup(2,\infty) 上为正。端点 ±2\pm2 使式子为零,而 ±1\pm1 处无定义。

因此,正确答案是 A

Factor the expression as (x2)(x+2)(x1)(x+1). \frac{(x-2)(x+2)}{(x-1)(x+1)}. A sign chart at 2,-2, 1,-1, 1,1, and 22 shows it is positive on (,2)(1,1)(2,). (-\infty,-2)\cup(-1,1)\cup(2,\infty). The endpoints ±2\pm2 give zero and ±1\pm1 are undefined.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

15.

在圆心为 OO、半径为 rr 的圆中,作弦 ABAB,其长度为 rr 个单位。从 OOABAB 作垂线,交 ABABMM。从 MMOAOA 作垂线,交 OAOADD。用 rr 表示,三角形 MDAMDA 的面积为:

In a circle with center at OO and radius r,r, chord ABAB is drawn with length equal to rr units. From OO a perpendicular to ABAB meets ABAB at M.M. From MM a perpendicular to OAOA meets OAOA at D.D. In terms of r,r, the area of triangle MDA,MDA, in appropriate square units, is:

3r216\dfrac{3r^2}{16}

πr216\dfrac{\pi r^2}{16}

πr228\dfrac{\pi r^2\sqrt2}{8}

r2332\dfrac{r^2\sqrt3}{32}

r2648\dfrac{r^2\sqrt6}{48}

难度评级:1720
小提示:

因为 OA=OB=AB=rOA=OB=AB=r,三角形 OABOAB 为等边三角形

Because OA=OB=AB=r,OA=OB=AB=r, triangle OABOAB is equilateral

大提示:

利用两个 3030-6060-9090 三角形求 ADADMDMD

Use the two 3030-6060-9090 triangles to find ADAD and MDMD

解答:

三角形 OABOAB 为等边三角形。因为 OMABOM\perp AB,所以 MMABAB 的中点,从而 AM=r2AM=\frac{r}{2}OAM=60\angle OAM=60^\circ。在直角三角形 AMDAMD 中,斜边为 AM=r2AM=\frac{r}{2},所以 AD=r4,MD=r34 AD=\frac r4,\qquad MD=\frac{r\sqrt3}{4}\text{。}因此 [MDA]=12(AD)(MD)=r2332 \begin{aligned} [MDA]&=\frac12(AD)(MD)\\ &=\frac{r^2\sqrt3}{32} \end{aligned}\text{。}

因此,正确答案是 D

Triangle OABOAB is equilateral. Since OMAB,OM\perp AB, MM is the midpoint of AB,AB, so AM=r2AM=\frac{r}{2} and OAM=60.\angle OAM=60^\circ. In right triangle AMD,AMD, the hypotenuse is AM=r2,AM=\frac{r}{2}, giving AD=r4,MD=r34. AD=\frac r4,\qquad MD=\frac{r\sqrt3}{4}. Hence [MDA]=12(AD)(MD)=r2332. \begin{aligned} [MDA]&=\frac12(AD)(MD)\\ &=\frac{r^2\sqrt3}{32}. \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

16.

用二项式定理展开 (ab)n(a-b)^n,其中 n2n\ge2ab0ab\ne0。若令 a=kba=kb,其中 kk 为正整数,展开式的第二项与第三项之和为零,则 nn 等于:

When (ab)n,(a-b)^n, n2,n\ge2, ab0,ab\ne0, is expanded by the binomial theorem, it is found that, when a=kb,a=kb, where kk is a positive integer, the sum of the second and third terms is zero. Then nn equals:

12k(k1)\dfrac12k(k-1)

12k(k+1)\dfrac12k(k+1)

2k12k-1

2k2k

2k+12k+1

难度评级:2010
小提示:

第二项与第三项分别为 nan1b-na^{n-1}b(n2)an2b2\binom n2a^{n-2}b^2

The second and third terms are nan1b-na^{n-1}b and (n2)an2b2\binom n2a^{n-2}b^2

大提示:

代入 a=kba=kb,并约去公共的非零因子

Substitute a=kba=kb and cancel the common nonzero factor

解答:

第二项与第三项之和为 nan1b+n(n1)2an2b2 -na^{n-1}b+\frac{n(n-1)}2a^{n-2}b^2\text{。}代入 a=kba=kb,再除以非零量 nan2bna^{n-2}b,得 k+n12=0 -k+\frac{n-1}{2}=0\text{。}因此 n=2k+1n=2k+1

所以正确答案是 E

The sum of the second and third terms is nan1b+n(n1)2an2b2. -na^{n-1}b+\frac{n(n-1)}2a^{n-2}b^2. Substituting a=kba=kb and dividing by the nonzero quantity nan2bna^{n-2}b gives k+n12=0. -k+\frac{n-1}{2}=0. Therefore n=2k+1.n=2k+1.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

17.

方程 22x82x+12=02^{2x}-8\cdot2^x+12=0 的一个解是:

The equation 22x82x+12=02^{2x}-8\cdot2^x+12=0 is satisfied by:

log3\log 3

12log6\dfrac12\log 6

1+log341+\log\dfrac34

1+log3log21+\dfrac{\log3}{\log2}

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1880
小提示:

t=2xt=2^x,解关于 tt 的二次方程

Let t=2xt=2^x and solve a quadratic in tt

大提示:

一个根为 t=6t=6;再取以 22 为底的对数

One root is t=6t=6; take logarithms base 22

解答:

t=2xt=2^x。于是 t28t+12=0,(t2)(t6)=0 \begin{aligned} t^2-8t+12&=0,\\ (t-2)(t-6)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}t=6t=6 给出 x=log26=1+log23=1+log3log2 \begin{aligned} x&=\log_2 6\\ &=1+\log_2 3\\ &=1+\frac{\log3}{\log2} \end{aligned}\text{。}(方程还有一个解 x=1x=1,但它不在选项中。)

所以正确答案是 D

Set t=2x.t=2^x. Then t28t+12=0,(t2)(t6)=0. \begin{aligned} t^2-8t+12&=0,\\ (t-2)(t-6)&=0. \end{aligned} The root t=6t=6 gives x=log26=1+log23=1+log3log2. \begin{aligned} x&=\log_2 6\\ &=1+\log_2 3\\ &=1+\frac{\log3}{\log2}. \end{aligned} (The equation is also satisfied by x=1,x=1, which is not a listed choice.)

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

18.

下列两个图形

(xy+2)(3x+y4)=0 (x-y+2)(3x+y-4)=0

(x+y2)(2x5y+7)=0 (x+y-2)(2x-5y+7)=0

的公共点个数为:

The number of points common to the graphs of

(xy+2)(3x+y4)=0 (x-y+2)(3x+y-4)=0

and

(x+y2)(2x5y+7)=0 (x+y-2)(2x-5y+7)=0

is:

22

44

66

1616

无穷多个

infinite

难度评级:1640
小提示:

每个因式分解后的方程都表示两条直线

Each factored equation represents a pair of lines

大提示:

将第一组中的每条直线分别与第二组中的每条直线求交,并检查交点是否互异

Intersect each line from the first pair with each line from the second pair and check distinctness

解答:

第一个图形由直线 xy+2=0x-y+2=03x+y4=03x+y-4=0 组成,第二个图形由直线 x+y2=0x+y-2=02x5y+7=02x-5y+7=0 组成。第一组中的每条直线都与第二组中的每条直线相交。解这四组方程,得到四个互异的点:(0,2),(1,1),(1,1),(1317,2917) \begin{gathered} (0,2),\quad(-1,1),\\ (1,1),\quad\left(\frac{13}{17},\frac{29}{17}\right) \end{gathered}\text{。}因而共有 44 个公共点。

所以正确答案是 B

The first graph is the pair xy+2=0,x-y+2=0, and 3x+y4=0,3x+y-4=0, and the second is x+y2=0,x+y-2=0, and 2x5y+7=0.2x-5y+7=0. Each line in the first pair meets each line in the second pair. Solving the four pairings gives four distinct points: (0,2),(1,1),(1,1),(1317,2917). \begin{gathered} (0,2),\quad(-1,1),\\ (1,1),\quad\left(\frac{13}{17},\frac{29}{17}\right). \end{gathered} Thus there are 44 common points.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

19.

xxyy 均为正整数,则满足方程 x4y410x2y2+9=0x^4y^4-10x^2y^2+9=0 的互异有序对 (x,y)(x,y) 的个数为:

The number of distinct ordered pairs (x,y),(x,y), where xx and yy have positive integral values satisfying the equation x4y410x2y2+9=0,x^4y^4-10x^2y^2+9=0, is:

00

33

44

1212

无穷多个

infinite

难度评级:1640
小提示:

x2y2x^2y^2 看作一个变量

Treat x2y2x^2y^2 as one variable

大提示:

因式分解后,把可能的值转化为对正整数乘积 xyxy 的条件

After factoring, translate the possible values into conditions on the positive integer product xyxy

解答:

u=x2y2u=x^2y^2。则 u210u+9=0,(u1)(u9)=0 \begin{aligned} u^2-10u+9&=0,\\ (u-1)(u-9)&=0 \end{aligned}\text{。}因为 xxyy 都是正整数,所以 xy=1xy=1xy=3xy=3。这些有序对为 (1,1)(1,1)(1,3)(1,3)(3,1)(3,1),共 33 个。

所以正确答案是 B

Let u=x2y2.u=x^2y^2. Then u210u+9=0,(u1)(u9)=0. \begin{aligned} u^2-10u+9&=0,\\ (u-1)(u-9)&=0. \end{aligned} Since xx and yy are positive integers, this means xy=1xy=1 or xy=3.xy=3. The pairs are (1,1),(1,1), (1,3),(1,3), and (3,1),(3,1), for a total of 3.3.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

20.

PP 等于 3,659,893,456,789,325,6783{,}659{,}893{,}456{,}789{,}325{,}678342,973,489,379,256342{,}973{,}489{,}379{,}256 的乘积。则 PP 的位数为:

Let PP equal the product of 3,659,893,456,789,325,6783{,}659{,}893{,}456{,}789{,}325{,}678 and 342,973,489,379,256.342{,}973{,}489{,}379{,}256. The number of digits in PP is:

3636

3535

3434

3333

3232

知识点:数字估算
难度评级:1460
小提示:

分别用 3.610183.6\cdot10^{18}3.710183.7\cdot10^{18},以及 3.410143.4\cdot10^{14}3.510143.5\cdot10^{14} 夹住这两个因数

Bound the factors between 3.610183.6\cdot10^{18} and 3.71018,3.7\cdot10^{18}, and between 3.410143.4\cdot10^{14} and 3.510143.5\cdot10^{14}

大提示:

证明乘积介于 103310^{33}103410^{34} 之间

Show the product lies between 103310^{33} and 103410^{34}

解答:

两个因数满足 3.61018<A<3.71018,3.41014<B<3.51014 \begin{aligned} 3.6\cdot10^{18}&\lt A\lt3.7\cdot10^{18},\\ 3.4\cdot10^{14}&\lt B\lt3.5\cdot10^{14} \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 12.241032<AB<12.951032 12.24\cdot10^{32}\lt AB\lt12.95\cdot10^{32}\text{,}从而 1033<P<103410^{33}\lt P\lt10^{34}。所以 PP3434 位。

所以正确答案是 C

The factors satisfy 3.61018<A<3.71018,3.41014<B<3.51014. \begin{aligned} 3.6\cdot10^{18}&\lt A\lt3.7\cdot10^{18},\\ 3.4\cdot10^{14}&\lt B\lt3.5\cdot10^{14}. \end{aligned} Hence 12.241032<AB<12.951032, 12.24\cdot10^{32}\lt AB\lt12.95\cdot10^{32}, so 1033<P<1034.10^{33}\lt P\lt10^{34}. Therefore PP has 3434 digits.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

21.

x2+y2=mx^2+y^2=m 的图形与 x+y=2mx+y=\sqrt{2m} 的图形相切,则:

If the graph of x2+y2=mx^2+y^2=m is tangent to that of x+y=2m,x+y=\sqrt{2m}, then:

mm 必须等于 12\dfrac12

mm must equal 12\dfrac12

mm 必须等于 12\dfrac1{\sqrt2}

mm must equal 12\dfrac1{\sqrt2}

mm 必须等于 2\sqrt2

mm must equal 2\sqrt2

mm 必须等于 22

mm must equal 22

mm 可以是任意非负实数

mm may be any nonnegative real number

难度评级:1720
小提示:

该圆以原点为圆心,半径为 m\sqrt m

The circle has center the origin and radius m\sqrt m

大提示:

求原点到直线 x+y2m=0x+y-\sqrt{2m}=0 的距离

Find the distance from the origin to x+y2m=0x+y-\sqrt{2m}=0

解答:

圆的半径为 m\sqrt m。原点到该直线的距离是 2m12+12=m \frac{\lvert-\sqrt{2m}\rvert}{\sqrt{1^2+1^2}}=\sqrt m\text{。}因此对每个 m0m\ge0,该直线都与圆相切(当 m=0m=0 时,图形退化为原点)。

所以正确答案是 E

The circle has radius m.\sqrt m. The distance from the origin to the line is 2m12+12=m. \frac{\lvert-\sqrt{2m}\rvert}{\sqrt{1^2+1^2}}=\sqrt m. Thus the line is tangent for every m0m\ge0 (with the m=0m=0 case degenerate at the origin).

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

22.

KK 为由 xx 轴、直线 x=8x=8 以及下列曲线围成区域的面积:

f={(x,y)y=x若 0x5,y=2x5若 5x8} \begin{aligned} f=\{(x,y)\mid{}&\\ y&=x\\ &\text{若 }0\le x\le5,\\ y&=2x-5\\ &\text{若 }5\le x\le8\} \end{aligned}\text{。}

KK 为:

Let KK be the measure of the area bounded by the xx-axis, the line x=8,x=8, and the curve defined by

f={(x,y)y=xwhen 0x5,y=2x5when 5x8}. \begin{aligned} f=\{(x,y)\mid{}&\\ y&=x\\ &\text{when }0\le x\le5,\\ y&=2x-5\\ &\text{when }5\le x\le8\}. \end{aligned}

Then KK is:

21.521.5

36.436.4

36.536.5

4444

小于 4444,但可以任意接近它

less than 4444 but arbitrarily close to it

难度评级:1510
小提示:

x=5x=5 处分割该区域

Split the region at x=5x=5

大提示:

0055 用三角形,从 5588 用梯形

Use a triangle from 00 to 55 and a trapezoid from 55 to 88

解答:

x=0x=055,该区域是面积为 12(5)(5)=12.5\frac12(5)(5)=12.5 的三角形。从 x=5x=588,两端的高度分别为 551111,所以梯形面积为 12(5+11)(3)=24 \frac12(5+11)(3)=24\text{。}因此 K=12.5+24=36.5K=12.5+24=36.5

所以正确答案是 C

From x=0x=0 to 5,5, the region is a triangle of area 12(5)(5)=12.5.\frac12(5)(5)=12.5. From x=5x=5 to 8,8, the endpoint heights are 55 and 11,11, so the trapezoid has area 12(5+11)(3)=24. \frac12(5+11)(3)=24. Thus K=12.5+24=36.5.K=12.5+24=36.5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

23.

对任意大于 11 的整数 nn,大于 n!+1n!+1 且小于 n!+nn!+n 的质数个数为:

这里 n!=12(n1)nn!=1\cdot2\cdots(n-1)n

For any integer nn greater than 1,1, the number of prime numbers greater than n!+1n!+1 and less than n!+nn!+n is:

Here n!=12(n1)n.n!=1\cdot2\cdots(n-1)n.

00

11

nn 为偶数时是 n2\dfrac n2,当 nn 为奇数时是 n+12\dfrac{n+1}{2}

n2\dfrac n2 for nn even, n+12\dfrac{n+1}{2} for nn odd

n1n-1

nn

难度评级:1780
小提示:

严格位于两个端点之间的每个整数都可写成 n!+kn!+k,其中 2kn12\le k\le n-1

Every integer strictly between the endpoints has the form n!+kn!+k with 2kn12\le k\le n-1

大提示:

利用 kk 同时整除 n!n!n!+kn!+k

Use the fact that kk divides both n!n! and n!+kn!+k

解答:

区间中的每个整数都可写成 n!+kn!+k,其中 2kn12\le k\le n-1。因为 n!n!kk 的倍数,所以 n!+kn!+k 也是它的倍数,并且 n!+k>kn!+k\gt k。因此每个这样的整数都是合数。(当 n=2n=2 时,该区间为空。)所以区间中没有质数。

所以正确答案是 A

Every integer in the interval has the form n!+kn!+k for some 2kn1.2\le k\le n-1. Because n!n! is divisible by k,k, so is n!+k,n!+k, and n!+k>k.n!+k\gt k. Thus every such integer is composite. (For n=2,n=2, the interval is empty.) Hence there are no primes in the interval.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

24.

将自然数 PPPP'(其中 P>PP\gt P')分别除以自然数 DD,余数分别为 RRRR'。将 PPPP'RRRR' 分别除以 DD,余数分别为 rrrr'。则:

When the natural numbers PP and P,P', with P>P,P\gt P', are divided by the natural number D,D, the remainders are RR and R,R', respectively. When PPPP' and RRRR' are divided by D,D, the remainders are rr and r,r', respectively. Then:

r>rr\gt r' 恒成立

r>rr\gt r' always

r<rr\lt r' 恒成立

r<rr\lt r' always

有时 r>rr\gt r',有时 r<rr\lt r'

r>rr\gt r' sometimes, and r<rr\lt r' sometimes

有时 r>rr\gt r',有时 r=rr=r'

r>rr\gt r' sometimes, and r=rr=r' sometimes

r=rr=r' 恒成立

r=rr=r' always

知识点:模运算
难度评级:1670
小提示:

写出 PR(modD)P\equiv R\pmod DPR(modD)P'\equiv R'\pmod D

Write PR(modD)P\equiv R\pmod D and PR(modD)P'\equiv R'\pmod D

大提示:

将两个同余式相乘

Multiply the two congruences

解答:

根据余数的定义, PR(modD),PR(modD) \begin{aligned} P&\equiv R\pmod D,\\ P'&\equiv R'\pmod D \end{aligned}\text{。}两式相乘,得 PPRR(modD)PP'\equiv RR'\pmod D。由于每个数都有介于 00D1D-1 之间的唯一余数,所以二者的余数必相等:r=rr=r'

所以正确答案是 E

By definition of the remainders, PR(modD),PR(modD). \begin{aligned} P&\equiv R\pmod D,\\ P'&\equiv R'\pmod D. \end{aligned} Multiplying gives PPRR(modD).PP'\equiv RR'\pmod D. Since each has a unique remainder between 00 and D1,D-1, their remainders must be equal: r=r.r=r'.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

25.

已知 log2a+log2b6\log_2a+\log_2b\ge6,则 a+ba+b 的最小可能值为:

If it is known that log2a+log2b6,\log_2a+\log_2b\ge6, then the least value that can be taken on by a+ba+b is:

262\sqrt6

66

828\sqrt2

1616

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:1880
小提示:

合并对数,估计 abab 的范围

Combine the logarithms to bound abab

大提示:

应用 a+b2aba+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}

Apply a+b2aba+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}

解答:

对数条件给出 log2(ab)6\log_2(ab)\ge6,所以 ab64ab\ge64。由算术平均值与几何平均值不等式, a+b2ab264=16 a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\ge2\sqrt{64}=16\text{。}a=b=8a=b=8 时取等号。

所以正确答案是 D

The logarithm condition gives log2(ab)6,\log_2(ab)\ge6, so ab64.ab\ge64. By AM-GM, a+b2ab264=16. a+b\ge2\sqrt{ab}\ge2\sqrt{64}=16. Equality is attained at a=b=8.a=b=8.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

26.

一座抛物线形拱门高 1616 英寸,跨度为 4040 英寸。在离中心 MM 水平距离 55 英寸处,拱门的高度(英寸)为:

A parabolic arch has a height of 1616 inches and a span of 4040 inches. The height, in inches, of the arch at a point 55 inches from the center M,M, is:

11

1515

151315\dfrac13

151215\dfrac12

153415\dfrac34

难度评级:1560
小提示:

将中心置于原点,并把抛物线写成 y=16ax2y=16-ax^2

Place the center at the origin and write the parabola as y=16ax2y=16-ax^2

大提示:

利用端点 (20,0)(20,0) 求出 aa,再代入 x=5x=5

Use the endpoint (20,0)(20,0) to find aa, then substitute x=5x=5

解答:

MM 置于原点,并让跨度落在 xx 轴上。拱门的方程为 y=16ax2y=16-ax^2。由于 (20,0)(20,0) 在抛物线上,0=16400a0=16-400a,所以 a=125a=\frac{1}{25}。当 x=5x=5 时, y=162525=15 y=16-\frac{25}{25}=15\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Place MM at the origin with the span on the xx-axis. The arch has equation y=16ax2.y=16-ax^2. Since (20,0)(20,0) lies on it, 0=16400a,0=16-400a, so a=125.a=\frac{1}{25}. At x=5,x=5, y=162525=15. y=16-\frac{25}{25}=15.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

27.

一个质点运动时,从第二英里起,其速度与已经走过的整英里数成反比,并且在每一英里路程内速度保持不变。若走完第二英里需要 22 小时,则走完第 nn 英里所需的时间(小时)为:

A particle moves so that its speed for the second and subsequent miles varies inversely as the integral number of miles already traveled. For each subsequent mile the speed is constant. If the second mile is traversed in 22 hours, then the time, in hours, needed to traverse the nnth mile is:

2n1\dfrac2{n-1}

n12\dfrac{n-1}{2}

2n\dfrac2n

2n2n

2(n1)2(n-1)

难度评级:1500
小提示:

在走第 nn 英里时,已经走过的英里数为 n1n-1

During the nnth mile, the number of miles already traveled is n1n-1

大提示:

对固定的一英里路程,所需时间与 n1n-1 成正比

Time for a fixed one-mile distance varies directly as n1n-1

解答:

在第 nn 英里中,vn=kn1v_n=\frac{k}{n-1}。因为路程为一英里,所需时间为 Tn=1vn=n1k T_n=\frac1{v_n}=\frac{n-1}{k}\text{。}条件 T2=2T_2=2 给出 1k=2\frac{1}{k}=2。因此 Tn=2(n1)T_n=2(n-1)

所以正确答案是 E

For the nnth mile, vn=kn1.v_n=\frac{k}{n-1}. Since the distance is one mile, the time is Tn=1vn=n1k. T_n=\frac1{v_n}=\frac{n-1}{k}. The condition T2=2T_2=2 gives 1k=2.\frac{1}{k}=2. Therefore Tn=2(n1).T_n=2(n-1).

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

28.

在半径为 11 的圆内部,设满足下列条件的点 PP 的个数为 nnPP 到某一直径两个端点的距离平方和为 33。则 nn 为:

Let nn be the number of points PP interior to the region bounded by a circle with radius 1,1, such that the sum of the squares of the distances from PP to the endpoints of a given diameter is 3.3. Then nn is:

00

11

22

44

无穷多个

infinite

难度评级:1720
小提示:

将圆心置于原点,并取直径端点为 (1,0)(-1,0)(1,0)(1,0)

Place the circle at the origin with diameter endpoints (1,0)(-1,0) and (1,0)(1,0)

大提示:

化简两个距离的平方和

Simplify the sum of the two squared distances

解答:

P=(x,y)P=(x,y),并取直径端点为 (1,0)(-1,0)(1,0)(1,0)。条件化为 PA2+PB2=3,2x2+2y2+2=3 \begin{aligned} PA^2+PB^2&=3,\\ 2x^2+2y^2+2&=3 \end{aligned}\text{。}因此 x2+y2=12x^2+y^2=\frac{1}{2}。这是一整个位于给定单位圆内部、半径为 12\frac{1}{\sqrt2} 的圆,包含无穷多个点。

所以正确答案是 E

Let P=(x,y)P=(x,y) and take the diameter endpoints as (1,0)(-1,0) and (1,0).(1,0). The condition becomes PA2+PB2=3,2x2+2y2+2=3. \begin{aligned} PA^2+PB^2&=3,\\ 2x^2+2y^2+2&=3. \end{aligned} Thus x2+y2=12.x^2+y^2=\frac{1}{2}. This is an entire circle of radius 12,\frac{1}{\sqrt2}, lying inside the given unit circle. It contains infinitely many points.

Therefore, the correct answer is E.

29.

x=t1t1x=t^{\frac{1}{t-1}}y=ttt1y=t^{\frac{t}{t-1}},且 t>0t\gt0t1t\ne1,则 xxyy 之间的一个关系是:

If x=t1t1x=t^{\frac{1}{t-1}} and y=ttt1,y=t^{\frac{t}{t-1}}, t>0,t\gt0, t1,t\ne1, a relation between xx and yy is:

yx=x1yy^x=x^{\frac{1}{y}}

y1x=xyy^{\frac{1}{x}}=x^y

yx=xyy^x=x^y

xx=yyx^x=y^y

以上都不是

none of these

难度评级:2100
小提示:

yy 除以 xx,用 xxyy 表示 tt

Divide yy by xx to express tt in terms of xx and yy

大提示:

再观察到 y=xty=x^t,然后消去 tt

Also observe that y=xty=x^t, then eliminate tt

解答:

将两个定义相除,得到 yx=tt1t1=t \frac yx=t^{\frac{t-1}{t-1}}=t\text{。}此外, y=ttt1=(t1t1)t=xt y=t^{\frac{t}{t-1}}=\left(t^{\frac{1}{t-1}}\right)^t=x^t\text{。}代入 t=yxt=\frac{y}{x},得 y=xyxy=x^{\frac{y}{x}}。两边取 xx 次幂,得到 yx=xyy^x=x^y

所以正确答案是 C

Dividing the definitions gives yx=tt1t1=t. \frac yx=t^{\frac{t-1}{t-1}}=t. Also, y=ttt1=(t1t1)t=xt. y=t^{\frac{t}{t-1}}=\left(t^{\frac{1}{t-1}}\right)^t=x^t. Substituting t=yxt=\frac{y}{x} gives y=xyx.y=x^{\frac{y}{x}}. Raising both sides to the power xx yields yx=xy.y^x=x^y.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

30.

PP 是等腰直角三角形 ABCABC 的斜边 ABAB(或其延长线)上的一点。令 s=AP2+PB2s=AP^2+PB^2。则:

Let PP be a point of hypotenuse ABAB (or its extension) of isosceles right triangle ABC.ABC. Let s=AP2+PB2.s=AP^2+PB^2. Then:

仅有有限个 PP 的位置满足 s<2CP2s\lt2CP^2

s<2CP2s\lt2CP^2 for a finite number of positions of PP

有无穷多个 PP 的位置满足 s<2CP2s\lt2CP^2

s<2CP2s\lt2CP^2 for an infinite number of positions of PP

仅当 PPABAB 的中点或 ABAB 的端点时,s=2CP2s=2CP^2

s=2CP2s=2CP^2 only if PP is the midpoint of ABAB or an endpoint of ABAB

恒有 s=2CP2s=2CP^2

s=2CP2s=2CP^2 always

PPABAB 的三等分点,则 s>2CP2s\gt2CP^2

s>2CP2s\gt2CP^2 if PP is a trisection point of ABAB

难度评级:1670
小提示:

ABAB 的中点置于原点,并让 ABAB 位于 xx 轴上

Put the midpoint of ABAB at the origin and ABAB on the xx-axis

大提示:

A=(a,0)A=(-a,0)B=(a,0)B=(a,0)C=(0,a)C=(0,a)P=(p,0)P=(p,0)

Use A=(a,0),A=(-a,0), B=(a,0),B=(a,0), C=(0,a),C=(0,a), and P=(p,0)P=(p,0)

解答:

A=(a,0)A=(-a,0)B=(a,0)B=(a,0)C=(0,a)C=(0,a)P=(p,0)P=(p,0)。这涵盖了斜边所在直线上的每一点。于是 s=(p+a)2+(pa)2=2p2+2a2,2CP2=2(p2+a2)=2p2+2a2 \begin{aligned} s&=(p+a)^2+(p-a)^2\\ &=2p^2+2a^2,\\ 2CP^2&=2(p^2+a^2)\\ &=2p^2+2a^2 \end{aligned}\text{。}因而对 PP 的每个位置都有 s=2CP2s=2CP^2

所以正确答案是 D

Take A=(a,0),A=(-a,0), B=(a,0),B=(a,0), C=(0,a),C=(0,a), and P=(p,0).P=(p,0). This describes every point on the hypotenuse line. Then s=(p+a)2+(pa)2=2p2+2a2,2CP2=2(p2+a2)=2p2+2a2. \begin{aligned} s&=(p+a)^2+(p-a)^2\\ &=2p^2+2a^2,\\ 2CP^2&=2(p^2+a^2)\\ &=2p^2+2a^2. \end{aligned} Thus s=2CP2s=2CP^2 for every position of P.P.

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

31.

xyxy 平面内,设 OABCOABC 为单位正方形,其中 O(0,0)O(0,0)A(1,0)A(1,0)B(1,1)B(1,1)C(0,1)C(0,1)。由 u=x2y2u=x^2-y^2v=2xyv=2xy 定义从 xyxy 平面到 uvuv 平面的变换。该正方形的变换图像为:

Let OABCOABC be a unit square in the xyxy-plane with O(0,0),O(0,0), A(1,0),A(1,0), B(1,1),B(1,1), and C(0,1).C(0,1). Let u=x2y2u=x^2-y^2 and v=2xyv=2xy define a transformation of the xyxy-plane into the uvuv-plane. The transform (or image) of the square is:

难度评级:2120
小提示:

先求四个顶点的像,再分别变换每条边

Map the four vertices and then transform each side separately

大提示:

水平边与竖直边变成两条线段和两段抛物线弧

The horizontal sides and vertical sides become two line segments and two parabolic arcs

解答:

各顶点的像为 O(0,0),A(1,0),B(0,2),C(1,0) \begin{aligned} O&\mapsto(0,0),\\ A&\mapsto(1,0),\\ B&\mapsto(0,2),\\ C&\mapsto(-1,0) \end{aligned}\text{。}OAOA 映为从 (0,0)(0,0)(1,0)(1,0) 的线段,COCO 映为从 (1,0)(-1,0)(0,0)(0,0) 的线段。在 ABAB 上,x=1x=1,所以 u=1v24u=1-\frac{v^2}{4};在 BCBC 上,y=1y=1,所以 u=v241u=\frac{v^2}{4}-1。它们是连接 (±1,0)(\pm1,0)(0,2)(0,2) 的两段上方抛物线弧。

所以正确答案是 D

The vertices map as O(0,0),A(1,0),B(0,2),C(1,0). \begin{aligned} O&\mapsto(0,0),\\ A&\mapsto(1,0),\\ B&\mapsto(0,2),\\ C&\mapsto(-1,0). \end{aligned} Side OAOA maps to the segment from (0,0)(0,0) to (1,0),(1,0), and COCO maps to the segment from (1,0)(-1,0) to (0,0).(0,0). On AB,AB, x=1,x=1, so u=1v24;u=1-\frac{v^2}{4}; on BC,BC, y=1,y=1, so u=v241.u=\frac{v^2}{4}-1. These are the two upper parabolic arcs joining (±1,0)(\pm1,0) to (0,2).(0,2).

Therefore, the correct answer is D.

32.

数列 {un}\{u_n\}u1=5u_1=5 以及关系式 un+1un=3+4(n1)u_{n+1}-u_n=3+4(n-1) 定义,其中 n=1n=12233\ldots。若将 unu_n 表示为 nn 的多项式,则其各项系数的代数和为:

Let a sequence {un}\{u_n\} be defined by u1=5u_1=5 and the relation un+1un=3+4(n1),u_{n+1}-u_n=3+4(n-1), n=1,n=1, 2,2, 3,3, .\ldots. If unu_n is expressed as a polynomial in n,n, the algebraic sum of its coefficients is:

33

44

55

66

1111

难度评级:1530
小提示:

多项式的系数和等于它在 n=1n=1 时的值

The sum of a polynomial’s coefficients is its value at n=1n=1

大提示:

题目已经给出了 u1u_1

The problem already gives u1u_1

解答:

对任意多项式 p(n)p(n),其系数和为 p(1)p(1)。这里该多项式表示 unu_n,而初始条件给出 u1=5u_1=5。因此系数和为 55

所以正确答案是 C

For any polynomial p(n),p(n), the sum of its coefficients is p(1).p(1). Here the polynomial represents un,u_n, and the initial condition gives u1=5.u_1=5. Therefore the coefficient sum is 5.5.

Therefore, the correct answer is C.

33.

SnS_nTnT_n 分别为两个等差数列前 nn 项的和。若对所有 nn 都有 Sn:Tn=(7n+1):(4n+27)S_n:T_n=(7n+1):(4n+27),则第一个数列的第十一项与第二个数列的第十一项之比为:

Let SnS_n and TnT_n be the respective sums of the first nn terms of two arithmetic series. If Sn:Tn=(7n+1):(4n+27)S_n:T_n=(7n+1):(4n+27) for all n,n, the ratio of the eleventh term of the first series to the eleventh term of the second series is:

4:34:3

3:23:2

7:47:4

78:7178:71

无法确定

undetermined

难度评级:1840
小提示:

在等差数列中,前 2121 项的中间项等于这些项的平均数

In an arithmetic sequence, the middle term of the first 2121 terms equals their average

大提示:

将每个第十一项表示为相应的前 2121 项之和除以 2121

Express each eleventh term as its corresponding 2121-term sum divided by 2121

解答:

对等差数列而言,第十一项是前 2121 项的平均数。因此两个数列的第十一项分别为 S2121\frac{S_{21}}{21}T2121\frac{T_{21}}{21}。它们的比为 S21T21=7(21)+14(21)+27=148111=43 \frac{S_{21}}{T_{21}} =\frac{7(21)+1}{4(21)+27} =\frac{148}{111} =\frac43\text{。}

所以正确答案是 A

For an arithmetic sequence, the eleventh term is the average of the first 2121 terms. Thus the respective eleventh terms are S2121\frac{S_{21}}{21} and T2121.\frac{T_{21}}{21}. Their ratio is S21T21=7(21)+14(21)+27=148111=43. \frac{S_{21}}{T_{21}} =\frac{7(21)+1}{4(21)+27} =\frac{148}{111} =\frac43.

Therefore, the correct answer is A.

34.

x23x+2x^2-3x+2x100x^{100} 所得的余式 RR 是次数小于 22 的多项式。则 RR 可以写成:

The remainder RR obtained by dividing x100x^{100} by x23x+2x^2-3x+2 is a polynomial of degree less than 2.2. Then RR may be written as:

210012^{100}-1

2100(x1)(x2)2^{100}(x-1)-(x-2)

2100(x3)2^{100}(x-3)

x(21001)+2(2991)x(2^{100}-1)+2(2^{99}-1)

2100(x+1)(x+2)2^{100}(x+1)-(x+2)

难度评级:2010
小提示:

写成 R(x)=ax+bR(x)=ax+b,并利用 x23x+2=(x1)(x2)x^2-3x+2=(x-1)(x-2)

Write R(x)=ax+bR(x)=ax+b and use x23x+2=(x1)(x2)x^2-3x+2=(x-1)(x-2)

大提示:

分别在 x=1x=1x=2x=2 处代入多项式除法恒等式

Evaluate the division identity at x=1x=1 and x=2x=2

解答:

写成 R(x)=ax+bR(x)=ax+b。由于除式为 (x1)(x2)(x-1)(x-2),在它的两个根处代入多项式除法恒等式,得到 R(1)=1,R(2)=2100 R(1)=1,\qquad R(2)=2^{100}\text{。}因此 R(x)=1+(21001)(x1)=2100(x1)(x2) \begin{aligned} R(x)&=1+(2^{100}-1)(x-1)\\ &=2^{100}(x-1)-(x-2) \end{aligned}\text{。}

所以正确答案是 B

Write R(x)=ax+b.R(x)=ax+b. Since the divisor is (x1)(x2),(x-1)(x-2), evaluating the division identity at its roots gives R(1)=1,R(2)=2100. R(1)=1,\qquad R(2)=2^{100}. Therefore R(x)=1+(21001)(x1)=2100(x1)(x2). \begin{aligned} R(x)&=1+(2^{100}-1)(x-1)\\ &=2^{100}(x-1)-(x-2). \end{aligned}

Therefore, the correct answer is B.

35.

L(m)L(m) 为图形 y=x26y=x^2-6y=my=m 的两个交点中左侧交点的 xx 坐标,其中 6<m<6-6\lt m\lt6。令 r=[L(m)L(m)]mr=\frac{[L(-m)-L(m)]}{m}。当 mm 任意接近零时,rr 的值:

Let L(m)L(m) be the xx-coordinate of the left endpoint of the intersection of the graphs of y=x26y=x^2-6 and y=m,y=m, where 6<m<6.-6\lt m\lt6. Let r=[L(m)L(m)]m.r=\frac{[L(-m)-L(m)]}{m}. Then, as mm is made arbitrarily close to zero, the value of rr is:

任意接近零

arbitrarily close to zero

任意接近 16\dfrac1{\sqrt6}

arbitrarily close to 16\dfrac1{\sqrt6}

任意接近 26\dfrac2{\sqrt6}

arbitrarily close to 26\dfrac2{\sqrt6}

任意大

arbitrarily large

无法确定

undetermined

难度评级:1970
小提示:

左侧交点的坐标为 L(m)=6+mL(m)=-\sqrt{6+m}

The left intersection coordinate is L(m)=6+mL(m)=-\sqrt{6+m}

大提示:

代入 rr,并将分子有理化

Substitute into rr and rationalize the numerator

解答:

左侧交点满足 L(m)=6+m L(m)=-\sqrt{6+m}\text{。}因此 r=6m+6+mm=26+m+6m \begin{aligned} r&=\frac{-\sqrt{6-m}+\sqrt{6+m}}{m}\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{6+m}+\sqrt{6-m}} \end{aligned}\text{。}mm 趋近 00 时,该式趋近于 226=16\frac{2}{2\sqrt6}=\frac{1}{\sqrt6}

所以正确答案是 B

The left intersection satisfies L(m)=6+m. L(m)=-\sqrt{6+m}. Hence r=6m+6+mm=26+m+6m. \begin{aligned} r&=\frac{-\sqrt{6-m}+\sqrt{6+m}}{m}\\ &=\frac{2}{\sqrt{6+m}+\sqrt{6-m}}. \end{aligned} As mm approaches 0,0, this approaches 226=16.\frac{2}{2\sqrt6}=\frac{1}{\sqrt6}.

Therefore, the correct answer is B.